Extra-oral films are films used outside the oral cavity for diagnostic imaging like panoramic or skull radiography. They are packaged in boxes containing a number of films separated by protective paper and wrapped in lead foil. Extra-oral films can be screen-film combinations used in cassettes or non-screen films exposed directly to x-rays. Common film sizes are used for different views, while panoramic views most commonly use 6x12 inch films. Extra-oral radiography is used to examine teeth, jaws, sinuses and for conditions like fractures or tumors.
this contains the occlusal radiography methods for both maxillary and mandibular different occusal radiographic techniques, principles, classification, indications
Paralleling and bisecting radiographic techniquesDr. Ritu Gupta
this is the seminar for Undergraduate students consisting of initial paralellelig and bisecting radiographic techniques, history, types, size, extraoral films, technical errors, radiographic examination in special children
IDEAL IMAGE CHARACTERISTICS
FACTORS RELATED TO THE RADIATION BEAM
FACTORS RELATED TO THE OBJECT
FACTORS RELATED TO THE TECHNIQUE
FACTORS RELATED TO RECORDING OF THE ROENTGEN IMAGE OF THE OBJECT
DARK/ LIGHT IMAGE IDEAL IMAGE
IDEAL QUALITY CRIETRIA
this contains the occlusal radiography methods for both maxillary and mandibular different occusal radiographic techniques, principles, classification, indications
Paralleling and bisecting radiographic techniquesDr. Ritu Gupta
this is the seminar for Undergraduate students consisting of initial paralellelig and bisecting radiographic techniques, history, types, size, extraoral films, technical errors, radiographic examination in special children
IDEAL IMAGE CHARACTERISTICS
FACTORS RELATED TO THE RADIATION BEAM
FACTORS RELATED TO THE OBJECT
FACTORS RELATED TO THE TECHNIQUE
FACTORS RELATED TO RECORDING OF THE ROENTGEN IMAGE OF THE OBJECT
DARK/ LIGHT IMAGE IDEAL IMAGE
IDEAL QUALITY CRIETRIA
Bisecting angle vs paralleling technique /orthodontic courses by Indian denta...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
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brief description about CONTENTS Introduction Principles of panoramic imaging Image layer Panoramic machines Panoramic film Patient positioning Interpreting the panoramic imaging INDICATION Advantages Disadvantages Conclusion References
3. INTRODUCTION • Panoramic imaging also called pantomography is a technique for producing a single tomographic image of facial structures that includes both the maxillary and mandibular dental arches and their supporting structures . • This is a curvilinear variant of conventional tomography.
4. PRINCIPLES OF PANORAMIC IMAGE FORMATION • Patero and Numata - describe the principles of panoramic radiography • based on the principle of reciprocal movement of x-ray source and an image receptor around a central point or plane called the image layer, in which the OBJECT of image is located. • OBJECT in front or behind this image are not clearly captured because of their movement relative to the centre of rotation of the receptor and the x-ray source.
5. The film and x-ray tubehead move around the patient in opposite directions in panoramic radiography
6. ROTATION CENTER The pivotal point or axis around which the cassette carrier and tube head rotate is termed rotation center Three basic rotation center used in panoramic radiography Double centre rotation Triple centre rotation moving centre rotation The location and number of rotational centers INFLUENCE size and shape of focal trough
7. IMAGE LAYER • Also known as focal trough • It is a three dimensional curved zone where the structures lying within this layer are reasonably well defined on final panoramic image. • The structures seen on a panoramic image are primarily those located within image layer. • OBJECTSoutside the image layer are blurred magnified are reduced in size. Even distorted to the extent of not being recognizable. • This shape of image layer varies with the brand of equipment used.
8. FOCAL TROUGH
9. FACTORS AFFECTING SIZE OF IMAGE LAYER: Arc path Velocity of receptor and X-ray tube head Alignment of x-ray beam Collimator width The location of image layer change with extensive machine used so recalibration may be necessary if consistently suboptimal images are produced. As a position of object is moved within the image layer size and shape of image layer change.
