Zebrafish are a small freshwater fish native to rivers in India, Bangladesh, and Nepal. They have become a popular model organism for biomedical research due to their low cost, short generation time, and optical transparency during development. Proper nutrition is important for zebrafish health and research validity, but their dietary requirements are not well defined. This article discusses the need to standardize zebrafish diets by determining nutrient requirements to improve research consistency and animal welfare.
Cavine Onyango Oguta. “The Mass Culture of the Freshwater Rotifers Brachionus Rubens Ehrenberg 1838 Using Different Algal Species Diets” United International Journal for Research & Technology (UIJRT) 1.4 (2019): 10-24.
The Latin names of some aquatic species can have fascinatingly obscure meanings that provide anyone in need of a hobby with hours of joyful investigation and speculation. The channel catfish is, alas, not one of them: Ictalurus punctatus simply means ‘spotty catfish’, and the briefest glance at one will tell you why.
This study examined the effects of different dietary levels of betaine on growth performance, food efficiency, and survival rate of pike perch fingerlings over 6 weeks. Fingerlings were fed one of four diets: live food, biomar feed without betaine, biomar with 1% betaine, or biomar with 2% betaine. The results showed that fish fed 2% betaine biomar had significantly higher weight gain, specific growth rate, food efficiency, and lower food conversion ratio compared to other treatments. However, this treatment also had the highest cannibalism. The treatment with biomar only without betaine resulted in the highest survival rate of 34.5%. In conclusion, betaine improved growth but
This document summarizes a review on the potential of water buffalo in world agriculture. It discusses water buffalo's role in agriculture, their global population distribution, and phylogenetic classification. It then reviews the current state of knowledge on the molecular determinants of economically important traits in water buffalo like longevity, disease resistance, milk production, and growth. It finds that while knowledge is available, more data is still needed on these traits through genome sequencing and functional genomics to enable precision breeding and farming. Future research using systems approaches can help advance science and technology for sustainable water buffalo production.
This study examined the use of earthworm Eisenia fetida as a bioindicator of arsenic levels in Hawaiian soils formerly used for sugarcane cultivation. Earthworms were exposed to soils containing different concentrations of arsenic through a microcosm experiment. Results showed that earthworm growth peaked at around 2 mg/kg of bioaccessible arsenic, indicating a hormetic effect of low arsenic doses. However, growth decreased with further increasing arsenic concentrations. This demonstrated that E. fetida can serve as a bioindicator of arsenic levels in soils and that low doses may act as a stimulant before becoming toxic at higher concentrations.
Catch Per Unit Effort (CPUE) of Bivalves in Northwestern Bohol, PhilippinesAI Publications
Catch Per Unit Effort (CPUE) is a measure of status of marine resource in a given area. In this study, bivalve fishery information was gathered using the self-structured questionnaire. There were 61 respondents who were the registered fishermen of Calape, Tubigon and Clarin. Among the three towns it was Clarin where highest mean CPUE was observed with 1.2kg/hr/man. This was followed by Calape with 0.8kg/hr/man and lowest mean CPUE was recorded in Tubigon with 0.6kg/hr/man. High CPUE value means that there are still enough bivalve resources in the area and lowest CPUE means that these resources are endangered. Considering that, the result of this study showed that there is a need to regulate the collection of bivalves with lower wild stocks to avoid loss of these natural resources.
This document summarizes a study on the effects of egg oiling on fish consumption by double-crested cormorants nesting on Little Galloo Island in Lake Ontario in 2003. The New York State Department of Environmental Conservation has been spraying cormorant eggs with vegetable oil since 1999 to reduce the colony's reproductive success and fish consumption. In 2003, egg oiling reduced cormorant chick production by 98% and fish consumption by the colony by 28.6% compared to if no control measures were used. The program has consistently reduced chick productivity, cormorant feeding days, and total fish consumption since 1999.
Cavine Onyango Oguta. “The Mass Culture of the Freshwater Rotifers Brachionus Rubens Ehrenberg 1838 Using Different Algal Species Diets” United International Journal for Research & Technology (UIJRT) 1.4 (2019): 10-24.
The Latin names of some aquatic species can have fascinatingly obscure meanings that provide anyone in need of a hobby with hours of joyful investigation and speculation. The channel catfish is, alas, not one of them: Ictalurus punctatus simply means ‘spotty catfish’, and the briefest glance at one will tell you why.
This study examined the effects of different dietary levels of betaine on growth performance, food efficiency, and survival rate of pike perch fingerlings over 6 weeks. Fingerlings were fed one of four diets: live food, biomar feed without betaine, biomar with 1% betaine, or biomar with 2% betaine. The results showed that fish fed 2% betaine biomar had significantly higher weight gain, specific growth rate, food efficiency, and lower food conversion ratio compared to other treatments. However, this treatment also had the highest cannibalism. The treatment with biomar only without betaine resulted in the highest survival rate of 34.5%. In conclusion, betaine improved growth but
This document summarizes a review on the potential of water buffalo in world agriculture. It discusses water buffalo's role in agriculture, their global population distribution, and phylogenetic classification. It then reviews the current state of knowledge on the molecular determinants of economically important traits in water buffalo like longevity, disease resistance, milk production, and growth. It finds that while knowledge is available, more data is still needed on these traits through genome sequencing and functional genomics to enable precision breeding and farming. Future research using systems approaches can help advance science and technology for sustainable water buffalo production.
This study examined the use of earthworm Eisenia fetida as a bioindicator of arsenic levels in Hawaiian soils formerly used for sugarcane cultivation. Earthworms were exposed to soils containing different concentrations of arsenic through a microcosm experiment. Results showed that earthworm growth peaked at around 2 mg/kg of bioaccessible arsenic, indicating a hormetic effect of low arsenic doses. However, growth decreased with further increasing arsenic concentrations. This demonstrated that E. fetida can serve as a bioindicator of arsenic levels in soils and that low doses may act as a stimulant before becoming toxic at higher concentrations.
Catch Per Unit Effort (CPUE) of Bivalves in Northwestern Bohol, PhilippinesAI Publications
Catch Per Unit Effort (CPUE) is a measure of status of marine resource in a given area. In this study, bivalve fishery information was gathered using the self-structured questionnaire. There were 61 respondents who were the registered fishermen of Calape, Tubigon and Clarin. Among the three towns it was Clarin where highest mean CPUE was observed with 1.2kg/hr/man. This was followed by Calape with 0.8kg/hr/man and lowest mean CPUE was recorded in Tubigon with 0.6kg/hr/man. High CPUE value means that there are still enough bivalve resources in the area and lowest CPUE means that these resources are endangered. Considering that, the result of this study showed that there is a need to regulate the collection of bivalves with lower wild stocks to avoid loss of these natural resources.
This document summarizes a study on the effects of egg oiling on fish consumption by double-crested cormorants nesting on Little Galloo Island in Lake Ontario in 2003. The New York State Department of Environmental Conservation has been spraying cormorant eggs with vegetable oil since 1999 to reduce the colony's reproductive success and fish consumption. In 2003, egg oiling reduced cormorant chick production by 98% and fish consumption by the colony by 28.6% compared to if no control measures were used. The program has consistently reduced chick productivity, cormorant feeding days, and total fish consumption since 1999.
Effects of steam moisture and screw speed on physical propertieCamila Lecaros
This document discusses using distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) as a protein source in aquafeed for Nile tilapia. It summarizes a study that used a twin-screw extruder to produce DDGS-based aquafeed extrudates under varying processing conditions of screw speed, water addition, and steam injection. The study found that increasing water and steam generally improved properties of the extrudates like water stability and density. Overall, all processing conditions tested produced viable extrudates suitable for feeding Nile tilapia. The document also provides background on DDGS as a byproduct of ethanol production and its potential as a cost-effective protein ingredient in aquafeed if supplemented to
Food Security in the Asia Pacific: Can we have our fuel and eat it too? Presentation by Prof Robert J Henry, Director of the Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation at the University of Queensland
Effect of Stocking Density on the Resistance to Fasting, Growth and Survival ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— After artificial reproduction of African catfish Heterobranchus bidorsalis, larvae of two days old and 2.18 ± 0.35 mg of mean weight were used to perform two experiments in order to assess the effect of stocking density on their fasting resistance, growth and survival. During the first experiment which lasted 11 days with four batches of larvae at densities of 1, 2, 3 and 4 individuals/ml, results showed that density did not significantly affect (p˂0,05) the resistance to fasting of larvae. However, first mortalities were observed at D5 for all the densities, the higher daily mortality was recorded at D10 and the last mortalities were obtained at D12.
Results of the second experiment revealed that the weight and growth performance of larvae decreased with the increasing of the density after 28 days of rearing. In contrast, the larval survival rate increased with the density. The values of survival rate were respectively 30.53 ± 4.32 and 55.30 ± 21.70 % for the densities 1 ind./l and 20 ind./l.
