C elegans and Humans
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In 1963, Sydney Brenner introduced Caenorhabditis elegans as a model organism for pursuing research in developmental biology and neurology.It is a free-living, non-parasitic soil nematode that can be safely used in the laboratory and is common around the world. This ppt gives an idea of general anatomy of this small creature,its life cylce,study as a model organism and its importance in the study of ageing.
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Caenorhabditis elegans
This document describes the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. C. elegans is a transparent roundworm about 1mm in length that lives in temperate soil and feeds on bacteria. It has a simple body plan and nervous system but shares many genes with humans. C. elegans is an important model organism in biology due to its short life cycle, genetic tractability, and similarities to humans, making it useful for studying development and disease.
c elegans genome, life cycle and model organism
The document summarizes key information about C. elegans as a model organism for biological research. C. elegans is a small roundworm with a simple nervous system that is transparent and easy to grow in labs. It was the first multicellular organism to have its entire genome sequenced, which revealed around 20,000 genes. C. elegans is well-suited for research in developmental biology, neuroscience, and other areas due to its invariant cell lineage and fully mapped connectome.
Caenorhabditis elegans
Caenorhabditis elegans is a tiny, free-living nematode found worldwide. Newly hatched larvae are 0.25 millimetres long and adults are 1 millimetre long. Their small size means that the animals are usually observed with either dissecting microscopes, which generally allow up to 100X magnification, or compound microscopes, which allow up to 1000X magnification. Because C. elegans is transparent, individual cells and subcellular details are easily visualized using Nomarski (differential interference contrast, DIC) optics.
C. elegans has a rapid life cycle and exists primarily as a self-fertilizing hermaphrodite, although males arise at a frequency of <0.2%. These features have helped to make C. elegans a powerful model of choice for eukaryotic genetic studies. In addition, because the animal has an invariant number of somatic cells, researchers have been able to track the fate of every cell between fertilization and adulthood in live animals and to generate a complete cell lineage. Researchers have also reconstructed the shape of all C. elegans cells from electron micrographs, including each of the 302 neurons of the adult hermaphrodite. Moreover, because of the invariant wild-type cell lineage and neuroanatomy of C. elegans, mutations that give rise to developmental and behavioural defects are readily identified in genetic screens. Finally, because C. elegans was the first multicellular organism with a complete genome sequence, forward and reverse genetics have led to the molecular identification of many key genes in developmental and cell biological processes.
The experimental strengths and the similarities between the cellular and molecular processes present in C. elegans and other animals across evolutionary time (metabolism, organelle structure and function, gene regulation, protein biology, etc.) have made C. elegans an excellent organism with which to study general metazoan biology. At least 38% of the C. elegans protein-coding genes have predicted orthologs in the human genome, 60-80% of human genes have an ortholog in the C. elegans genome, and 40% of genes known to be associated with human diseases have clear orthologs in the C. elegans genome. Thus, many discoveries in C. elegans have relevance to the study of human health and disease.
Caenorhabditis elegans
Caenorhabditis elegans is a tiny, free-living nematode found worldwide. Newly hatched larvae are 0.25 millimeters long and adults are 1 millimeter long. Their small size means that the animals are usually observed with either dissecting microscopes, which generally allow up to 100X magnification, or compound microscopes, which allow up to 1000X magnification. Because C. elegans is transparent, individual cells and subcellular details are easily visualized using Nomarski (differential interference contrast, DIC) optics.
C. elegans has a rapid life cycle and exists primarily as a self-fertilizing hermaphrodite, although males arise at a frequency of <0.2%. These features have helped to make C. elegans a powerful model of choice for eukaryotic genetic studies. In addition, because the animal has an invariant numbers of somatic cells, researchers have been able to track the fate of every cell between fertilization and adulthood in live animals and to generate a complete cell lineage. Researchers have also reconstructed the shape of all C. elegans cells from electron micrographs, including each of the 302 neurons of the adult hermaphrodite. Moreover, because of the invariant wild-type cell lineage and neuroanatomy of C. elegans, mutations that give rise to developmental and behavioral defects are readily identified in genetic screens. Finally, because C. elegans was the first multicellular organism with a complete genome sequence, forward and reverse genetics have led to the molecular identification of many key genes in developmental and cell biological processes.
The experimental strengths and the similarities between the cellular and molecular processes present in C. elegans and other animals across evolutionary time (metabolism, organelle structure and function, gene regulation, protein biology, etc.) have made C. elegans an excellent organism with which to study general metazoan biology. At least 38% of the C. elegans protein-coding genes have predicted orthologs in the human genome, 60-80% of human genes have an ortholog in the C. elegans genome, and 40% of genes known to be associated with human diseases have clear orthologs in the C. elegans genome. Thus, many discoveries in C. elegans have relevance to the study of human health and disease.
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Cells are the basic unit of life and can be prokaryotic or eukaryotic. Cell culture involves growing living cells in a controlled, in vitro environment with optimal temperature, pH, media, and isolation from contamination. There are different types of cell cultures including cell, tissue, and organ cultures. Tumors are uncontrolled cell growth that can be caused by genetic, environmental, or other regulatory body factors. Tumor cell cultures involve sampling tumor cells, initially establishing them in culture, and characterizing tumor cells through methods like DNA profiling, isoenzyme analysis, and studying morphological and cultural features.
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This document describes the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. C. elegans is a transparent roundworm about 1mm in length that lives in temperate soil and feeds on bacteria. It has a simple body plan and nervous system but shares many genes with humans. C. elegans is an important model organism in biology due to its short life cycle, genetic tractability, and similarities to humans, making it useful for studying development and disease.
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The document summarizes key information about C. elegans as a model organism for biological research. C. elegans is a small roundworm with a simple nervous system that is transparent and easy to grow in labs. It was the first multicellular organism to have its entire genome sequenced, which revealed around 20,000 genes. C. elegans is well-suited for research in developmental biology, neuroscience, and other areas due to its invariant cell lineage and fully mapped connectome.
Caenorhabditis elegans
Caenorhabditis elegans is a tiny, free-living nematode found worldwide. Newly hatched larvae are 0.25 millimetres long and adults are 1 millimetre long. Their small size means that the animals are usually observed with either dissecting microscopes, which generally allow up to 100X magnification, or compound microscopes, which allow up to 1000X magnification. Because C. elegans is transparent, individual cells and subcellular details are easily visualized using Nomarski (differential interference contrast, DIC) optics.
C. elegans has a rapid life cycle and exists primarily as a self-fertilizing hermaphrodite, although males arise at a frequency of <0.2%. These features have helped to make C. elegans a powerful model of choice for eukaryotic genetic studies. In addition, because the animal has an invariant number of somatic cells, researchers have been able to track the fate of every cell between fertilization and adulthood in live animals and to generate a complete cell lineage. Researchers have also reconstructed the shape of all C. elegans cells from electron micrographs, including each of the 302 neurons of the adult hermaphrodite. Moreover, because of the invariant wild-type cell lineage and neuroanatomy of C. elegans, mutations that give rise to developmental and behavioural defects are readily identified in genetic screens. Finally, because C. elegans was the first multicellular organism with a complete genome sequence, forward and reverse genetics have led to the molecular identification of many key genes in developmental and cell biological processes.
The experimental strengths and the similarities between the cellular and molecular processes present in C. elegans and other animals across evolutionary time (metabolism, organelle structure and function, gene regulation, protein biology, etc.) have made C. elegans an excellent organism with which to study general metazoan biology. At least 38% of the C. elegans protein-coding genes have predicted orthologs in the human genome, 60-80% of human genes have an ortholog in the C. elegans genome, and 40% of genes known to be associated with human diseases have clear orthologs in the C. elegans genome. Thus, many discoveries in C. elegans have relevance to the study of human health and disease.
Caenorhabditis elegans
Caenorhabditis elegans is a tiny, free-living nematode found worldwide. Newly hatched larvae are 0.25 millimeters long and adults are 1 millimeter long. Their small size means that the animals are usually observed with either dissecting microscopes, which generally allow up to 100X magnification, or compound microscopes, which allow up to 1000X magnification. Because C. elegans is transparent, individual cells and subcellular details are easily visualized using Nomarski (differential interference contrast, DIC) optics.
C. elegans has a rapid life cycle and exists primarily as a self-fertilizing hermaphrodite, although males arise at a frequency of <0.2%. These features have helped to make C. elegans a powerful model of choice for eukaryotic genetic studies. In addition, because the animal has an invariant numbers of somatic cells, researchers have been able to track the fate of every cell between fertilization and adulthood in live animals and to generate a complete cell lineage. Researchers have also reconstructed the shape of all C. elegans cells from electron micrographs, including each of the 302 neurons of the adult hermaphrodite. Moreover, because of the invariant wild-type cell lineage and neuroanatomy of C. elegans, mutations that give rise to developmental and behavioral defects are readily identified in genetic screens. Finally, because C. elegans was the first multicellular organism with a complete genome sequence, forward and reverse genetics have led to the molecular identification of many key genes in developmental and cell biological processes.