10. PANORAMIC UNIT
11. A, Orthophos XG Plus extraoral x-ray machine. B, Orthoralix 8500 extraoral x-ray machine. C, Example of a digital panoramic system
12. PARTS OF PANORAMIC UNITS a. x-ray tube head b. head positioner: chin rest notched bite block forehead rest lateral head support c. exposure controls
13. X-RAY TUBE HEAD: • Similar to intraoral x-ray tube head • Each has a filament to produce electrons and a target to produce x-rays • Collimator is a lead plate with narrow vertical slit • Narrow x-ray beam emerges from collimator minimize patient exposure to radiation
1
Bisecting angle vs paralleling technique /orthodontic courses by Indian denta...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
brief description about CONTENTS Introduction Principles of panoramic imaging Image layer Panoramic machines Panoramic film Patient positioning Interpreting the panoramic imaging INDICATION Advantages Disadvantages Conclusion References
3. INTRODUCTION • Panoramic imaging also called pantomography is a technique for producing a single tomographic image of facial structures that includes both the maxillary and mandibular dental arches and their supporting structures . • This is a curvilinear variant of conventional tomography.
4. PRINCIPLES OF PANORAMIC IMAGE FORMATION • Patero and Numata - describe the principles of panoramic radiography • based on the principle of reciprocal movement of x-ray source and an image receptor around a central point or plane called the image layer, in which the OBJECT of image is located. • OBJECT in front or behind this image are not clearly captured because of their movement relative to the centre of rotation of the receptor and the x-ray source.
5. The film and x-ray tubehead move around the patient in opposite directions in panoramic radiography
6. ROTATION CENTER The pivotal point or axis around which the cassette carrier and tube head rotate is termed rotation center Three basic rotation center used in panoramic radiography Double centre rotation Triple centre rotation moving centre rotation The location and number of rotational centers INFLUENCE size and shape of focal trough
7. IMAGE LAYER • Also known as focal trough • It is a three dimensional curved zone where the structures lying within this layer are reasonably well defined on final panoramic image. • The structures seen on a panoramic image are primarily those located within image layer. • OBJECTSoutside the image layer are blurred magnified are reduced in size. Even distorted to the extent of not being recognizable. • This shape of image layer varies with the brand of equipment used.
8. FOCAL TROUGH
9. FACTORS AFFECTING SIZE OF IMAGE LAYER: Arc path Velocity of receptor and X-ray tube head Alignment of x-ray beam Collimator width The location of image layer change with extensive machine used so recalibration may be necessary if consistently suboptimal images are produced. As a position of object is moved within the image layer size and shape of image layer change.
10. PANORAMIC UNIT
11. A, Orthophos XG Plus extraoral x-ray machine. B, Orthoralix 8500 extraoral x-ray machine. C, Example of a digital panoramic system
12. PARTS OF PANORAMIC UNITS a. x-ray tube head b. head positioner: chin rest notched bite block forehead rest lateral head support c. exposure controls
13. X-RAY TUBE HEAD: • Similar to intraoral x-ray tube head • Each has a filament to produce electrons and a target to produce x-rays • Collimator is a lead plate with narrow vertical slit • Narrow x-ray beam emerges from collimator minimize patient exposure to radiation
1
Designing in removable partial dentures /certified fixed orthodontic courses ...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Relining and rebasing in complete dentures / Labial orthodontics coursesIndian dental academy
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
a short presentation on the biomechanics in Removable Partial Denture.... a very important topic to be understood completely for easy designing of cast framework and also to know the problems in already treated conditions
Lab procedures in complete denture prosthodontics /certified fixed orthodonti...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
X ray films.pptxThe system measure deflection of a laser beam from a re...NISHANT KUMAR
A Film holder is a device to hold the film which allow easy and predictable alignment of the X- ray tube.
Three types of film holders:
Uncoupled positioning devices consisting of intraoral film holders, but no aiming devices;
Semi rigidly coupled devices that have intra oral film holders and attached aiming rods with or without aiming rings;
Rigidly coupled positioning devices where the intra oral film holder, beam aiming devices, and x-ray cone are all physically connected.
hemostat with rubber biteblock held the film and a long metal rod .
1951: The snap a ray instrument was developed.
1962: The precision X-ray instrument was introduced.
1967: Rinn instruments for use with bisecting angle technique
1968 : for use with the parallel technique.
1987: Cephalometric unit was used for the stabilization of the patient.
1993: Kwik bite and Intrax devices uses for orthodontic purposes. And Rinn xcp bitewing device was also used.
1996: Electronically Guided Alignment Device (EGAD) system was introduced. With this system a custom made occlusal biteblock held an aluminium wedge.