This document provides an overview of bioencapsulation of live food organisms with probiotics for better growth and survival of freshwater fish juveniles. It discusses how probiotics can be used to bioencapsulate (coat) live food organisms fed to fish in order to improve the nutritional status and health benefits provided to the fish. Probiotics are live microorganisms that when consumed in sufficient amounts can benefit the health of the host. Bioencapsulating live food with probiotics may help enhance the growth and survival of different fish species by modulating the immune system, competing with pathogens, and improving nutrient absorption from food. This technique represents a new approach for using probiotics in aquaculture to maximize fish production.
Food and feeding habits of the brackish river prawn (macrobrachium macrobrach...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the food and feeding habits of the brackish river prawn (Macrobrachium macrobrachion) in the Great Kwa River estuary in Nigeria. Stomach contents from 200 prawns collected over six months were analyzed. A variety of food items were found, including detritus, diatoms, algae, mud, sand, fish bones, insect parts, and more. Detritus was the most common food item based on frequency of occurrence. Insect parts were the most abundant food item based on numerical analysis. The study concludes that M. macrobrachion is an omnivorous detritivore that feeds opportunistically on available food
A Dietary Solution to Arsenic Poisoning in BangladeshICARDA
This document summarizes a dietary trial conducted in Bangladesh to address arsenic poisoning from contaminated groundwater. The trial provided local families with lentils from Saskatchewan, which are high in selenium, for 3 months. Selenium helps eliminate arsenic from the body by forming conjugates that are excreted. Physical exams and samples were taken at the start, middle, and end to monitor health impacts. The lentils were found to be nutritious and high in selenium compared to other varieties. The goal was to see if a lentil-based diet could help remediate arsenic toxicity issues afflicting the local population.
This study determined the concentrations of potassium and calcium in feed for goats grazing on natural rangeland in West Kordofan, Sudan during flowering and seed setting stages. Potassium concentration was significantly higher at 0.22 ppm during flowering compared to 0.07 ppm during seed setting. Calcium concentration was higher but not significantly so at 8.02 ppm during flowering versus 6.76 ppm during seed setting. The results indicate that mineral concentrations in forage vary between plant maturity stages, with potassium and calcium generally higher during flowering.
This study compared the production and profitability of three strains of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) for small-scale commercial cage farming in Ghana. The three strains studied were the Akosombo strain, Huawei strain, and Fish Reit strain. The Huawei strain showed significantly higher final mean weight, absolute growth rate, yield, and profitability indicators compared to the other two strains. While the Akosombo strain had the lowest feed conversion ratio, it also had the highest mortality and lowest mean yield. Overall, the Huawei strain performed best for small-scale commercial cage farming based on production and economic analyses.
Simultaneous pollinator occurence (hymenoptera, agaoninae) in a threatened sp...Robert Mts
This study found evidence that two species of Pegoscapus wasps simultaneously pollinate Ficus mexiae, a threatened fig species in Brazil. The researchers analyzed 57 syconia from two F. mexiae trees and found that both Pegoscapus sp. 1 and Pegoscapus sp. 2 emerged from the syconia, with Pegoscapus sp. 2 being more abundant. While both wasp species were found to contribute to pollination and seed production, their relationship seems competitive, as their abundances were negatively correlated. This provides preliminary evidence that F. mexiae relies on both wasp species for pollination, and maintains diversity in Neotropical figs.
The study aimed to determine if invasive largemouth bass were negatively impacting the survival of native western pond turtles at the Bernard Field Station. The researchers analyzed the stomach contents of 21 bass caught from a lake at the field station. None of the bass stomachs contained turtle hatchlings. However, the bass' diets included other species like crayfish and amphipods, indicating they still impacted the ecosystem. Additional data suggested seasonal diet changes and that bullfrogs may be a more significant threat to the turtles. While the results did not support the initial hypothesis, they provided insights into species interactions and potential conservation methods.
Evaluation of house fly (Musca domestica) maggot meal and termite (Macroterme...Premier Publishers
A 56-day feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effects of the combination of maggot and termite meal with Coppens commercial feed on the growth performance, food utilization and survival of the African catfish (C. gariepinus). A total of 150 fingerlings were stocked in fifteen glass aquaria, 10 each in triplicate. Fish in aquarium A1, A2 and A3 were fed maggot meal (100 %-MM), B1, B2 and B3 with termite meal (100 % - TM), C1, C2 and C3 with equal combination of maggot meal and Coppens feed (50:50), D1, D2, and D3 with equal combination of termite meal and Coppens feed (50:50) and E1, E2 and E3 with Coppens feed (100 %). Growth performance including length gain, weight gain, growth rate, specific growth rate and mean growth rate and food utilization indices including food consumed (g), food conversion ratio and food conversion ratio showed significant variation (P<0.05) in fish fed Coppens feed compared to other treatments. Physico-chemical parameters and ammonia (mg/l) were within the acceptable range for optimal growth of freshwater fishes. Although Coppens was the best result for growth and food utilization, the combination of maggot/termite meal with Coppens as supplementary feed will reduce the cost of fish production exposing farmers to a higher profit margin. In conclusion, feeding fish with only termite meal or maggot meal can lead to poor growth because these insect meals do not provide all the nutrients required for optimal growth in fish. However, maggot meal and termite meal should be used as only as a supplementary food in fish culture or as a replacement for highly priced fishmeal in fish feed formulation because they are rich in protein.
Feeding rate requirements for Schilbe intermedius (Rüppel, 1832) fingerlings ...Innspub Net
The control of the breeding of Schilbe intermedius in captivity, passes by the determination of its nutritional requirements. The present study aims therefore to determine the optimal feed ration of the fingerlings of S. intermedius. The experiment was carried out in circular basins during 28 days. After their capture in natural environment, their transfer in controlled area and their acclimatization to the artificial food used (coppens: protein 45%.), the fingerlings used (average weight: 3.12±0.83g) were subjected to four feed rations (2, 5, 8 and
11% of the biomass) tested in triplicate each one. Thus, the lowest rate of survival (64.00±1.15%) was recorded for
the fingerlings’lot subjected to the ration of 8% where the pH is more acid (5.29).The final average weight (4.63±0.00g), the specific growth rate (1.19±0.08%/day) and the food effectiveness (0.53±0.00) obtained with the ration of 11% were the highest. These values are significantly different (P< 0.05) than those obtained with the ration of 2%.The best consumption index was registered with the ration of 2%. According to the model of Brett, the maximum and optimal daily rations of S. intermedius fingerlings were estimated to 4.6 % and 8.5 % respectively. Get the full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-7-number-6-december-2015-ijaar/
Black soldier fly larvae were fed one of three types of manure (poultry, swine, bovine) or a control diet at different rates to evaluate their life history traits and ability to reduce dry matter. Larvae fed manure grew more slowly than those fed the control diet but were still able to develop. Larvae fed more of any manure type grew larger and developed faster than those fed less. All manure types supported larval development, demonstrating black soldier flies' potential for waste management while producing biomass.
This study compared the feeding behavior and resource use of an invasive barnacle, Balanus glandula, to a native barnacle, Notomegabalanus algicola, under different temperature and food availability conditions mimicking South Africa's west and south coasts. The invasive barnacle displayed higher filtration and removed more algal cells than the native species, regardless of temperature or food concentration. Under conditions mimicking the south coast (warmer temperature and lower food availability), B. glandula exhibited even higher filtration. Video analysis showed B. glandula had faster cirral beat rates under warmer conditions, though no differences in time spent feeding or number of feeding barnacles. The results suggest B. glandula is more efficient at
Genetic engineering is the best technology that is promoting the world and this technology is applied to many plants, animals and microorganisms. It has wider applications in the field of Biology, Medicine, Industry, Research, Agriculture and many other fields of science. In this research paper I update the Roles of Genetic Engineering in Agriculture, Animals, Human enhancement and Evolution, Bacteriophage Against Infectious Diseases, Medicines, Phage in Infectious Diseases, Biofuels Production and Improve Plant Performance Under Drought.
Pigeonpea is an important crop for food security in Asia, Africa, and Central and South America that was neglected until significant genomic resources were developed starting in 2005. In 2011, a global team led by ICRISAT sequenced the pigeonpea genome using Illumina sequencing technology, generating 237.2 Gigabase pairs of sequence data. Genome analysis identified 48,680 genes, including some unique to pigeonpea that relate to drought tolerance. The availability of the genome sequence opens up new opportunities for improving pigeonpea through molecular breeding techniques and identifying broader genetic diversity.
This study examines the reproductive biology and age structure of Pterygoplichthys armored catfish in Landa Lake, New Braunfels TX. The objectives are to determine when they spawn, evaluate fecundity, determine age by examining otoliths, and compare findings to other studies. Armored catfish were collected monthly from April 2013 to December 2014. Gonads were examined to study reproduction, and otoliths were extracted and examined under a microscope to determine age. The data collected on reproduction and age will be compared to previous studies on armored catfish in the southern US to help understand the impacts and expansion of these invasive species.
Bacterial associations with the hydromedusa Nemopsis bachei and scyphomedusa ...Meaghan Daley
This document describes a study comparing the bacterial communities associated with two jellyfish species, Nemopsis bachei and Aurelia aurita, collected from coastal waters of the North Atlantic Ocean. Bacterial communities associated with each jellyfish species were distinct from surrounding seawater communities and from each other. N. bachei hosted Gammaproteobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Alphaproteobacteria, including potential symbionts like Tenacibaculum sp. A. aurita hosted potential symbionts from the order Mycoplasmatales and more unclassified bacteria and Cyanobacteria. The results suggest different jellyfish species in the North Atlantic promote growth of distinct microbial communities and could differentially impact bioge
Beetles in Selected Barangays of Catarman, Northern Samar, Philippinesijtsrd
This initial research effort was conducted to identify the beetle species in five selected barangays of Catarman, Northern Samar, and describe the environmental factors that affect the presence of beetles in the study area. It used the descriptive method of research, with the purposive sampling technique as the sampling procedure utilized.Due to limitations of the researcher, a total of only seventeen 17 beetle species, belonging to eleven 11 families, were found present in different sampling sites. The most abundant of the beetle species individual was Harmonia axyridis, constituting 76.14 of the total number of beetles in the study area, while the least abundant were Alaus sp., and Diphucephala sp., each with only one 1 individual present, accounting for a relative abundance of only 0.46 . The air and soil temperature range between 27oC to 29oC. Grasses, trees, shrubs, and herbs were the common vegetation present in the study sites where beetles were found. This implies that environmental factors were conducive for the beetles to thrive in the area. The presence of different beetle species indicates the study area has a diverse beetle fauna, albeit it is only a small fraction of the total beetle species listed in the country. It is imperative that conservation efforts should be strengthened by the LGU in order to conserve not only the beetle population in the study area, but other organisms, both flora and fauna, as well. Jehosaphat C. Jazmin | Abel Alejandro U. Flores, Jr. ""Beetles in Selected Barangays of Catarman, Northern Samar, Philippines"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd22937.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/22937/beetles-in-selected-barangays-of-catarman-northern-samar-philippines/jehosaphat-c-jazmin
This document describes several ornamental fish food products from Dennerle, including:
- A new fish food containing prebiotics, probiotics, and beta-glucan to regulate digestion and the immune system. It is the first ornamental fish food to contain probiotic lactic acid cultures.
- A range of other specialized fish foods including flakes, gourmet granules, wafers for bottom feeders, herbivore discs for plecos, and foods tailored for goldfish and small fish with added astaxanthin and probiotics.
- The foods use high quality ingredients like krill, insects, algae and vegetables in species-appropriate formulations. They are designed to
Using common, nutrient-rich small fish in the development of a complementary ...WorldFish
The document describes the development of a complementary food product in Bangladesh using local nutritious ingredients. The product was designed to address malnutrition challenges by being rich in micronutrients, made from affordable local foods like rice, small fish, and orange-fleshed sweet potato, and having appropriate nutrient levels and shelf stability. An initial acceptability trial is planned along with nutrient analysis and exploration of distribution options through existing health programs or market-based approaches. Future modifications could enhance ingredient quality and expand the product's use for other vulnerable groups.
Effects of steam moisture and screw speed on physical propertieCamila Lecaros
This document discusses using distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) as a protein source in aquafeed for Nile tilapia. It summarizes a study that used a twin-screw extruder to produce DDGS-based aquafeed extrudates under varying processing conditions of screw speed, water addition, and steam injection. The study found that increasing water and steam generally improved properties of the extrudates like water stability and density. Overall, all processing conditions tested produced viable extrudates suitable for feeding Nile tilapia. The document also provides background on DDGS as a byproduct of ethanol production and its potential as a cost-effective protein ingredient in aquafeed if supplemented to
Food Security in the Asia Pacific: Can we have our fuel and eat it too? Presentation by Prof Robert J Henry, Director of the Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation at the University of Queensland
Effect of Stocking Density on the Resistance to Fasting, Growth and Survival ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— After artificial reproduction of African catfish Heterobranchus bidorsalis, larvae of two days old and 2.18 ± 0.35 mg of mean weight were used to perform two experiments in order to assess the effect of stocking density on their fasting resistance, growth and survival. During the first experiment which lasted 11 days with four batches of larvae at densities of 1, 2, 3 and 4 individuals/ml, results showed that density did not significantly affect (p˂0,05) the resistance to fasting of larvae. However, first mortalities were observed at D5 for all the densities, the higher daily mortality was recorded at D10 and the last mortalities were obtained at D12.
Results of the second experiment revealed that the weight and growth performance of larvae decreased with the increasing of the density after 28 days of rearing. In contrast, the larval survival rate increased with the density. The values of survival rate were respectively 30.53 ± 4.32 and 55.30 ± 21.70 % for the densities 1 ind./l and 20 ind./l.
This document provides an overview of bioencapsulation of live food organisms with probiotics for better growth and survival of freshwater fish juveniles. It discusses how probiotics can be used to bioencapsulate (coat) live food organisms fed to fish in order to improve the nutritional status and health benefits provided to the fish. Probiotics are live microorganisms that when consumed in sufficient amounts can benefit the health of the host. Bioencapsulating live food with probiotics may help enhance the growth and survival of different fish species by modulating the immune system, competing with pathogens, and improving nutrient absorption from food. This technique represents a new approach for using probiotics in aquaculture to maximize fish production.
Food and feeding habits of the brackish river prawn (macrobrachium macrobrach...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the food and feeding habits of the brackish river prawn (Macrobrachium macrobrachion) in the Great Kwa River estuary in Nigeria. Stomach contents from 200 prawns collected over six months were analyzed. A variety of food items were found, including detritus, diatoms, algae, mud, sand, fish bones, insect parts, and more. Detritus was the most common food item based on frequency of occurrence. Insect parts were the most abundant food item based on numerical analysis. The study concludes that M. macrobrachion is an omnivorous detritivore that feeds opportunistically on available food
A Dietary Solution to Arsenic Poisoning in BangladeshICARDA
This document summarizes a dietary trial conducted in Bangladesh to address arsenic poisoning from contaminated groundwater. The trial provided local families with lentils from Saskatchewan, which are high in selenium, for 3 months. Selenium helps eliminate arsenic from the body by forming conjugates that are excreted. Physical exams and samples were taken at the start, middle, and end to monitor health impacts. The lentils were found to be nutritious and high in selenium compared to other varieties. The goal was to see if a lentil-based diet could help remediate arsenic toxicity issues afflicting the local population.
This study determined the concentrations of potassium and calcium in feed for goats grazing on natural rangeland in West Kordofan, Sudan during flowering and seed setting stages. Potassium concentration was significantly higher at 0.22 ppm during flowering compared to 0.07 ppm during seed setting. Calcium concentration was higher but not significantly so at 8.02 ppm during flowering versus 6.76 ppm during seed setting. The results indicate that mineral concentrations in forage vary between plant maturity stages, with potassium and calcium generally higher during flowering.
This study compared the production and profitability of three strains of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) for small-scale commercial cage farming in Ghana. The three strains studied were the Akosombo strain, Huawei strain, and Fish Reit strain. The Huawei strain showed significantly higher final mean weight, absolute growth rate, yield, and profitability indicators compared to the other two strains. While the Akosombo strain had the lowest feed conversion ratio, it also had the highest mortality and lowest mean yield. Overall, the Huawei strain performed best for small-scale commercial cage farming based on production and economic analyses.
Simultaneous pollinator occurence (hymenoptera, agaoninae) in a threatened sp...Robert Mts
This study found evidence that two species of Pegoscapus wasps simultaneously pollinate Ficus mexiae, a threatened fig species in Brazil. The researchers analyzed 57 syconia from two F. mexiae trees and found that both Pegoscapus sp. 1 and Pegoscapus sp. 2 emerged from the syconia, with Pegoscapus sp. 2 being more abundant. While both wasp species were found to contribute to pollination and seed production, their relationship seems competitive, as their abundances were negatively correlated. This provides preliminary evidence that F. mexiae relies on both wasp species for pollination, and maintains diversity in Neotropical figs.
The study aimed to determine if invasive largemouth bass were negatively impacting the survival of native western pond turtles at the Bernard Field Station. The researchers analyzed the stomach contents of 21 bass caught from a lake at the field station. None of the bass stomachs contained turtle hatchlings. However, the bass' diets included other species like crayfish and amphipods, indicating they still impacted the ecosystem. Additional data suggested seasonal diet changes and that bullfrogs may be a more significant threat to the turtles. While the results did not support the initial hypothesis, they provided insights into species interactions and potential conservation methods.
Evaluation of house fly (Musca domestica) maggot meal and termite (Macroterme...Premier Publishers
A 56-day feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effects of the combination of maggot and termite meal with Coppens commercial feed on the growth performance, food utilization and survival of the African catfish (C. gariepinus). A total of 150 fingerlings were stocked in fifteen glass aquaria, 10 each in triplicate. Fish in aquarium A1, A2 and A3 were fed maggot meal (100 %-MM), B1, B2 and B3 with termite meal (100 % - TM), C1, C2 and C3 with equal combination of maggot meal and Coppens feed (50:50), D1, D2, and D3 with equal combination of termite meal and Coppens feed (50:50) and E1, E2 and E3 with Coppens feed (100 %). Growth performance including length gain, weight gain, growth rate, specific growth rate and mean growth rate and food utilization indices including food consumed (g), food conversion ratio and food conversion ratio showed significant variation (P<0.05) in fish fed Coppens feed compared to other treatments. Physico-chemical parameters and ammonia (mg/l) were within the acceptable range for optimal growth of freshwater fishes. Although Coppens was the best result for growth and food utilization, the combination of maggot/termite meal with Coppens as supplementary feed will reduce the cost of fish production exposing farmers to a higher profit margin. In conclusion, feeding fish with only termite meal or maggot meal can lead to poor growth because these insect meals do not provide all the nutrients required for optimal growth in fish. However, maggot meal and termite meal should be used as only as a supplementary food in fish culture or as a replacement for highly priced fishmeal in fish feed formulation because they are rich in protein.
Feeding rate requirements for Schilbe intermedius (Rüppel, 1832) fingerlings ...Innspub Net
The control of the breeding of Schilbe intermedius in captivity, passes by the determination of its nutritional requirements. The present study aims therefore to determine the optimal feed ration of the fingerlings of S. intermedius. The experiment was carried out in circular basins during 28 days. After their capture in natural environment, their transfer in controlled area and their acclimatization to the artificial food used (coppens: protein 45%.), the fingerlings used (average weight: 3.12±0.83g) were subjected to four feed rations (2, 5, 8 and
11% of the biomass) tested in triplicate each one. Thus, the lowest rate of survival (64.00±1.15%) was recorded for
the fingerlings’lot subjected to the ration of 8% where the pH is more acid (5.29).The final average weight (4.63±0.00g), the specific growth rate (1.19±0.08%/day) and the food effectiveness (0.53±0.00) obtained with the ration of 11% were the highest. These values are significantly different (P< 0.05) than those obtained with the ration of 2%.The best consumption index was registered with the ration of 2%. According to the model of Brett, the maximum and optimal daily rations of S. intermedius fingerlings were estimated to 4.6 % and 8.5 % respectively. Get the full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-7-number-6-december-2015-ijaar/
Black soldier fly larvae were fed one of three types of manure (poultry, swine, bovine) or a control diet at different rates to evaluate their life history traits and ability to reduce dry matter. Larvae fed manure grew more slowly than those fed the control diet but were still able to develop. Larvae fed more of any manure type grew larger and developed faster than those fed less. All manure types supported larval development, demonstrating black soldier flies' potential for waste management while producing biomass.
This study compared the feeding behavior and resource use of an invasive barnacle, Balanus glandula, to a native barnacle, Notomegabalanus algicola, under different temperature and food availability conditions mimicking South Africa's west and south coasts. The invasive barnacle displayed higher filtration and removed more algal cells than the native species, regardless of temperature or food concentration. Under conditions mimicking the south coast (warmer temperature and lower food availability), B. glandula exhibited even higher filtration. Video analysis showed B. glandula had faster cirral beat rates under warmer conditions, though no differences in time spent feeding or number of feeding barnacles. The results suggest B. glandula is more efficient at
Genetic engineering is the best technology that is promoting the world and this technology is applied to many plants, animals and microorganisms. It has wider applications in the field of Biology, Medicine, Industry, Research, Agriculture and many other fields of science. In this research paper I update the Roles of Genetic Engineering in Agriculture, Animals, Human enhancement and Evolution, Bacteriophage Against Infectious Diseases, Medicines, Phage in Infectious Diseases, Biofuels Production and Improve Plant Performance Under Drought.
Pigeonpea is an important crop for food security in Asia, Africa, and Central and South America that was neglected until significant genomic resources were developed starting in 2005. In 2011, a global team led by ICRISAT sequenced the pigeonpea genome using Illumina sequencing technology, generating 237.2 Gigabase pairs of sequence data. Genome analysis identified 48,680 genes, including some unique to pigeonpea that relate to drought tolerance. The availability of the genome sequence opens up new opportunities for improving pigeonpea through molecular breeding techniques and identifying broader genetic diversity.
This study examines the reproductive biology and age structure of Pterygoplichthys armored catfish in Landa Lake, New Braunfels TX. The objectives are to determine when they spawn, evaluate fecundity, determine age by examining otoliths, and compare findings to other studies. Armored catfish were collected monthly from April 2013 to December 2014. Gonads were examined to study reproduction, and otoliths were extracted and examined under a microscope to determine age. The data collected on reproduction and age will be compared to previous studies on armored catfish in the southern US to help understand the impacts and expansion of these invasive species.
Bacterial associations with the hydromedusa Nemopsis bachei and scyphomedusa ...Meaghan Daley
This document describes a study comparing the bacterial communities associated with two jellyfish species, Nemopsis bachei and Aurelia aurita, collected from coastal waters of the North Atlantic Ocean. Bacterial communities associated with each jellyfish species were distinct from surrounding seawater communities and from each other. N. bachei hosted Gammaproteobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Alphaproteobacteria, including potential symbionts like Tenacibaculum sp. A. aurita hosted potential symbionts from the order Mycoplasmatales and more unclassified bacteria and Cyanobacteria. The results suggest different jellyfish species in the North Atlantic promote growth of distinct microbial communities and could differentially impact bioge
Beetles in Selected Barangays of Catarman, Northern Samar, Philippinesijtsrd
This initial research effort was conducted to identify the beetle species in five selected barangays of Catarman, Northern Samar, and describe the environmental factors that affect the presence of beetles in the study area. It used the descriptive method of research, with the purposive sampling technique as the sampling procedure utilized.Due to limitations of the researcher, a total of only seventeen 17 beetle species, belonging to eleven 11 families, were found present in different sampling sites. The most abundant of the beetle species individual was Harmonia axyridis, constituting 76.14 of the total number of beetles in the study area, while the least abundant were Alaus sp., and Diphucephala sp., each with only one 1 individual present, accounting for a relative abundance of only 0.46 . The air and soil temperature range between 27oC to 29oC. Grasses, trees, shrubs, and herbs were the common vegetation present in the study sites where beetles were found. This implies that environmental factors were conducive for the beetles to thrive in the area. The presence of different beetle species indicates the study area has a diverse beetle fauna, albeit it is only a small fraction of the total beetle species listed in the country. It is imperative that conservation efforts should be strengthened by the LGU in order to conserve not only the beetle population in the study area, but other organisms, both flora and fauna, as well. Jehosaphat C. Jazmin | Abel Alejandro U. Flores, Jr. ""Beetles in Selected Barangays of Catarman, Northern Samar, Philippines"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd22937.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/22937/beetles-in-selected-barangays-of-catarman-northern-samar-philippines/jehosaphat-c-jazmin
This document describes several ornamental fish food products from Dennerle, including:
- A new fish food containing prebiotics, probiotics, and beta-glucan to regulate digestion and the immune system. It is the first ornamental fish food to contain probiotic lactic acid cultures.
- A range of other specialized fish foods including flakes, gourmet granules, wafers for bottom feeders, herbivore discs for plecos, and foods tailored for goldfish and small fish with added astaxanthin and probiotics.
- The foods use high quality ingredients like krill, insects, algae and vegetables in species-appropriate formulations. They are designed to
Using common, nutrient-rich small fish in the development of a complementary ...WorldFish
The document describes the development of a complementary food product in Bangladesh using local nutritious ingredients. The product was designed to address malnutrition challenges by being rich in micronutrients, made from affordable local foods like rice, small fish, and orange-fleshed sweet potato, and having appropriate nutrient levels and shelf stability. An initial acceptability trial is planned along with nutrient analysis and exploration of distribution options through existing health programs or market-based approaches. Future modifications could enhance ingredient quality and expand the product's use for other vulnerable groups.
El Niño is a naturally occurring event in the equatorial region which causes temporary changes in the world climate.
Originally, El Niño was the name used for warmer than normal sea surface temperatures in the Pacific Ocean off the coast of South America.
Now, El Niño has come to refer to a whole complex of Pacific Ocean sea-surface temperature changes and global weather events.
The ocean warming off South America is just one of these events.
Zebrafish are commonly used as a model organism in research due to their low cost, small size, rapid development and reproduction. They naturally live in schools for protection against predators. School size can vary depending on environmental conditions, with fish preferring larger or more active schools. Both males and females establish dominance hierarchies through aggressive behaviors like chasing and biting. Males court females through behaviors like nudging and leading them to spawn sites, where the male aligns to induce egg-laying.
Coral reefs are ecosystems located in warm, shallow ocean waters that are home to many species. They are made up of coral polyps that secrete calcium carbonate to form hard structures. Coral reefs come in several types - fringing reefs lie adjacent to shores, barrier reefs lie further offshore, and atolls form from sunken barrier reefs, enclosing lagoons. Coral reefs support a diversity of life through symbiotic relationships and provide important benefits to coastlines and economies. However, they are threatened by human activities such as pollution, overfishing, and coastal development.
This document discusses fish nutrition and feeding practices for intensive fish production. It addresses the essential nutrients fish require, including protein, lipids, carbohydrates, minerals, and vitamins. The appropriate protein levels needed vary depending on fish size, quality of protein source, and culture method. Feeding practices, such as determining feed rates and sizes, are important to maximize growth rates while maintaining good water quality. Proper nutrition management is key to the economic success of intensive fish farming operations.