The experimental strengths and the similarities between the cellular and molecular processes present in C. elegans and other animals across evolutionary time (metabolism, organelle structure and function, gene regulation, protein biology, etc.) have made C. elegans an excellent organism with which to study general metazoan biology. At least 38% of the C. elegans protein-coding genes have predicted orthologs in the human genome, 60-80% of human genes have an ortholog in the C. elegans genome, and 40% of genes known to be associated with human diseases have clear orthologs in the C. elegans genome. Thus, many discoveries in C. elegans have relevance to the study of human health and disease.
TUMOR CELL CULTURE
Cells are the basic unit of life and can be prokaryotic or eukaryotic. Cell culture involves growing living cells in a controlled, in vitro environment with optimal temperature, pH, media, and isolation from contamination. There are different types of cell cultures including cell, tissue, and organ cultures. Tumors are uncontrolled cell growth that can be caused by genetic, environmental, or other regulatory body factors. Tumor cell cultures involve sampling tumor cells, initially establishing them in culture, and characterizing tumor cells through methods like DNA profiling, isoenzyme analysis, and studying morphological and cultural features.
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Biorhythms
This document discusses biological rhythms, including circadian rhythms that have a period close to 24 hours, diurnal rhythms that are synchronized with the day-night cycle, and ultradian and infradian rhythms with shorter or longer periods. It describes how the suprachiasmatic nuclei act as the circadian clock in the brain to regulate rhythms in body temperature, hormones, sleep/wake cycles and other functions. Disruptions to these biological clocks, such as from jet lag or shift work, can negatively impact performance and well-being. While some effects of time of day on functions like memory and alertness have been observed, the theory of biorhythms affecting daily life in 3 day cycles is considered pseud
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3. ATP-dependent complexes use energy from ATP hydrolysis to move, eject, or restructure nucleosomes, allowing access to DNA.
4. Examples of chromatin remodeling complexes include SWI/SNF, ISWI, CHD, and INO80 families, which have different activities like nucleosome sliding or histone variant exchange.
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organogenesis ,vulva formation in Caenorhabditis elegans
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X chromosome inactivation is an epigenetic process that balances gene expression between males and females. In females, one of the two X chromosomes is randomly inactivated in each cell early in development. This results in a mosaic of cells where some express genes from the maternal X chromosome and others from the paternal. A gene called XIST controls this process. X inactivation equalizes gene expression between males and females but can sometimes cause phenotypic effects if an X-linked recessive trait is expressed if the normal allele is inactive.
Mitochondrial genome and its manipulation
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2) Behavioral assays also showed C. elegans from social environments had higher response rates to external stimuli and more thrashes per minute than isolated C. elegans.
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Review of CRISPR/Cas9
CRISPR/Cas9 is a powerful new technique for genome editing that allows DNA to be easily cut and modified. It involves using the Cas9 enzyme, guided by RNA, to create targeted double-stranded breaks in DNA which are then repaired, allowing the DNA sequence to be altered. This system was adapted from a bacterial immune system. CRISPR/Cas9 represents a major breakthrough as it is simpler, cheaper and more accurate than previous genome editing methods. It has already been used to edit genes in numerous organisms and holds promise for applications like correcting genetic diseases. However, off-target effects and ethical concerns surrounding its use in humans remain limitations that need to be addressed.
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C elegans and Humans
- 1. C elegans And Humans
- 2. A brief overview on C elegans • C elegans is a small (about 1 mm long), transparent , free-living nematode. • Feeds on bacteria • Non parasitic worm
- 3. Anatomy-
- 4. TWO SEXES:- 1) A self fertilizing hermaphrodite(XX) 2) A male(X0)
- 5. LIFE CYCLE
- 6. Dauer larva • Developmentally arrested alternative third stage larva • Forms in response to high population density (dauer pheromone), high temperature, low food • Non-feeding, buccal cavity sealed, survive on stored food • Live for up to 70 days • Non-ageing: post dauer adults have normal lifespans
- 7. C elegans AS MODEL ORGANISM
- 8. Why an organism with a life span of 2 weeks vs. an organism with a life span of 70+ years?
- 9. • About 70% of human genes have a clear C elegans homologs which includes human disease genes. • Example- Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, Type II diabetes ,Age related problems. • There are many pathways in C elegans showing similarity with human system.
- 10. AGEING PATHWAY
- 14. • DRUGS HAVE BEEN FORMULATED TO KNOCKDOWN THE ACTIVITY OF SUCH gene. • EXAMPLE- rapamycin, but it suppresses the immune system.
- 15. Thank you