2. ARTHRITIS
Swelling and tenderness of one or more
joints causing pain and inflammation.
It is majorly categorized into;
• Osteoarthritis
• Rheumatoid Arthritis
3. OSTEOARTHRITIS
• Osteoarthritis is a degenerative disorder with inflammatory
components arising from the biochemical breakdown of
articular (hyaline) cartilage in the synovial joints.
• The current view holds that osteoarthritis involves not only the
articular cartilage but the entire joint organ, including the
subchondral bone and synovium.
• It is the most common type of joint disease leading cause of
chronic disability in older adults
4. OSTEOATHRITIS
• It is a chronic degenerative
disorder of the synovial joints in
which there is progressive softening
and erosion/disintegration of the
articular cartilage.
• a frequent, if not inevitable , part
of aging
5. OSTEOARTHRITIS
• It occurs when the protective cartilage that
cushions the ends of the bones wears
down over time.
• Although osteoarthritis can damage any
joint, the disorder most commonly affects
joints in your hands, knees, hips and spine.
6.
7. RISK FACTORS
•Joint injury or overuse—Injury or overuse, such as knee bending and repetitive stress on a joint, can
damage a joint and increase the risk of OA in that joint.
•Age—The risk of developing OA increases with age.
•Gender—Women are more likely to develop OA than men, especially after age 50.
•Obesity—Extra weight puts more stress on joints, particularly weight-bearing joints like the hips and
knees. This stress increases the risk of OA in that joint. Obesity may also have metabolic effects that
increase the risk of OA.
•Genetics—People who have family members with OA are more likely to develop OA. People who have
hand OA are more likely to develop knee OA.
•Race— Some Asian populations have lower risk for OA.
•Life style
8. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
Signs and symptoms
• Deep, achy joint pain exacerbated by extensive use - The disease’s
primary symptom
• Reduced range of motion and crepitus - Frequently present
• Stiffness during rest (gelling) - May develop, with morning joint
stiffness usually lasting for less than 30 minutes
• Swelling
9. CONT
Osteoarthritis of the hand
• Distal interphalangeal (DIP) joints are most often affected
• Proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joints and the carpometacarpal (cmc) joints at
the base of the thumb are also typically involved
• Heberden nodes, which represent palpable osteophytes in the DIP joints, are
more characteristic in women than in men
• Inflammatory changes are typically absent, less pronounced, or go unnoticed
11. NONPHARMACOLOGIC INTERVENTIONS
• The cornerstones of osteoarthritis therapy, nonpharmacologic interventions include the following:
• Patient education
• Heat and cold
• Weight loss [10]
• Exercise
• Physical therapy
• Muscle training (eg, quadriceps strengthening for knee OA)
• Occupational therapy (use of assistive devices for independence in ADL)
• Unloading in certain joints (eg, knee and hip)
12. PHARMACOLOGIC THERAPY
• Topical capsaicin
• Topical nonsteroidal anti-
inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
• Oral NSAIDs
• Tramadol
• Acetaminophen
• Intra-articular corticosteroid
injections
Surgery
•Arthroscopy
•Osteotomy
•Arthroplasty - Particularly with knee or
hip osteoarthritis
•Fusion
