Zebrafish are commonly used as a model organism in research due to their low cost, small size, rapid development and reproduction. They naturally live in schools for protection against predators. School size can vary depending on environmental conditions, with fish preferring larger or more active schools. Both males and females establish dominance hierarchies through aggressive behaviors like chasing and biting. Males court females through behaviors like nudging and leading them to spawn sites, where the male aligns to induce egg-laying.
A presentation on Zebrafish's history, taxonomy , genetics, life cycle and future prospects of zebrafish and some of its medical implications in human life. Most importantly the major interest is to investigate those particular gene that are responsible for regenerating the heart in zebrafish so that they can be applied to human heart and help im regenerating human heart without the formation of any scar.
Comparative genomic hybridization is a molecular cytogenetic method for analysing copy number variations (CNVs) relative to ploidy level in the DNA of a test sample compared to a reference sample, without the need for culturing cells
A presentation on Zebrafish's history, taxonomy , genetics, life cycle and future prospects of zebrafish and some of its medical implications in human life. Most importantly the major interest is to investigate those particular gene that are responsible for regenerating the heart in zebrafish so that they can be applied to human heart and help im regenerating human heart without the formation of any scar.
Comparative genomic hybridization is a molecular cytogenetic method for analysing copy number variations (CNVs) relative to ploidy level in the DNA of a test sample compared to a reference sample, without the need for culturing cells
zebrafish are a workhorse as a translatable research model. And there are a multitude of assays in which they’ve shown promise.
The zebrafish is perhaps one of the most frequently used model organisms for genetic and developmental studies. The zebrafish is known for its unique regenerative abilities and rapid embryonic development.
The scientific name of zebrafish is Danio rerio and it belongs to the minnow family, Cyprinidae. The fish got its common name from the presence of five uniform and pigmented horizontal stripes on the side of its body, which resemble the stripes of a zebra. The characteristic stripes of zebrafish are blue in colour and they extend from the gill cover to the end of the caudal fin.
Scientists use fluorescent proteins as markers to more easily identify certain processes or reactions during microscopy research. Green fluorescent proteins (GFP), are used to create chimeric proteins which can be expressed in cells, tissues, and whole organisms. Using directed mutagenesis, fluorescence can emit in multiple wavelengths.
Fluorescent proteins are critical to research involving embryonic and larval zebrafish since they are transparent and develop nearly all organs and musculoskeletal structures six days after fertilization. Transparent embryos thus allow researchers to observe organs or tissues marked with tissue specific expressions of fluorescent proteins as they develop. Dozens of transgenic zebrafish lines have been created which express fluorescent proteins in organs, glands, and other bodily structures.
Why Using Zebrafish for BioMedical Research and Drug Discovery?Jens-Ole Bock
Zebrafish is a vertebrate whose genome is completely sequenced; who shares a similar physiology to humans, including many equivalent organs; who offers with a growing battery of genetic tools, which combined with organism’s transparency, permits the tracing of cells and easy genetic manipulation (CRISPR).
These characteristics help ensure that information acquired through zebrafish is more accurate and informative than that obtained by in vitro assays, and thus easier to extrapolate to human biology.
Electrophoresis is a laboratory technique used to separate DNA, RNA, or protein molecules based on their size and electrical charge.
Different types of electrophoresis.
Gel electrophoresis; Agarose Gel electrophoresis; polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; pulsed-field gel electrophoresis
The first genome to be sequenced was that of Haemophilus influenzae in 1995.
The E. coli genome was completely sequenced in 1997.
Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) (12.8 x 106 bp) and worm (Caenorhabditis elegans) genomes were the first eukaryotic genomes to be sequenced in 1999.
Genomes of Drosophila melanogaster and Arabidopsis thaliana were sequenced in 2000.
Powerpoint accompanying research paper on the Teratogenic effects of Fipronil (GABAergic antagonist) on the neurological development of zebrafish (as model of vertebrates).
zebrafish are a workhorse as a translatable research model. And there are a multitude of assays in which they’ve shown promise.
The zebrafish is perhaps one of the most frequently used model organisms for genetic and developmental studies. The zebrafish is known for its unique regenerative abilities and rapid embryonic development.
The scientific name of zebrafish is Danio rerio and it belongs to the minnow family, Cyprinidae. The fish got its common name from the presence of five uniform and pigmented horizontal stripes on the side of its body, which resemble the stripes of a zebra. The characteristic stripes of zebrafish are blue in colour and they extend from the gill cover to the end of the caudal fin.