The system measure deflection of a laser
beam from a refernce mirror attached to a
bracket bonded to the patient’s mirrorIntensifying screens are image receptor system used in combination with x ray film for all extra oral radiographic procedures such as OPG , ceph and skull radiography
Types- Depending on light emitted
Blue emitting visible light
Green emitting visible light
Consist of light sensitive phosphor crystals suspended in plastic material
When the phosphors are struck by x ray photons they emit visible light that exposes the xray film.
Most frequently used- calcium tungstate – Blue visible light
Rare earth element-
Advantages-
4 x more efficient
Green emission spectrum
hich allow easy and predictable alignment of the X- ray tube.
Three types of film holders:
Uncoupled positioning devices consisting of intraoral film holders, but no aiming devices;
Semi rigidly coupled devices that have intra oral film holders and attached aiming rods with or without aiming rings;
Rigidly coupled positioning devices where the intra oral film holder, beam aiming devices, and x-ray cone are all physically connected.
hemostat with rubber biteblock held the film and a long metal rod .
1951: The snap a ray instrument was developed.
1962: The precision X-ray instrument was introduced.
1967: Rinn instruments for use with bisecting angle technique
1968 : for use with the parallel technique.
1987: Cephalometric unit was used for the stabilization of the patient.
1993: Kwik bite and Intrax devices uses for orthodontic purposes. And Rinn xcp bitewing device was also used.
1996: Electronically Guided Alignment Device (EGAD) system was introduced. With this system a custom made occlusal biteblock held an aluminium wedge.
The system measure deflection of a laser
beam from a refernce mirror attached to a
bracket bonded to the patie
Image receptors & accessories/certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian d...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
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Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
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- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
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These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
5. • Boxes of extra-oral films may contain
different quantities either 25, 50 or 100 films.
• Each film lies between two pieces of
protective paper to separate films from each
other.
• The entire group of films is wrapped in lead
foil for protection.
• Boxes of extra-oral films are labeled with the
type of film , film size , the total number of films
enclosed and expiration date.
6. Screen films: Non-screen films
The majority of extra-oral films
they are placed between two special
intensifying screens, and all are kept in a
cassette.
They are more sensitive to fluorescent
light
They don't require intensifying screens
for exposure.
They are exposed directly to X-rays.
7. Films for skull views Films for panoramic views
5×7 inches (13×18 cm)
8×10 inches (20×26 cm).. the most
commonly used
6.5×8.5 inches
10×12 inches
5×12 inches (13×30 cm)
6×12 inches (15×30 cm) the most
commonly used
9. o Evaluation of growth and development.
o Examination of multiple impacted teeth.
o Examination of TMJ, Maxillary Sinus, and
trauma.
o Detect pathology in the jaws.
o Detect the complete extent of a large
lesion.
o Used as alternative to intra-oral films in
case of severe gagging ,trismus and
A.Skull views
10. B.Panoramic viewso In case of impacted teeth ,
implants and dentures
o Fractures
o Orthodontics treatment
o Shows cysts , tumors and any
pathology of the jaws .
o Shows sinuses and floor of
the nose.
oEvaluation of carotid arteries
calcifications.
Hemimandibulectomy
11. It is a device that converts X-rays to visible light.
It intensifies the effect of the X-ray photons by producing a
larger number of light photons.
serves as a mechanical support for
the phosphor layer.
intercepts light headed in other
direction and redirects it to the
film.
absorbs the X-ray photon and
convert it to visible light that is
recorded by the film.
makes the screen resistant to
abrasion and damage caused by
handling.
13. Contents of a Cassette
Cassette front: made of plastic,
aluminum or carbon fibers to
allows more rays to passand thus
reducing patient exposure.
Two intensifying screens.
The screen film.
Felt padding: to assure intimate
and even contact between film &
screens.
Cassette back: made of lead.
15. Emulsion of extra-oral screen films which are made of silver halide is
designed to be more sensitive to light rather than x-ray photons.
No embossed dot found on the surface facing the X-ray as in intraoral
films. Because, they are used in cassettes that have letter R or L made of
lead on exposure side of the cassettes.
16. STANDARD SILVER HALIDE emulsion is sensitive to → Blue
light.
MODIFIED SILVER HALIDE emulsion with U.V sensitizers is
sensitive to → Ultraviolet light
ORTHOCHROMATIC emulsion is sensitive to → Green light
this is faster two times and has better clarity of most diagnostic tasks,
so they are the most commonly used extra-oral films in panoramic
and cephalometric radiography.
PANCHROMATIC emulsion is sensitive to → Red light.
Different emulsions are sensitive to
different colors: