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Wilhelm Röntgen discovered X-rays in 1895 and Max von Laue established X-ray crystal diffraction in 1912 using X-rays to analyze the structure of crystals. X-ray diffraction works by firing X-rays at a crystalline sample and observing the scattered rays, which can be used to determine the location of atoms in the crystal based on the Bragg condition of diffraction. There are two main methods for X-ray diffraction - the Laue method which uses a single crystal sample and front scattering, and powder diffraction which analyzes polycrystalline samples using Debye-Scherrer cameras or modern diffractometers. The patterns obtained from X-ray diffraction can be analyzed using Rietveld refinement to determine
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X-ray diffraction is a technique used to characterize nanomaterials by analyzing the diffraction patterns produced when X-rays interact with the crystal structure of a material. The document discusses the history, principles, instrumentation, and applications of XRD. It describes how XRD can be used to determine properties like crystallite size, dislocation density, strain, and identify crystalline phases by comparing to known standards. XRD provides a non-destructive way to analyze crystal structures with high accuracy and is suitable for both powder and thin film samples.
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X-ray diffraction is a technique used to analyze the crystal structure of materials. It works by firing x-rays at a crystalline sample and measuring the angles and intensities of the x-rays that are diffracted. The diffraction pattern produced can be used to determine properties like unit cell dimensions, bond angles, and phase composition. Bragg's law describes the conditions under which x-ray diffraction occurs from crystalline materials, relating the wavelength, angle of incidence, and interplanar spacing. X-ray diffraction is widely used across many fields including physics, chemistry, materials science, and biology.
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The document provides an overview of X-rays and their use in dentistry. It begins with an introduction to the discovery of X-rays by Wilhelm Roentgen in 1895. It then discusses the basic components and function of an X-ray tube, including the cathode, filament, focusing cup and anode. The document also covers the properties of X-rays, how they are produced, their interactions with matter, and their various uses including in diagnosis and treatment in dentistry and medicine.
Wilhelm Rӧentgen
Wilhelm Röntgen was a German physicist born in 1845 who discovered X-rays in 1895 while experimenting with cathode ray tubes in a dark laboratory. On November 8, 1895, he noticed a fluorescent screen lighting up in a nearby drawer, even though it was not attached to the discharge tube. He concluded he had discovered a new kind of radiation which he named X-rays. In 1901, Röntgen received the first Nobel Prize in Physics for his discovery of X-rays. He refused to patent the discovery and donated the prize money to his university.
Laser & x rays 2
This document summarizes information about a group project on lasers and x-rays. The group includes 5 members who will study the history, design, properties, types, and applications of lasers and x-rays. Lasers operate based on stimulated emission and consist of a gain medium, pumping mechanism, and optical feedback from mirrors. X-rays were discovered in 1895 by Wilhelm Roentgen and are produced when high voltage electrons collide with a metal target. Both lasers and x-rays have many medical, industrial, scientific, and other applications.
hubblespacetelescope-150407101134-conversion-gate01.pdf
The Hubble Space Telescope has provided groundbreaking insights into the universe. It orbits above Earth's atmosphere, allowing it to take clearer images of distant galaxies and planets. Some of Hubble's key accomplishments include determining the age of the universe to be 13.7 billion years, observing the formation of new stars and planets, and detecting the first organic molecule on an exoplanet. While Hubble will retire in 2014, the James Webb Space Telescope is planned to launch in 2018 to continue its revolutionary work.
Similar to XRD_presentation_McElroy (20)
Research Paper 2: This paper should be read after reading Brazilian Jour.Phy,...
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Laser Development History [Stanford laser history]
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hubblespacetelescope-150407101134-conversion-gate01.pdf
hubblespacetelescope-150407101134-conversion-gate01.pdf
XRD_presentation_McElroy
- 2. OUTLINE Historical account (partial) Wilhelm Röntgen: X-Rays (1895) Max von Laue: X-Ray diffraction (1912) Paul Peter Ewald: Ewald Sphere (1969) William Lawrence Bragg: Bragg condition (1912) X-Ray Overview Photons Generators Subtle Characteristics (Cuκα, Cuκβ, filters) Diffraction 2-slit experiment Reflection planes Equipment/Method Powder Diffraction Laue Laue Method Powder Diffraction Method Analysis/Tools
- 3. HISTORY (brief) Wilhelm Röntgen (1845-1923) William Lawrence Bragg (1890-1971) Peter Debye (1884-1966) Paul Scherrer (1890-1969) Max von Laue (1879-1960) Paul Peter Ewald (1888-1985) Wilhelm Röntgen studies X-Rays Crookes Tubes Max von Laue establishes crystal diffraction Paul Peter Ewald’s thesis William Lawrence Bragg: Bragg’s Law Peter Debye & Paul Scherrer Debye Scherrer camera (technique)
- 4. X-RAYS (overview) High energy (𝐸 = ℎν) Diagnostic Tool Penetration Resolution
- 5. X-RAYS (subtleties) Black Body Radiation Broad spectrum (white) Electron energy levels Discrete Energies (monochromatic) 𝐼 ν, 𝑇 = 2ℎν3 𝑐2 1 𝑒 ℎν 𝑘 𝐵 𝑇 − 1
- 6. X-RAYS (subtleties continued) Filters (absorption curve) Truly Monochromatic Monochromators Expensive & Unnecessary
- 7. DIFFRACTION Interference (Constructive/Destructive) Relation of periodicity to slit spacing Imaging limited by wavelength 𝑑 sin θ 𝑛 = 𝑛λ
- 8. EQUIPMENT Laue (fingers crossed) single crystal samples easy fast D 8 Discover (Bruker) polycrystalline samples single crystal samples Debye Scherrer camera
- 9. LAUE METHOD Front scatter vs. Reflection White X-Rays (satisfy Bragg’s condition) Reciprocal space lattice orientation single phase? 𝑛λ = 2𝑑 sin θ
- 10. LAUE METHOD (continued) Ewald sphere incident wave vector reflected wave vector angle
- 11. θ 2θ POWDER DIFFRACTION Debye-Scherrer camera polycrystalline sample maps all reflection planes to 1-D 𝑛λ = 2𝑑 sin θ
- 12. θ θ 2θ POWDER DIFFRACTION (continued) All possible reflection planes present Debye Scherrer rings Multiple, simultaneous two-slit experiments
- 13. Lattice parameters GSAS: Rietveld refinement phase purity atomic positions ANALYSIS 1 𝑑2 = ℎ2 + 𝑘2 + 𝑙2 𝑎2 Cubic 1 𝑑2 = ℎ2 + 𝑘2 𝑎2 + 𝑙2 𝑐2 Tetragonal 1 𝑑2 = 4 3 ℎ2 + ℎ𝑘 + 𝑘2 𝑎2 + 𝑙2 𝑐2 Hexagonal
- 14. END Thank you