Zygoma: Strong buttress of lateral midface lying between zygomatic process of frontal bone and maxilla.
The high incidence of zygomatic complex fracture relates to its prominent position within the facial skeleton.
Detailed description of diagnosis and management of maxillofacial and neck space infections. Discussion of anatomy of the spaces is also done in details. Drainage of such spaces are also discussed. Medical management is also discussed. Complications are also discussed.
Zygoma: Strong buttress of lateral midface lying between zygomatic process of frontal bone and maxilla.
The high incidence of zygomatic complex fracture relates to its prominent position within the facial skeleton.
Detailed description of diagnosis and management of maxillofacial and neck space infections. Discussion of anatomy of the spaces is also done in details. Drainage of such spaces are also discussed. Medical management is also discussed. Complications are also discussed.
A seminar prepared during my omfs posting hours. Short points are added for easiness to study and bihart. Reference taken from Balaji and Neelima Anil Malik
Dislocation of joint is very tricky. In this presentation radiological evaluation of Dislocation of various joints will be discussed.
This is one of the best pictoral review of important joint dislocations
Dentist in pune.(BDS. MDS) - Dr. Amit T. Suryawanshi..Zygomaticomaxillary com...All Good Things
Dentist in pune. (BDS. MDS) - Dr. Amit T. Suryawanshi. Seminar-Canine Impaction.
Email ID- amitsuryawanshi999@gmail.com
Contact -Ph no.-9405622455
Subscribe our channel on youtube - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC_gylEXTrjmEbbOTSXjuZ4Q/videos?view_as=public
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a summary of the pertinent elbow anatomy, mechanism of injury, primary and secondary stabilizers of the elbow, and treatment options of elbow terrible triad
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
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Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
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2. ANATOMY
• Buttress of midfacial skeleton
• Malar eminence, lateral & inferior
portions of orbit
• Strongest attachment with frontal bone
• Muscle attachments – masseter,
Temporalis, zygomaticus M. & m.,
Levator labii superioris
• Zygomaticofacial &
Zygomaticotemporal foramen
3. Etiology
• RTA 80%
• Assault 20%
• Male:female 4:1
• 2nd – 3rd decade
• Left zygoma fracture MC than right
4. CLASSIFICATION
• KNIGHT AND NORTH CLASSIFICATION
• Group 1 – No displacement – 6%
• Group 2 – isolated displaced arch fractures – 10%
• Group 3 – Displaced body fractures (unrotated) –
33%
• Group 4 – Medially rotated body fractures – 11%
• Group 5 – Laterally rotated body fractures – 22%
• Group 6 – Additional fractures crossing main
fracture – 18%
5. Rowe’s and Killey classification (1968)
• Type I: no significant displacement
• Type II : fracture of zygomaticarch
• Type III : rotation arroundhorizontal axis –inward or outward
displacement
• Type IV: rotation around longitudinal axis –medial or lateral
• Type V: displacement of the complex block –medial/inferior/lateral
• Type VI: displacement of orbitoantralpartition
• Type VII: displacement of orbital rim segment
• Type VIII: complex comminuted fracture.
6. CLINICAL FEATURES – Orbital symptoms
• Periorbital ecchymosis
• Periorbital edema
• Downward slant of palpebral fissure (antimongoloid slant)
• Subconjunctival
ecchymosis
• Diplopia
7. Facial symptoms
• Asymmetry of the midface
• Depression/flattening of the malar prominence
• Step off or gap deformities of
infraorbital/lateral orbital rim
• Sensory deficit (hypoesthesia, anaesthesia)
in the distribution of the Infra orbital nerve
8. Oral symptoms
• Ecchymosis of the gingivobuccal maxillary sulcus
• Restriction of mandibular opening or closing
–blockage of coronoid process
•impacted zygomatic arch
•retro displaced zygoma
17. Bicoronal or hemicoronal
• Fractures with extreme
posterior displacement of
malar eminence and lateral
displacement of arch
18. –Entire calvarial vault
–Anterior and lateral skull
base
–Frontal sinus/Ethmoid
–Zygoma
–Zygomatic arch
–Orbit
(lateral/cranial/medial)
–Nasal dorsum
–Temporomandibular
joint (TMJ)
–Condyle and
subcondylar region
19. Temporal (Gillies) approach
• 2.5 cm superior and anterior to the helix
• within the hairline.
• 2 cm length
• avoid sup. temporal artery.
• Plane - deep to the temporalis fascia
superficial to the temporalis muscle.
• Instrument is advanced until it is medial
to the depressed zygomatic arch.
23. Superolateral orbital rim Approaches
Fractures with ZF suture
diastasis
• Lateral eyebrow approach
• Upper eyelid approach
24. Lateral eyebrow approach
• limited access
• zygomaticofrontal process
• immediate vicinity of suture line
25. The upper-eyelid or upper blepharoplasty
approach
• Better access to
superolateral orbital rim
26. Lower eyelid approaches
Fractures with communition of
orbital floor.
A. Subciliary
B. Subtarsal: lower or mid
eyelid
C. Infraorbital: inferior orbital
rim
D. Subciliary approach can be
extended laterally to gain
access to the lateral orbital rim
29. Areas accessible by extended subciliary approach
• the entire lateral rim
• with heavy traction even
beyond the level of the
zygomaticofrontal suture
• lateral orbital wall back to
the zygomatico-sphenoid
suture
30. Transconjunctival approach
A. Transconjunctival
(inferior fornix
transconjunctival using a
retroseptal or preseptal route)
B. Transcaruncular (medial
transconjunctival)
C. Transconjunctival with
lateral skin extension (lateral
canthotomy)
31. • Transconjunctival incision
the floor of the orbit and
infraorbital rim as well as the
upper edge of the anterior
maxilla(A).
• Transcaruncular incision, the
medial wall of the orbit
behind the posterior lacrimal
crest can be exposed (B).
32. Dingman approach
• Semi closed approach
• Medially displaced arch fractures
• 2 incisions – lateral brow and lower eyelid incision
• ZF and ZM suture lines exposed
• Elevator through upper incision (closed)
• Orbital floor exploration (open)
36. Transoral(Keen) approach –lateral maxillary
vestibular incision
• direct access to the zygomatic
arch.
• 2 cm long
• Upper gingival buccal-
mucosal incision
• just at the base of the
zygomaticomaxillary buttress
41. K-Wire or Pin fixation
• Rapid & inexpensive
• Alignment not as good as open
method
• Fracture reduced by closed
reduction
• Stabilised with K-wire to
contralateral maxilla or zygoma
• 4 weeks
44. Isolated Zygomatic arch fracture
• reduced by closed reduction by Gillies or Keen’s approach
• No need for internal fixation
• Temporalis and masseter muscle and fascia with soft tissue splint the
arch sufficiently to stabilize the fragments
45. Complications
• Acute exacerbation of sinus disease
• Non union/ Malunion
• Diplopia
• Visual loss
• Globe injury
• Enophthalmos
• Persistent infraorbital nerve numbness
• Plate exposure or screw loosening