Scientists use fluorescent proteins as markers to more easily identify certain processes or reactions during microscopy research. Green fluorescent proteins (GFP), are used to create chimeric proteins which can be expressed in cells, tissues, and whole organisms. Using directed mutagenesis, fluorescence can emit in multiple wavelengths.
Fluorescent proteins are critical to research involving embryonic and larval zebrafish since they are transparent and develop nearly all organs and musculoskeletal structures six days after fertilization. Transparent embryos thus allow researchers to observe organs or tissues marked with tissue specific expressions of fluorescent proteins as they develop. Dozens of transgenic zebrafish lines have been created which express fluorescent proteins in organs, glands, and other bodily structures.
Why Using Zebrafish for BioMedical Research and Drug Discovery?Jens-Ole Bock
Zebrafish is a vertebrate whose genome is completely sequenced; who shares a similar physiology to humans, including many equivalent organs; who offers with a growing battery of genetic tools, which combined with organism’s transparency, permits the tracing of cells and easy genetic manipulation (CRISPR).
These characteristics help ensure that information acquired through zebrafish is more accurate and informative than that obtained by in vitro assays, and thus easier to extrapolate to human biology.
Electrophoresis is a laboratory technique used to separate DNA, RNA, or protein molecules based on their size and electrical charge.
Different types of electrophoresis.
Gel electrophoresis; Agarose Gel electrophoresis; polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; pulsed-field gel electrophoresis
The first genome to be sequenced was that of Haemophilus influenzae in 1995.
The E. coli genome was completely sequenced in 1997.
Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) (12.8 x 106 bp) and worm (Caenorhabditis elegans) genomes were the first eukaryotic genomes to be sequenced in 1999.
Genomes of Drosophila melanogaster and Arabidopsis thaliana were sequenced in 2000.
Powerpoint accompanying research paper on the Teratogenic effects of Fipronil (GABAergic antagonist) on the neurological development of zebrafish (as model of vertebrates).
Developing Zebrafish Models of Complex Phenotypes Relevant to Human Brain Dis...Jonathan Cachat
Dissertation Defense Presentation
Jan 2013 - Tulane University, Neuroscience Graduate Program
Jonathan M. Cachat
Committee:
Allan V. Kalueff, Ph.D.
Jill Daniel, Ph.D.
David Corey, Ph.D
Benjamin Hall, Ph.D.
Studying Flow Mediated Responses in Isolated VasculatureInsideScientific
During this webinar Dr. Éric Thorin, a leading expert in the effects of shear stress in the vasculature, explains key concepts in setting up a system for the purpose of examining flow-mediated responses in isolated blood vessels. The webinar sponsor, Living Systems Instrumentation, has been supplying tools for in vitro studies of cardiovascular function for over 20 years. Viewers will gain an understanding of how to setup and utilize a pressure arteriograph capable of simultaneous control of intravascular pressure and intraluminal flow.
Background information: The physiological significance and effects of flow on controlling and coordinating vascular function are well-appreciated. However, flow-mediated regulation of vascular function is a complex and difficult mechanism to study experimentally. Care must be taken to select appropriate instrumentation to allow for precise control of intravascular pressure and intraluminal flow, while minimizing artifacts introduced by the small size of glass cannulae. With proper simultaneous control of intravascular pressure and intraluminal flow, the researcher will be able to explore such responses as flow-mediated dilation, flow-induced constriction and other physiological responses that depend upon shear stress in the vasculature.
About Our Presenter:
Dr. Éric Thorin has a long-standing interest in the study and mechanisms of ageing related to the vascular endothelium. His laboratory has developed several approaches to investigate the functional consequences of ageing combined with risk factors for cardiovascular diseases (CVD) on the evolution of a reversible endothelial dysfunction to an irreversible vascular disease. His main areas of research include the study of the cerebrovascular and peripheral vascular dysfunction in the mouse model of human dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis, the molecular mechanisms leading to endothelial cell senescence and the impact of risk factors for CVD in patients with obesity, diabetes and coronary artery disease.
Zebrafish (Danio rerio) are a small freshwater fish belonging to the cyprinid family (Spence, 2006). The species is native to warm water streams in the Ganges and Brahmaptura River basins located in India, Bangladesh, and Nepal (Barman, 1991; Laale, 1977). They are thought to be an annual species that breeds during the monsoon season, when food such as aquatic insects are most plentiful (Spence, 2006). Zebrafish are considered to be omnivorous having been observed feeding throughout the water column, from the surface to the benthos, on a varied diet (Spence et al 2008).
Using common, nutrient-rich small fish in the development of a complementary ...WorldFish
Presentation by Jessica Bogard and Shakuntala Thilsted on: child malnutrition, complementary feeding, rationale for product development, ingredients selected for complementary feeding, production process, nutrient composition of complementary feeding, plans for the future.
This was presented at the meeting on “Integrating Nutrition into the ASEAN Food Security Framework and Strategic Plan of Action on Food Security in ASEAN Region”, held from the 29 January – 1 February 2013 in Bangkok, Thailand.
El Niño is a naturally occurring event in the equatorial region which causes temporary changes in the world climate.
Originally, El Niño was the name used for warmer than normal sea surface temperatures in the Pacific Ocean off the coast of South America.
Now, El Niño has come to refer to a whole complex of Pacific Ocean sea-surface temperature changes and global weather events.
The ocean warming off South America is just one of these events.
Automated Quantitative Measures of Forelimb Function in Rats and MiceInsideScientific
During this webinar Drew Sloan, PhD and Seth Hays, PhD discuss automated forelimb tasks for both rats and mice and applications of the quantitative data collected.
These new procedures are advancing discovery in basic neuroscience and offering deeper understanding of motor control and developing therapies for disease models such as traumatic brain injury, spinal cord injury, and Parkinson’s disease.
Dr. Drew Sloan demonstrates typical training and testing protocols for using the Vulintus MotoTrak behavioral system, including Isometric pull, supination and lever press tasks.
Following, Dr. Seth Hays shares his research which has used MotoTrak to investigate neuroplasticity-enhancing therapies for motor dysfunction, specifically looking at vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) as a method to promote plasticity.
Headaches are a commonly misunderstood and often misdiagnosed clinical symptom. There are at least 60 major types of headaches. Before any headache can be successfully treated or controlled, the origin of the headache must be established. Therefore, diagnosis is essential for proper treatment. This presentation outlines the major sources of the single clinical manifestation of "headache," and lends some organization to thinking about these disorders.
Integrating Noninvasive Blood Pressure Monitoring with Human Physiology Measu...InsideScientific
Experts discuss the fundamentals of real-time, beat-to-beat noninvasive blood pressure (NIBP) monitoring and present new research capabilities enabled through the integration of NIBP technology and physiological recording systems.
In this webinar sponsored by BIOPAC Systems and CNSystems, Frazer Findlay and Walter Habenbacher discuss study design and demonstrate correct equipment set up and operation when recording NIBP with additional physiological signals. Specifically, Mr. Habenbacher explains the application of the NIBP100D-HD to measure noninvasive continuous blood pressure. He demonstrates setup & measurement and shows how scientific findings can benefit your research with advanced hemodynamic monitoring.
Following, Mr. Findlay demonstrates how to interface the NIBP100D Continuous Noninvasive Blood Pressure Monitor with the BIOPAC MP160 Data Acquisition and Analysis System and simultaneously recorded measurements of NIBP, ECG and respiration. In addition, Mr. Findlay discusses important data analysis processes such as computing cardiac output and stroke volume, and demonstrates how scientists can use the “Focus Areas” feature in AcqKnowledge Software to simplify their data review.
Darwinism and natural selection 7th zol.pptximranrohi56
Darwin's three main principles of natural selection state that, in order for the process to occur, most characteristics in the population must be inherited, more offspring must be produced than can survive, and the fittest offspring must be more likely to survive and reproduce.In the mid-19th century, a man came up with a very powerful idea, the idea that species could change. Today, all the time, we hear about animals adapting, endangered species going extinct, viruses mutating. But in the 1800s, people conceptualized a much more static world. One man looked past all that. His name was Charles Darwin.
Darwin called his idea the theory of natural selection. Natural selection is defined as a natural process that results in the survival and reproduction of organisms with genetic traits best suited to their environment. A shorter (but no less accurate) definition might be "survival of the fittest." Within any population, the fittest individuals, or the ones who fit the environment best, usually survive and reproduce, passing on their genetic traits to future generations.
Morphological Characteristics and Sexual Maturity in M.masonina, a Freshwater...paperpublications3
Abstract: The present study aims to assess the status of fresh water crab resources in the area. The study was made on species diversity including its taxonomic position, morphological characteristics, habits, habitat and distribution. Out of various water bodies scanned so far two species of crabs were recorded viz Maydelliathelphusa masoniana Henderson, (1893) from plain areas and Himalayapotamon emphysetum Alcock (1909) from hilly stretches of the region. A total of 592 crabs were obtained, 282 being males and 310 females. The maximum carapace in female was 6.0 cm with abdominal width of 4.5 cm. Males exhibited carapace width of 6.3 cm and chela length of 5.7 cm and chela depth of 3.5 cm.
Keywords: M.masoniana, Morphological features, sexual maturity.
Title: Morphological Characteristics and Sexual Maturity in M.masonina, a Freshwater Crab from Jammu Waters
Author: Meenakshi Bandral
International Journal of Recent Research in Life Sciences (IJRRLS)
ISSN 2349-7823
Paper Publications
A short project to find out Critical Micellar Concentration of reverse micelle in non-polar environment. the instrument used is obviously Dynamic Light Scattering Machine.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
2. Introduction:
Zebrafish (Danio rerio) is increasingly used as a model organism in research
worldwide. One can enlist ‘n’ number of biological disciplines in which this small
creature finds acceptance. The initiators of using Zebrafish were Creaser(1934),
Streisinger(1981) and Kimmel(1996). However, we find that its ecological
parameters too play a great part in making it a preferred choice over other model
organisms. We quickly look at its advantage as a model organism.
In general:
1) Cost effective:
Its small, robust and cheap and so a large number of fish can be kept in the
laboratory. Food involves aquatic planktons that can be easily reared in Lab. It has
a small spawning time (2-3days) and releases hundreds of eggs at the spawning
site. Also interesting to note is that as there is very less Mate Choice, Sexual
Dimorphism is very limited and thus the effect of sex-specific hormones likes
Testosterone or Estrogen on normal body function is eliminated to a large extent.
In Bio-medicine:
2) Place in taxa:
It is a vertebrate, so closer to humans than insects like Drosophila. Yet, epigenetic
regulation is simpler and easier to determine than in higher organism like mice
and rats. With its acceptance worldwide, its genetic sequence has been traced too
at the Sanger institute of Cambridge, U.K. Thus, it is increasingly being used to
model human diseases and screen therapeutic drugs.
In Developmental Biology and Genetics:
3) External Fertilization and Rapid Development:
Short Generation time (3-4 months), make it suitable for selection experiments.
Zebrafish eggs are large relative to other fish, (0.7 mm in diameter at fertilization)
and optically transparent, the yolk being sequestered into a separate cell as in
meroblastic cleavage. Furthermore, fertilization is external so live embryos are
accessible to manipulation and can be monitored through all developmental
stages under a dissecting microscope.
3. Development is rapid, with precursors to all major organs developing within 36
hours with food seeking and active avoidance behaviour observed within five days
post fertilization, i.e. 2-3 days after hatching (both the findings reported by
Kimmel et al., 1995).
In Neuroscience and Cognition:
4)Kimmel et al published details of Cell differentiation and Neural Development in
Zebrafish. Also, they roam in groups and like all social animals, exhibit mating
rituals, aggression, dominance in hierarchy and related behviours which hint at
their developed learning skills and cognitive abilities. They have been studied
immensely in the last two decades. Thus, they are a great model in Neural
Sciences as well.
Scope of this document:
We discuss the following characteristics of the Zebrafish:
1) Their schooling behavior especially:
*No of fish per school
*Natural Habitats and normal group size
*Determination of Dominance and Hierarchy
2) Their individual behavior especially:
*Mating behaviour
*Male Male interaction and Aggression
*Female Female interaction
*Male Female sex markers
4. Schooling (or Shoaling)
Schooling is a tendency generally observed in predator and preys. Prey species
encourage school formation to save themselves from predation. They travel in
hordes and can give solitary predators a run for their life. However, on watching
closely, we will see that their herd shape is rhomboidal. Note that in these figures,
the ovals are individuals, the dominant ones at top and the arrows correspond to
direction of movement within group.
Some predator species too prefer to live in groups and attack and bring down a
bigger or stronger prey. However, the shape of the predator group is highly
different. This is because the prey wants to minimize its chances of encounter
with the predator while the predator wants the opposite.
5. Thus, area to perimeter ratio will be higher in prey and lower in predators.
However, the shape of a Zebrafish school is entirely different.
This is because although it is both a predator and prey. It sticks together to ward
off bigger fishes but is also competitive in getting access to nutrition sources.
(Discussion needed).
Shoaling behaviour is proved to be innate in zebrafish.(Engeszer et al, 2007b)
(Kerr, 1963) showed that this behavior commences soon after hatching and little
ones form shoals as soon as removed from isolation .
McCann and Matthews(1974) showed that fishes grown in isolation could not
discriminate between conspecifics and other species suggesting that recognition
is learned in the organism.
Engeszer,Ryan and Parichy (2004) also showed that preferences for different
intraspecific phenotypes are also learned.
(Rosenthal and Ryan ,2005) demonstrated that stripes are a key shoaling cue.
Zebrafish have also been known to use olfactory cues in both species and kin
recognition (Gerlach & Lysiak, 2006).
(Grant & Kramer, 1992; Gerlach, 2006; Spence & Smith, 2006).showed that
Individual recognition may play a role in zebrafish since the species is known to
establish dominance hierarchies.
6. Group Size
The number of fish per school is not at all fixed. In lab cultures, there is no
presence of a distinguished shoal if the fish density is high in aquarium. If it is low,
There will be one primary shoal in the whole aquarium. In the nature, there can
be numerous shoals of numerous sizes depending on natural conditions. These
conditions are determined by experiments.
Shoal size and activity level are important parameters factoring shoaling decisions
in zebra-fish.
(Pritchard et al,2001) showed an individual preferred to be with the larger shoal
and during tough compromising environmental conditions like lower
temperature, the choice shifted to the most active shoal, regardless of the size.
(Rhul and McRobert, 2005) also designed and carried out experiments to
correlate sex with shoaling preferences. Males preferred to be in the group with
the most females but females preferred the group with most members regardless
of the sex ratio.
(Krause et al.,1999) found that fishes could judge the nutrition levels within their
species and preferred to shoal with the well-fed ones. It was also shown that such
fishes subsequently enjoyed better foraging success.
Gerlach et al. showed that the inter-individual distance between two fishes was a
function of their phenotypical relatedness; The more the related, the lesser the
distance. This also hints at the cognitive abilities of the zebra-fish.
.
Dominance and Hierarchy
Females and Males both deploy tactics to dominate over each other and form a
social hierarchy. Display of might involves chasing the competitor and often on
serious cases, biting.
Aggression is displayed by both the fishes aligning head to tail and opening of fins
while moving upwards in a helical motion. (R.Spence was the first to observe).
(Larson, et al., 2006) were successful in showing that aggression is decreased
following formation of a dominion order. They also showed that the Dominant
fish in a pair is darker and utilizes the whole aquarium while the sub-ordinate is
pale and restricted to a small area.
7. Once established, Dominance ranks remain fairly the same with time, notably in
experiments lasting 5 days. (Grant & Kramer, 1992; Spence and Smth,2005).
G.Gerlach was instrumental in showing that the same rank was established
between males after they were segregated for 4 days and then re-united.
(Grant and Krammer ,1992) demonstrated that Sex is not a factor in determining
the hierarchy in the group.
It has been demonstrated that group formation is a function of food-area density
and food/individual density.
Mating Behaviour
The mating behaviour of Zebrafish is very distinct and well-established.(Breder
and Rosen,1966) showed that photo-periodism or the amount of light and
darkness influences egg laying in zebrafish. Males court females by chasing them
often nudging her flanks with his snout and attempting to lead her to a spawning
site (where egg-laying is preferred). The male fish displays courtship behaviour by
swimming around or in front of the female in proper circles or double circles.
Dis-interest on the part of the female is answered by the male shuttling between
the site of egg-laying and the female.
On passing the spawning site, the males align genital pore with the female and
oscillate with drastic frequencies to induce ovi-position. 5-10 eggs are laid at
every such site. The exercise can last upto an hour although the intensity is
decreased after the first 30 minutes. (reported by Darrow & Harris, 2004).
(Spence et al, 2007b) reported similar behaviour In Wild varieties although the
latter are known to use the entire column (Surface to Water Bed; height).Also, 3
to 7 fishes are involved in the mating ritual.
Zebrafish follows the same mating behaviour pattern with the other fishes of the
Cyprinid order. They spawn in unison and scatter their egg preferably on surfaces
where the eggs will have lower risk of predation.(Spence and Smith, 2005) were
the first to report this behaviour.
In large groups, males chase females. However, in low density, males confine their
movement to a territory central to a spawning site and a few body-length of
theirs in diameter. They chase away other males when they approach.
Males and Females upon introduction to the same sex establish hierarchy as
described before.
8. Sex markers
Sexually mature females are usually rounder-bellied, slightly less colourful and a
little larger than males. The males are torpedo shaped and shorter. They have
gold stripes between the blue stripes; females have silver stripes instead of gold
The differences are especially clear when the fish are in spawning condition as the
males intensify in colour and the females fill with eggs.(www.fishbase.org,
www.wikipedia.org )
More Information and References:
1)www.sanger.ac.uk
2) zfin.org
3) CREASER, C. W. (1934). The technique of handling the zebrafish (Brachydanio rerio)
for the production of eggs which are favourable for embryological research and
are available at any specified time throughout the year. Copeia 1934, 159-161.
4) STREISINGER, G., WALKER, C., DOWER, N., KNAUBER, D. & SINGER, F. (1981).
Production of clones of homozygous diploid zebra fish (Brachydanio rerio).
Nature 291, 293-296.
5) KIMMEL, C. B., BALLARD, W. W., KIMMEL, S. R., ULLMANN, B & SCHILLING, T. F.
(1995). Stages of embryonic development of the zebrafish. Developmental
Dynamics 203, 253-310.
6) ROWENA SPENCE1*, GABRIELE GERLACH2, CHRISTIAN LAWRENCE3 AND CARL SMITH The
behaviour and ecology of the zebrafish, Danio rerio.
7) ENGESZER, R. E., ALBERICI DA BARBIANO, L., RYAN, M. J. & PARICHY, D. M. (2007b).
Timing and plasticity of shoaling behaviour in the zebrafish, Danio rerio. Animal
Behaviour (in press).
9. 8) KERR, J. P. (1963). Grouping behaviour of the zebrafish as influenced by social
isolation. American Zoologist 2, 532-533.
9) MCCANN, L. I. & MATTHEWS, J. J. (1974). The effects of lifelong isolation on species
identification in zebra fish (Brachydanio rerio). Developmental Psychobiology 7,
159-163.
10) MCCANN, L. I. & CARLSON, C. C. (1982). Effect of cross-rearing on species
identification in zebra fish and pearl danios. Developmental Psychobiology 15, 71-
74.
11) ENGESZER, R. E., ALBERICI DA BARBIANO, L., RYAN, M. J. & PARICHY, D. M. (2007b).
Timing and plasticity of shoaling behaviour in the zebrafish, Danio rerio. Animal
Behaviour (in press).
12) ROSENTHAL, G. G. & RYAN, M. J. (2005). Assortative preferences for stripes in
danios. Animal Behaviour 70, 1063-1066.
13) GERLACH G.& LYSIAK, N. (2006). Kin recognition and inbreeding avoidance in
zebrafish, Danio rerio, is based on phenotype matching. Animal Behaviour 71,
1371-1377.
14) GRANT, J. W. A. & KRAMER, D. L. (1992). Temporal clumping of food arrival reduces
its monopolization and defense by zebrafish, Brachydanio rerio. Animal
Behaviour 44, 101-110.
15) GERLACH, G. (2006). Pheromonal regulation of reproductive success in female
zebrafish: female suppression and male enhancement. Animal Behaviour 72,
1119-1124.
16) PRITCHARD, V. L., LAWRENCE, J., BUTLIN, R. K. & KRAUSE, J. (2001). Shoal choice in
zebrafish, Danio rerio: the influence of shoal size and activity. Animal Behaviour
62, 1085-1088.
17) RHUL, N. & MCROBERT, S. P. (2005). The effect of sex and shoal size on shoaling
behaviour in Danio rerio. Journal of Fish Biology 67, 1318-1326.
18) KRAUSE, J., HARTMANN, N. & PRITCHARD, V. L. (1999). The influence of nutritional
state on shoal choice in zebrafish, Danio rerio. Animal Behaviour 57, 771-775.
19) LARSON, E. T., O’MALLEY, D. M. & MELLONI JR, R. H. (2006). Aggression and
vasotocin are associated with dominant-subordinate relationships in zebrafish.
Behavioural Brain Research 167, 94-102.
20) GRANT, J. W. A. & KRAMER, D. L. (1992). Temporal clumping of food arrival reduces
its monopolization and defense by zebrafish, Brachydanio rerio. Animal
10. Behaviour 44, 101-110.
21) BREDER, C. M. & ROSEN, D. E. (1966). Modes of reproduction in fishes. New York,
Natural History Press.
22) DARROW, K. O. & HARRIS, W. A. (2004). Characterisation and development of
courtship in zebrafish, Danio rerio. Zebrafish 1, 40-45.
23) SPENCE, R. & SMITH, C. (2005). Male territoriality mediates density and sex ratio
effects on oviposition in the zebrafish (Danio rerio). Animal Behaviour 69, 1317-
1323.