The document outlines the human circulatory system, which is a closed system consisting of the heart, blood vessels, and blood. It details the structure and function of the heart, the types of blood vessels (arteries, veins, and capillaries), blood composition, and the regulation of the heart's function. Additionally, it mentions various disorders that can affect the circulatory system, such as anemia and hypertension.

1. HUMAN
CIRCULATORY
SYSTEM
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2. THE CIRCULATORY
SYSTEM
• Humans have a closed circulatory system, typical of
all vertebrates, in which blood is confined to vessels and is
distinct from the interstitial fluid.
• The heart pumps blood into large vessels
that branch into smaller ones leading into the organs, thus
also known as Cardio Vascular System.
• Materials are exchanged by diffusion between the blood
and the interstitial fluid bathing the cells.
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3. THE CARDIOVASCULAR
SYSTEM
3 Major Elements –
Heart
Blood Vessels
Blood
The Heart-
Cardiac muscle tissue with
highly interconnected cells.
Beats in a rhythmic manner,
72 times/min.
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4. HUMAN HEART
• Size
Of a closed fist
• Shape
Blunt cone
• Location
In the centre of the
thoracic cavity between
lungs. Lower tip is resting
on diaphragm slightly
towards left.
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5. CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
THE HEART
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6. INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF
HUMAN HEART
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7. FUNCTIONS OF THE HEART
• Generating blood pressure
• Routing blood
– Heart separates pulmonary and systemic
circulations
• Ensuring one-way blood flow
– Heart valves ensure one-way flow
• Regulating blood supply
– Changes in contraction rate and force match blood
delivery to changing metabolic needs
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8. BLOOD FLOW THROUGH
HEART
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9. CIRCUITS
• Pulmonary circuit
The blood pathway
between the right side of
the heart, to the lungs, and
back to the left side of the
heart.
• Systemic circuit
The pathway between the
left and right sides of the
heart via body organs.
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10. CARDIAC CYCLE
• Right and left halves of the Heart represent two pumps that
work together.
• Repetitive contraction (systole) and relaxation (diastole) of
heart chambers, one after the other.
• Blood moves through circulatory system from areas of
higher to lower pressure.
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11. CONDUCTING SYSTEM OF
HEART
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12. HEART SOUNDS
• First heart sound or “lubb”
– Atrioventricular valves and surrounding fluid vibrations
as valves close at beginning of ventricular systole
• Second heart sound or “dupp”
– Results from closure of aortic and pulmonary semilunar
valves at beginning of ventricular diastole, lasts longer
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13. BLOOD VESSELS
Blood Vessels -A network of tubes
Arteriesarterioles move away from the heart
Valves are absent
Capillaries – where gas exchange takes place.
One cell thick
Serves the Respiratory and other Systems
VeinsVenules moves towards the heart
One way valves
When they break - varicose veins form
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14. BLOOD VESSELS
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15. BLOOD VESSELS
ARTERIES
• Carry blood away from the heart
• Thick and strong, containing muscles and elastic tissue.
• Relatively narrow, it varies with heart beat, as it can stretch and recoil.
CAPILLARIES
• supply all cells with their requirements and take away waste products.
• Very thin, only one cell thick.
• Very narrow, just one cell can pass through.
VEINS
• Return blood to the heart
• Quite thin, containing less muscle and elastic tissue.
• Wide, contains valves
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16. BLOOD VESSELS
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17. BLOOD
Composition of Blood
1. Plasma
2. Formed Elements-
RBC, WBC, Platelets
Plasma
Liquid portion of the blood.
Contains water, salts, proteins,
clotting factors, hormones,
antibodies, dissolved gases,
nutrients and waste
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18. BLOOD
Formed Elements
A. Erythrocytes – RBC
(Red Blood Corpuscles)
Contain 12-16 gms of
hemoglobin to carry
oxygen.
Do not have a nucleus and
live only about 120 days.
5-5.5 million/cubic mm
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19. BLOOD
B. Leucocytes –WBC
(White Blood cells)
Five types – neutrophils,
lymphocytes, eosinophils,
basophils, and monocytes.
Fight infection and are formed in
the bone marrow
Nucleated cells
6000-8000/cubic mm
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20. BLOOD
•C. Thrombocytes – Platelets.
These are cell fragment that are
formed in the bone marrow
from magakaryocytes.
Initiate Clotting of Blood.
1,500,00 - 3,500,00/cubic mm
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21. FUNCTIONS OF BLOOD
• Transport food and waste
• Transport oxygen and carbon di oxide
• Transport hormones
• Storehouse of salts, nutrients, calcium etc.
• Maintain a constant body temperature
• Provide resistance against infections
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22. REGULATION OF THE HEART
Intrinsic regulation: Results from normal functional
characteristics, not on neural or hormonal regulation
Extrinsic regulation: Involves neural and hormonal control,
Cardiac centre is in Medulla Oblongata.
– Parasympathetic stimulation
• Supplied by vagus nerve, decreases heart rate,
acetylcholine secreted
– Sympathetic stimulation
• Supplied by cardiac nerves, increases heart rate and
force of contraction, epinephrine and nor epinephrine
released
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23. REGULATION OF THE HEART
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24. DISORDERS OF THE
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
• Anaemia - lack of iron in the blood, low RBC count
• Leukemia - white blood cells proliferate wildly, causing anaemia
• Haemophilia - bleeder’s disease, due to lack of clotting factor
• Hypertension – High blood pressure
• Angina – Less oxygen supply to heart muscles
• CAD – Obstructed blood vessels
• Heart Failure – Heart is not pumping blood properly
• Heart attack - blood vessels around the heart become blocked with plaque, also
called myocardial infarction, leads to damage of muscles
• Cardiac Arrest – Heart stops working leading to death
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25. THANK YOU
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