Bivalves are unique among the many species widely farmed for human food. Species from the mollusc group, which include mussels, oysters and clams, are dependent on phytoplankton (microalgae) throughout their entire life cycle. Wild stocks of bivalves are under pressure from overexploitation and habitat losses; environmental stresses such as introductions of new diseases and harmful algal blooms; climate change bringing altered temperature regimes and increased incidences of damaging storms; and increasingly severe ocean acidification. The aquaculture industry plays a crucial role in supplying the increasing human demand for bivalves as food, and to maintain natural populations of the species.
This document reviews the use of nanoparticles as supplements in fish feed to improve growth performance. It discusses how nanoparticles, due to their small size and large surface area, can enhance nutrient absorption and assimilation in fish. Specifically, it examines research on supplementing fish feed with selenium nanoparticles, zinc oxide nanoparticles, and iron oxide nanoparticles. The studies found improved growth metrics like weight gain and feed conversion efficiency in fish receiving nanoparticle-supplemented feeds within optimal dosage ranges. Certain nanoparticles also led to higher nutrient content in fish tissues and improved hematological parameters. In summary, supplementing fish feed with certain metal nanoparticles at the nanoscale appears to boost nutrient bioavailability and fish growth.
This document discusses minerals as essential micronutrients for fish and the importance of sustainable intensification of aquaculture. It notes that aquaculture is increasingly important to meet the growing global demand for seafood. Recirculating aquaculture systems are becoming more viable alternatives to conventional flow-through systems due to improved water use efficiency and disease management. However, further research is needed to understand how fish perform nutritionally in terms of growth and mineral utilization in these systems. The document also discusses how aquaculture feeds have reduced the inclusion of fishmeal and fish oil from wild fisheries to be more sustainable, but that feeds still determine productivity and nutrient retention efficiency which can be improved.
Soy protein concentrate: a value- added soy product for aquafeedsCJBio3
Aquaculture is the world's fastest-growing industry in the food production sector. It is projected that aquaculture will play a major role in the global food supply by doubling and intensifying its production by 2050. Fish meal is considered as “the gold standard” ingredients for aqua feed, but its unstable price and availability might decelerate the sector expansion and hurt famer’s profits. Although plant-based ingredients can be fish meal alternatives, their high content of antinutritional factors might cause some negative effects on fish growth. However, soy protein concentrate, which provides a great source of protein with less antinutrients thanks to the aqueous alcohol extraction in its refining process, are employing widely for better cost management with stable feed quality.
The article today will provide some updates about SPC using in feed production and the benefits which it brings on fish growth performance.
This document summarizes a study on the effects of Pallisentis nagpurensis infection on protein and free amino acid metabolism in two commercially important fish species, Catla catla and Labeo rohita. The study found that total protein content and free amino acid levels increased in the liver and intestine tissues of both infected fish species compared to normal uninfected fish. This suggests the parasitic infection altered the protein metabolism of the fish, likely to support tissue repair mechanisms in response to the parasite invasion. Overall, the study demonstrates that P. nagpurensis infection biochemically impacts the host fish by changing their protein and amino acid metabolism.
Effect of feeding management of broodstock on breeding performance of bata (L...AbdullaAlAsif1
Labeo bata is one of the important minor carps in Bangladesh with great demand as good table fish. The study was conducted to observe the breeding performance at different management practices in Mafatema, Rupali, Modhumoti and Anan fish hatchery and disinfection treatments of water, eggs and fry in Jessore, Bangladesh during 10 March 2014 to 15 May 2015. An improvement in broodstock nutrition and feeding has been shown to greatly improve seed production. Protein and lipid percentage of broodstock diet have been identified as major dietary factors. Protein level was 24.77%, 23.47%, 18.08%, 17.78% and lipid level was 11.07%, 9.50%, 7.74%, 8.14% in Mafatema, Rupali, Modhumoti and Anan fish hatchery respectively. Three concentrations of four chemical-formalin (10, 20, 30 mg/L), malachite green (1, 3, 5 mg/L), NaCl (1, 2, 3 g/L) and methylene blue ( 1, 3, 5 mg/L) treatment regimes and a control were compared for efficacy in treating L. bata eggs to prevent fungus and bacterial infection and improve hatch and survival rate of fry. Highest correlation value between absolute fecundity and body weight (r=.938, p<.05) and total length (r=.891, p<.05) and gonadosomatic index (26.2%) were found in Mafatema fish hatchery among four experimental hatcheries at 24.77% protein and 11.07% lipid level. Better fertilization rate (84.2±5.17%) and hatching rate (82.0±4.30%) were found in Mafatema and Rupali fish hatchery respectively that has significant difference (P<0.05) from that of Modhumoti and Anan fish hatchery at higher protein and lipid level. Lowest deformity rate (6.05+2.65) was observed in Mafatema fish hatchery that was significantly different (P<0.05) from that of Modhumoti fish hatchery. In case of disinfection treatment, methylene blue at 1mg/L bath treatment daily for 4 days showed significantly higher hatching rate (92.33±3.51%) and survival rate (94.33±4.73%).
A study on growth performance of Spirulina platensis in different concentrati...AbdullaAlAsif1
An experiment was conducted on culture and growth performance of Spirulina platensis in various concentrations of rotten apple medium (RAM) and Kosaric Medium (KM). The observation was conducted for three months from March to May at the Live Food Culture Laboratory, Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Bangladesh Agricultural University. Culture of S. platensis was performed in 1.0L glass flasks in three different media such as 2.5, 5.0 and 10% and KM with three replications under fluorescent light in light : dark (12 hr : 12 hr) condition of a period of 14 days. Growth performances of S. platensis varied from one medium to another. The initial cell weight of S. platensis was 0.0023 mg/L and a maximum cell weight of 12.44 mg/L was found in KM and 10.468 mg/L in RAM on 10 th day of culture. It was also observed that, the initial chlorophyll a content of S. platensis was 0.0015 mg/L which was attained at a highest content of 10.54 mg/L in KM and 12.35 mg/L in RAM on 10 th day of culture. A decreasing trend of cell weight was observed from 10 th day of culture. The growth of S. platensis was significantly (p<0.05) better in 5.0% Digested Rotten Apple Medium (DRAM) than other concentrations 2.5% DRAM and 10% DRAM. From the results obtained in the present study, it was summarized that the growth of S. platensis was better in the concentrations of 5.0% DRAM than other concentrations of RAM. Thus, the concentration of 5.0% DRAM is most suitable for S. platensis culture compare with standard KM. These media are easily available and most inexpensive in contrast of Bangladesh. So digested rotten apple can be used for commercially and economically viable mass culture of S. platensis.
The study was carried out to determine the effect of fungi contaminated feed on the growth and survival of catfish, Clarias gariepinus juveniles. This research was carried out for a period of twelve weeks. Forty catfish juveniles were stocked at a rate of twenty juveniles per plastic tank. Catfish juveniles in one tank were fed with moldy feed and the control was served with non -moldy feed and was observed for twelve weeks to determine and compare their growth and survival. Catfish juveniles fed with moldy feed had the highest mortality as well as slower growth as compared to the control fed with non-moldy feed. The survival rate of juveniles stocked was 55% and mortality rate was 45% and majority of mortality was from juveniles fed with moldy feed and majority of the survival rate was from juveniles fed with non-moldy feed. Some water quality parameters such as temperature, dissolved oxygen and pH were also taken and no significant difference was observed. Moldy feed or feedstuff should not be used as this can cause great mortality and therefore loss to fish farmers.
This document analyzes the proteolytic activity of major endogenous proteases in 16 underutilized Australian fish species. It finds that fish species have a significant effect on the activity of cathepsins B, B+L, D, and H and calpain-like enzymes. Barracouta showed the highest activity of these enzymes. Activities of cathepsins B and B+L were generally higher than cathepsin H. Rock ling and tiger flathead demonstrated higher cathepsin B+L activity, while gemfish and eastern school whiting showed higher cathepsin B activity. The protease activities may influence the textural quality and bioactive properties of peptides released from the fish proteins during storage and processing.
Nutrigenomics imerging face of aquaculture nutritionDr. Smit Lende
Nutrigenomics is the emerging application of genomics tools to nutritional research. It allows studying how foods affect genes and how genetic differences impact nutrient responses. This is important for aquaculture, which has lagged medical research in genetics but is now a rapidly changing field. Recent nutrigenomics studies in fish include examining gene expression changes from replacing fish oil/meal with vegetable alternatives, and identifying genes involved in lipid metabolism and digestion to inform sustainable aquaculture feed development. The high-throughput data requires bioinformatics analysis to develop diets that optimize production economics and animal welfare.
Fish Larval Nutrition: A Review on New Developmentstheijes
Despite considerable progress in recent years, many questions regarding fishlarval nutrition remain largely unanswered, and several research avenues remain open. A holistic understanding of the supply line of nutrients is important for developing diets for use in larval culture and for the adaptation of rearing conditions that meet the larval requirements for the optimal presentation of food organisms and ⁄ or microdiets. Marine fish larvae fed microdiets have not, at this stage, matched the growth and survival performances demonstrated by larvae fed live feeds such as rotifers and Artemia. This chapter discusses the issues related to the use of microdiets as a sole or partial feed for marine fish larvae. The techniques and methods of manufacturing microdiet particles, chemical and physical properties and the relationship to the ingestion and digestion are described. The aim of the present review is to revise the state of the art and to pinpoint the gaps in knowledge regarding larval nutritional requirements, the nutritional value of live feeds and challenges and opportunities in the development of formulated larval diets.
This study evaluated the effects of different dietary taurine levels on the growth, feed utilization, body composition, and amino acid profiles of Nile tilapia larvae. Larvae were fed diets with 0, 5, 10, or 15 g/kg of taurine for 60 days. Growth rates and feed efficiency improved with increasing taurine up to 10 g/kg but decreased at 15 g/kg. Maximum larval performance occurred at around 9.7 g/kg taurine. Higher taurine led to lower survival. Body protein increased and moisture/ash decreased with up to 10 g/kg taurine but decreased further at 15 g/kg. Lipids were unaffected. Several amino acids
This document discusses the feeding habits and nutritional requirements for formulating feed for shrimp. It begins by providing background on the increasing demand for shrimp culture worldwide. It then discusses the natural feeding habits of shrimp larvae in various stages. The document outlines the main nutrient requirements of shrimp including proteins, amino acids, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, and minerals. It provides tables listing the specific requirements for different shrimp species and life stages. Finally, it emphasizes the importance of understanding shrimp nutritional needs for preparing efficient feeds that optimize growth and feed conversion to maximize farm profitability.
This document discusses the importance of live feeds in aquaculture. It notes that live feeds can reduce aquaculture expenses significantly compared to prepared fish meals and feeds. Live feeds are highly nutritious sources of protein and fatty acids for farmed fish and shellfish. Zooplankton like copepods and rotifers are particularly important live feeds that can replace expensive ingredients in aquaculture. The document also discusses how microalgae are used to enrich zooplankton live feeds to provide essential nutrients to larvae and juveniles of farmed species.
The aquaculture industry has developed significantly over recent decades and is, today, one of the fastest-growing food production sectors in the world. One of the most important problems that affect aquaculture is the appearance of infectious diseases. Among bacterial diseases affecting cultured salmonid fish, Bacterial Cold-Water Disease, caused by Flavobacterium psychrophilum, produces high mortality and morbidity and consequently, economical losses worldwide.
1) The study tested the effects of different concentrations of fertilizer runoff on zebrafish embryo development by exposing embryos to control spring water or solutions with fertilizer at concentrations of 2000x, 4000x, 5000x, and 10000x of the EPA safety standard.
2) The results found no dose-dependent relationship between fertilizer concentration and average head width, total body length, or body width, but instead a threshold response occurred after 2000x concentration for body length and width.
3) The conclusion is that a threshold response rather than dose dependency was observed, and future studies should examine impacts on zebrafish maturation and reproduction.
This document discusses the use of algae in ornamental fish feeding. It describes how aquafeed manufacturers use cultivated algae or algae from the wild at an industrial scale since it is impossible to provide ornamental fish with natural algae from their environment. The most popular microalgae used is spirulina due to its high protein content of 62-68% which is more valuable than plant proteins. Other popular algae included are Chlorella vulgaris and various kelp algae. Algae provide fish with valuable nutrients beyond just protein, such as fatty acids, carotenoids, and fiber, which benefits the fish's health, condition, disease resistance and coloration.
Evaluation of the Biochemical Composition of Four Marine Algae and Its Nutrit...IOSR Journals
Microalgae are utilized in aquaculture as a live feed for the crustaceans, ablone, zooplanktons, etc. The present study was aimed to examine the nutritional status of Artemia sp. nauplii enriched with four different algal sources namely Chaetoceros calcitrans, Skeletonema coastaum, Duniella salina & D. bardawil and also the amount of beta-carotene assimilated when enriched with the two green algae. Artemia sp. nauplii enriched with D. salina showed high amounts of protein and carbohydrate, whereas Artemia sp. fed with Chaetoceros calcitrans showed high amounts of lipid. The protein profile of Artemia sp. enriched with different algal sources did not show prominent differences in the polypeptide bands. However, high amount of beta-carotene was assimilated in Artemia sp. nauplii when enriched with D. salina. Hence this study showed that the microalgae D. salina can be used as a potential feed to improve the nutritional status of Artemia sp. nauplii.
Research Progress Report Table Adjust answer box size as necessar.docxronak56
Research Progress Report Table *Adjust answer box size as necessary
Provide a summary of your research progress thus far, no more than 1 page single-spaced. Be sure to describe any of the following that are applicable to what you have done: material ordering/acquisition, preliminary trials or methodology validation conducted, experimental trials conducted, results obtained, data analyzed, and conclusions reached.
Briefly describe the next step(s) in your research project and the timeline for their completion.
What has been the most rewarding or exciting part of pursuing this research project thus far?
What has been the greatest challenge while conducting this research?
To find the best method to run the experiment successfully
Do you have any concerns about your progress thus far? Have you been able to stick to the timeline, or has it needed adjustment?
If you are experience delays or difficulties, what is/are the cause and what are some potential solutions?
Do you expect to be able to complete the project in a timely manner (end of semester or planned end of Bio 496 enrollment)? Why or why not?
I’m planning to complete my project next semester ( Spring 2017)
Briefly list the materials you are using for your research (e.g. ~50 petri dishes, LB agar, etc.), the cost of any materials you have purchased (e.g. stock cultures $89, Blood agar $25), and Total expenditure
Do you have any concerns or praises about the role your advisor is playing in this project, or your working relationship with him/her? Are there any things you wished your advisor could do more/less of or improve upon?
**NOTE: This will only be viewed by the course instructor and WILL NOT influence your grade (even if that is your advisor). This information helps ensure we are doing our jobs to the best of our ability, and is an opportunity for you to provide suggestions to your advisor.
*Note: leave this section break in place so the Instructor Comments and Grades page remains on the following page. Keep the Instructor Comments and Grades page attached...it should be at the very end of your progress report.
BUDGET
Ingredients List
8 Adult Zebrafish
$300
TetraMin Tropical Flakes Fish Food, 7.06-oz jar
$8.35
HBH Algae Grazers Pouch 3oz
$6.03
New Life Spectrum Premium
$4.99
Dainichi Veggie Deluxe
$8.37
Tetra Whisper Air Pump (Non-UL)
$6.99
Aquarium Thermometer, RISEPRO Digital Water Thermometer For Fish Tank Aquarium Marine Temperature
$8.50
Salifert Dissolved Oxygen Test Kit
$22.32
API Freshwater Aquarium Master Test Kit
$22.27
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Protein Affect Metabolic Rate of Zebra Fish
Does Protein Affect the Metabolic Rate of ZebraFish
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Dietary ingredients, and nutrients as well as anti-nutritional remain important factors that affect its Zebrafish growth and development. However, there lacks proper nutritional control due to the absence of standardized reference diet (Boyle et al.,2008). Moreover, according to epidemi ...
Similar to Zebra Fish - Nutrition for the new laboratory rat (20)
FISH FARMING TECHNOLOGY: The use of feed in recirculating aquaculture systems...International Aquafeed
One of the greatest operating costs in aquaculture is the use of commercial feed pellets, which can comprise of up to 50-60 percent of total expense in some farms.
FISH FARMING TECHNOLOGY: The Faivre equipped trout farms of AbbevilleInternational Aquafeed
Amidst the picturesque countryside of Abbeville, Northern France, Darren Parris, Tom Blacker and Peter Parker from the International Aquafeed team, spent an afternoon late last year visiting trout farms. Our hosts were Phillip Jorgensen, fish farms manager, and Aubert Faivre, who is sales manager for Faivre.
The Salmonidae family, collectively known as Salmonids, comprises of salmon, trout, chars, freshwater whitefishes, and graylings, but it is the trout and Atlantic salmon, of the genus Salmo, which gives the family their name. A slender teleost fish, they can range in size between just 13 cm to a whopping 2 m in length. With a single row of sharp teeth, Salmonids are predators, choosing to feed on smaller fish, aquatic insects and small crustaceans. Despite spawning in fresh water Salmonids are mostly anadromous, spending their lives at sea, choosing only to return to rivers to reproduce.
Innovation nation - How new developments in aquaculture are boosting the Scot...International Aquafeed
With an estimated market value of over £1.8 billion and Scottish salmon exports alone reaching over £500 million, Scotland’s aquaculture sector is fast becoming a core pillar for the future growth of the Scottish economy. However, with such a steep increase in the demand for fish products, there is a real need for innovation within the sector to stay ahead of the curve and provide a sustainable supply of healthy protein; not only for the present but for the future of a market that appears set to keep growing. Ahead of Aquaculture UK, CEO of the Scottish Aquaculture Innovation Centre (SAIC), Heather Jones, shares some of the organisation’s forays into finfish research projects and the ways in which is working with both industry and academia to enhance the whole of the Scottish aquaculture sector.
The Asian catfish Pangasius, Pangasianodon hypophthalmus is recognised as a leading aquaculture food fish on world markets. The commercial culture of Pangasius was developed in the mid 1990’s in Vietnam and quickly expanded to production levels of nearly one million tons per year. Other countries including Thailand, Cambodia, Myanmar, Indonesia, Philippines, Bangladesh and India have adapted Pangasius as part of their aquaculture production. Pangasius can be successfully cultured in most tropical regions of the world however countries in the Western Hemisphere have been slow to embrace Pangasius aquaculture, in part, due to the lack of practical knowledge of the species food requirements during the larval and fry stages.
Mud crabs, also known as mangrove crabs, occur widely in estuaries and along tropical, subtropical and warm temperate coasts in the world. There are four species of mud crab (Family: Portunidae), Scylla serrata, S. tranquebarica, S. paramamosain and S. olivacea that are the focus of both commercial fisheries and aquaculture production throughout their distribution. They are among the most valuable crab species in the world, with the bulk of their commercial production sent live to market.
The European lobster (Homarus gammarus) is an ecologically important species of the North-eastern Atlantic which supports wild trap fisheries that are worth around £30 million each year to the UK alone. By weight the species is the highest-value seafood among those landed regularly in the UK and Ireland, where 75 percent of the ~5,000t annual landings for the species are made. As such, lobsters provide essential diversity to fragile inshore fisheries and vital income for rural coastal economies. However, populations across its range are pressured by rising exploitation, from which traditional fisheries management has failed to prevent extensive regional stock collapses in the recent past, and now struggles to stimulate recovery. While lobsters have long been transported as a live export commodity, chiefly to France and the Iberian peninsula, emerging markets, particularly those in East Asia, threaten to create additional demand for the species which far exceeds current capture yields. Improvements in hatchery rearing success have seen a number of recent aquaculture initiatives employed, in the hope of both generating restoration and improved sustainability of wild harvests, and instigating commercial aquaculture possibilities.
In the past 50 years, the global demand for fish products has doubled, and more than 45 percent of the world’s seafood today now comes not from wild catches, but from either land-based or offshore fish farms. To meet this rising demand for seafood worldwide, more fish have to be raised in fish farms, and aquaculture is an essential link in the agricultural chain.
When farming animals and fish, there is often a danger that we may assume that their dietary requirements match our own. However, those of the common carp, Cyprinus carpio, certainly do not.
Mexico, with a population of 122 million is the most populous Spanish-speaking country in the world. The country is known for its Pacific and Gulf of Mexico beaches and its diverse landscape of mountains, deserts and jungles. Ancient ruins such as Teotihuacan (Aztec), Chichen Itza (Mayan) and Spanish colonial-era towns are scattered throughout the country.
The quality and digestibility of proteins is one of the most important issues in shrimp nutrition. Marine proteins (mainly fish meal) can only be partially replaced by standard vegetable proteins like soybean meal.
KRILL OIL: Phospholipids that make a difference to filet quality and quantityInternational Aquafeed
The nutritional quality of larvae diets affects fishes’ fillet quality and quantity. Studies show that phospholipids increase fish larvae growth and development; so phospholipids are an essential component of the early weaning diet.
Carbohydrates are an excellent source of energy and carbon in feed formulations. They can be easily distinguished from the other energy yielding nutrients in terms of their abundance and low price. To illustrate, the collective global production of the major cereal grains i.e., maize, wheat and rice amounted to a colossal 2.5 billion tonnes in the year 2013 (FAO). The total carbohydrate content and the digestible fraction of starch and sugars in these grains can be roughly estimated to be about 2.1 and 1.75 billion tonnes, respectively (www.feedipedia.org). Besides, the unit cost of carbohydrate sources is almost three to five fold less than that of the protein and lipid sources of interest. Therefore, the inclusion level of carbohydrates in commercial fish feed assumes direct economic significance i.e., in terms of lower feed cost per unit weight gain.
Brewers' yeast and its derivatives have been used successfully in animal nutrition for decades. Leiber GmbH produces brewers' yeast products from their facilities in Germany, Poland, and Russia. Brewers' yeast is a high-quality byproduct of the beer brewing process, which is strictly regulated in Germany. Leiber produces various yeast derivatives for animal feed through processing, including inactivated yeast, autolyzed yeast with broken cell walls for improved nutrient availability, yeast cell walls containing beneficial glucans and mannans, and highly purified beta-glucans. These products provide nutrients, support immune function, and aid digestion when included in animal and aquaculture feeds.
FISH FARMING TECHNOLOGY - Efficient and reliable feed system for fish farming...International Aquafeed
The main purpose of a feed barge is to provide an efficient and reliable feed system for fish farming operations. The second purpose is to provide a safe worksite for operators.
FISH FARMING TECHNOLOGY - Light Emitting Diode (LED) Lighting systems for ear...International Aquafeed
Over recent times we have noticed an increasing amount of media coverage and industry chatter regarding the role of light in aquaculture. Most of this has been in relation to the use of low-energy technology to reduce costs, and in this area almost all the talk is about LED
It is often thought that vacuum coating was firs t invented in Norway. The idea might have been Norwegian, but the technology was developed in the Netherlands. It has been 25 years now since Dinnissen, together with aquafeed producer Skretting, invented the firs t vacuum coater.
The Pegasus® Vacuum Coater is intended for everyone who wishes to manufacture pelleted and extruded products in accordance with mos t modern production specifications.
It allows you to create a vacuum environment for your production process and to deal effectively with a very wide range of future challenges.
International Aquafeed spoke to Peter Raeven, Account Manager for Dinnissen, about the previous 25 years of the Pegasus® Vacuum Coater as well as any future plans that Dinnissen might have for their now well es tablished brand.
As an aquafeed processor, you are always aware that your drying operation has a significant impact on your bottom line. Drying is a very energy-intensive operation; that’s why most aquafeed producers diligently track the cost of fuel used in their drying operation.
As an aquafeed processor, you are always aware that your drying operation has a significant impact on your bottom line. Drying is a very energy-intensive operation; that’s why most aquafeed producers diligently track the cost of fuel used in their drying operation.
1. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) are a small freshwater fish
belonging to the cyprinid family (Spence, 2006).
The species is native to warm water streams in the
Ganges and Brahmaptura River basins located in
India, Bangladesh, and Nepal (Barman, 1991; Laale,
1977). They are thought to be an annual species
that breeds during the monsoon season, when food
such as aquatic insects are most plentiful (Spence,
2006). Zebrafish are considered to be omnivorous
having been observed feeding throughout the
water column, from the surface to the benthos, on
a varied diet (Spence et al 2008).
Z
ebrafish have and continue to be a popular aquarium
fish thanks to their hardiness and low-cost but in recent
years the species has become of interest as a model
organism for biomedical, pharmaceutical, neurological,
eco-toxicological and genetics research. So much so, that zebrafish
are often coined as “the new laboratory rat”.
Many biological characteristics have contributed to their popular-
ity such as their high fecundity, short generation time, predictable
spawning and low cost of maintenance. Furthermore, approximately
70 percent of the human genome is similar to that of the zebrafish,
making it a viable model for human genetics research (Howe et al.
2013). Zebrafish are utilised throughout their life cycle but the early
developmental stages are particularly attractive to researchers as, unlike
mice, the animals produce an externally fertilised embryo that is trans-
parent, allowing its embryonic development to be observed simply by
placing it under a microscope.
Today these fish are cultured in most major biomedical research
facilities around the world including the United States (877 institutions),
Germany (359), England (180), China (255), France (219), Spain (138),
Taiwan (84), to name but a few (Kinth et al. 2013). Estimating the exact
numbers of fish used is almost impossible but millions, if not hundreds
of millions of zebrafish are now thought to be used in scientific research
every year (Reed & Jennings, 2010).
In 2010, the Research Animal Department of the British RSPCA
released figures detailing the number of scientific papers using zebrafish
published over recent years on the PubMed Database (Reed &
Jennings, 2010). Revisiting and elaborating upon these figures it is clear
that exponential growth in the use of zebrafish for scientific purposes
continues (Figure 1.).
Optimal culture conditions such as water temperature and water
chemistry values have been established for zebrafish, but our knowl-
edge on nutrition requirements has drastically lagged behind. Many
biomedical researchers are now asking for a standardised diet and
open-formulations for this important research animal (Lawrence 2007,
Penglase et al. 2012, Watts et al. 2012). This is not a new issue; a
standardised diet for rodent models was established almost 40 years
ago, followed by standardised diets for other models including guinea
pigs, rabbits, primates, and swine. At present zebrafish facilities feed
their stock a variety of different dry feeds, alongside live feeds. These
include flake intended for use by the aquarium hobbyist, pellet for
rearing larvae of marine fish and a select few commercially advertised
zebrafish diets.
Zebrafish nutrition
Zebrafish nutrition remains very much in its infancy, being mostly
limited to comparisons between commercially prepared feeds or
against live feed. Formulating appropriate diets is paramount to guar-
anteeing zebrafish are nutritionally satisfied and thus a healthy model
organism. At present poor nutrition and feeding practices has led to
variability among results from human disease, pharmaceutical, toxicol-
ogy, neurology and reproduction studies using zebrafish.
Meeting individual amino-acid requirements ensures that growth
of the animal is not compromised, but its importance extends to
the consideration that deficiencies can be of detriment to immune
and metabolic status. With some popular commercial zebrafish diets
containing up to 60 percent crude protein levels, over-formulation is
also of particular concern. Excessive supply of certain amino acids has
been suggested to incur similar effects to deficiencies triggering stress
responses, toxicity, interference with metabolic function and subse-
quently depressed growth (Choo, 1991).
However, this excess supply of protein is most likely to be of detri-
Nutrition for the new laboratory rat
18 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | May-June 2015
FEATURE
by Peter H. Bowyer, Plymouth University, UK and Marc Tye, University of Minnesota, USA
2. ment to water chemistry with elevated nitrogenous excretions placing
unnecessary strain upon maintaining optimal water quality param-
eters. Currently, quantitative dietary lysine and arginine requirement
research on juvenile and adult zebrafish is being conducted at the
University of Minnesota. Preliminary data suggests lysine and arginine
requirements are similar to that of common carp (Cyprinus carpio).
This research is the first known, albeit belated, quantitative nutri-
tional research to be conducted for zebrafish. With minimal socio-
economic or environmental sustainability considerations for dietary
protein provision in zebrafish diets, a wealth of ingredient options
seem available.
However, careful consideration will be required to provide sources
of protein that are readily available, highly digestible, nutritionally
consistent and clean. Fishmeal sources are, for the most part, a great
source of high-quality protein for fish; however varying macro and
micronutrient profiles could be a threat to the consistency of stand-
ardised diets. Plant protein sources are readily available from various
sources in various forms, but fluctuating protein contents as well as
the presence of anti-nutritional factors may also render them a risk.
Being the natural prey of zebrafish, perhaps one of the most attractive
options will be that of the various insect-derived proteins now avail-
able. Other avenues such as algae, marine invertebrate and single-cell
proteins may also be evaluated.
Lipid provision
Appropriate lipid provision is also integral to ensuring zebrafish
health. Essential fatty acids (EFA) play a crucial role as a metabolic
energy source in fish, with deficiencies and ratio imbalances leading
to depressed growth (Watanabe 1982). Exceeding requirements can
similarly decrease growth and lead to increases in mesenteric lipid
deposition (Du et al. 2006), with possible implications on biomedical
Figure 1. Publications on the PubMed database (www.pubmed.
gov) of the US National Library of Medicine, registering as a search
result using the keyword 'zebrafish' (Adapted from Reed & Jennings,
2010).
May-June 2015 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 19
FEATURE
SIZE 10
MAXUM
80
1600
NORGREN
52.19
[1325]
DCC
Inlet
BIN
Inlet
102.13 [2594]
111.12 [2822]
18.00 [457]
1.93 [49]
256T
060
1545
30
195.72 [4971]
F085SHIMPO
108.59
[2759
15.00
[381]
36.91
[937]
Ă12.00
[305]
1.00
NPT
2.00 NPT
3/4 NPT
101.44
[2577]
30.38
[772]
88.00
[2236]
108.28
[2750]
278.03
[7062]
67.28
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5. of spinal deformities, such as scoliosis. Ensuring the fish are provided
with adequate dietary mineral levels (e.g. calcium, phosphorous, zinc)
may help alleviate these occurrences.
On the other hand, excess provision and/or over supplementa-
tion can be just as great a threat to fish health by pushing tolerance
levels. With regards to macro minerals, high dietary calcium can
cause interference with other minerals and impede upon proper
digestion, whilst elevated phosphorous becomes an environmental
pollutant. Trace mineral excess is also of concern. Fishmeal in par-
ticular is known to contain relatively high levels of certain, potentially
toxic, minerals, as a consequence of bioaccumulation in the marine
food chain. One such example is methylmercury. Being readily avail-
able through the gastrointestinal tract, deposition occurs predomi-
nantly in the kidney and becomes a potent neurotoxin (Dórea et
al. 2008). With negligible cost limiting factors on fishmeal inclusion,
potential mineral toxicity or interference should be acknowledged
when formulating diets.
Overall, it is clear that varying or even unknown dietary mineral
concentrations could be jeopardising the consistency of research
findings, particularly from ecotoxicology, neurology, developmental,
and mineral metabolism studies.
Adequate dietary provision
As fish are not able to synthesise vitamins, ensuring adequate
dietary provision is also indispensable to animal health. Vitamin
requirements in fish are well documented and provide a good
basis from which to begin defining those of zebrafish. The merits
of vitamin supplementation, to extend beyond basic requirements,
may also be considered in this case given the objectives of zebrafish
culture and the limited risk of exceeding requirement.
For example, it is well documented that ascorbic acid (vitamin
C) supplementation can provide significant benefits to growth,
reproduction, stress response, immunity and bone integrity (Li and
Robinson, 2008); all pertinent topics in optimising zebrafish culture.
Overall, it is clear that inappropriate or inconsistent dietary nutri-
ent levels may be of severe detriment to the solidity of findings from
research using zebrafish as a model organism. Due to our distinct lack
of knowledge on nutrition, the harsh reality is that unsuitable diets
are being fed extensively to these fish in facilities around the world.
These animals are then used in studies seemingly at the forefront
of increasing our scientific knowledge of human health, genetics.
The key goal in zebrafish nutrition at this stage is to define nutrient
requirements so that we can move towards standardising diets.
Priority should be placed upon consistent, clean, quality ingredients
so that requirements and optimum animal health standards can be
reliably met. Due to the low feed consumption of zebrafish, this
can be achieved irrespective of feed cost, unlike commercial finfish.
Achieving these criteria will allow researchers to use zebrafish as a
robust model in confidence, for the benefit of the scientific com-
munity and general public alike.
Zebrafish nutritional research is unique in that it is of interest to
several different scientific fields that traditionally do not collaborate.
The biomedical, ecotoxicology and pharmacology fields are particu-
larly interested because they want a standardised diet to limit vari-
ation in research. Those involved in veterinary medicine also have
an interest as it is their responsibility to care for and enforce health
standards of zebrafish at research facilities. The aquaculture sector
may also play a part through the potential of using the zebrafish
as a model for food or ornamental species. This diverse commu-
nity means that funding for research could be accessed from many
avenues. It is time for fish nutritionists to take up the challenge and
utilise their expertise, in order to contribute to scientific knowledge,
rigor and integrity in scientific research outside of aquaculture.
References available on request
Zebrafish Husbandry Association
The Zebrafish Husbandry Association (ZHA) is a non-profit organi-
sation devoted to promoting and developing zebrafish husbandry
standards through education, collaboration, and publication. ZHA’s
membership is comprised of a wide range of people interested in
zebrafish culture; including research and veterinary professionals,
facility managers, technicians, fish culturists, aquaculture engineers,
and representatives from various aquaculture supply and biomedical
companies.
The ZHA was originally created by zebrafish researchers in the
Boston area in 2005 and was called the New England Zebrafish
Husbandry Association (NEZHA). Membership in the NEZHA
began to grow rapidly and included many individuals outside of the
New England area so the group changed its name to ZHA in 2007.
Today it has members from around the world who are dedicated
to developing zebrafish husbandry standards. The associations first
working group project titled “The Effect of Stocking Densities on
Reproductive Performance in Laboratory Zebrafish” was published
in the journal Zebrafish in 2011. Since then, various working groups
are working on subjects such as larval rearing, reproduction and
spawning, water quality, health management, welfare, and nutrition.
The ZHA provides valuable information on the latest husbandry
methods through its new website (www.zhaonline.og) and from
its quarterly webinar series which includes topics ranging from
disease treatment and prevention to cryopreservation to expansion
of infrastructure. Along with the website, where the latest job
opportunities are posted, the ZHA has a presence on social media
including a discussion forum on LinkedIn, a Facebook page and a
new Twitter handle (@zhaonline) where you can find updates on
the latest ZHA news and upcoming events. The quarterly newslet-
ter “Stripes” provides information on the ZHA Board meetings,
introduces members to industry vendors, and has a semi-annual
“Featured Facility”.
Much of the latest research in the field of zebrafish husbandry is
presented at the ZHA annual workshop that is held in conjunction
with Aquaculture America. The zebrafish special session has two
full-days of oral presentations that range in topics from facility design
to zebrafish fertility to the latest nutritional research. The zebrafish
special session has been one of the more highly attended sessions
at the annual conference, with over 100 people attending many of
the lectures in 2014.
The ZHA is an affiliate with the World Aquaculture Society
(WAS) as well as the American Association for Laboratory Animal
Science (AALAS). This year the ZHA will be hosting its inaugural
seminar titled “Zebrafish Husbandry and Veterinary Care: Multiple
Perspectives” at the AALAS National Meeting in Phoenix, AZ.
ZHA has a presence at many national and international confer-
ences including Aquaculture America, Canadian Association for
Laboratory Animal Science Symposium, International Conference
on Zebrafish Development and Genetics, and the European
Zebrafish Conference.
admin@zhaonline.org
22 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | May-June 2015
FEATURE
6. May-June 2015 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 23
FEATURE
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