This document provides information on safety practices and equipment for circular saws and routers. It discusses hazards associated with these machines and risk control measures. Specific topics covered include circular saw machine maintenance, saw blade terminology such as hook angle and tooth configuration, riving knife specifications, and table slot dimensions. The notes were prepared by Mr. Joseph Lyster for his WT4603 Wood Processing Safety & Practice course at UL and are available online.

1. WT4603Wood Processing Safety & PracticeAutumn 2011Lecture Unit 4(Week 5) Circular Saws, Routers & Effective Poster Design

2. Lecturer: Mr. Joseph Lyster

3. joseph.lyster@ul.ie

4. Notes prepared by: Mr. Joseph Lyster

5. Notes available on www.slideshare.net/WT4603Circular Sawing Machine NOTE Circular sawing machines are high risk woodworking machinery Pupils should not be permitted to use this machine. BS 4163:2000 The machine should be included in a planned maintenance program that should include electrical safety tests.Read Circular Sawing Machines (Week 6 Notes)WT4603Department of Manufacturing & Operations Engineering

6. WT4603HazardsOperators should be aware of the following hazards.The work piece can become jammed in the circular sawing machine or can kick back.Hands or fingers can come into contact with the blade.Wood dust can be inhaled.Noise can cause permanent hearing damage.Inadvertent starting of the machine can present a hazard.Department of Manufacturing & Operations Engineering

7. Risk control measuresIt is essential that the machine be provided with:A means of electrical isolation using a fused switch-disconnector on or adjacent to the machine, and that it is controlled by a starter incorporating overload protection and no-volt releaseA conveniently positioned, mushroom-headed stop button or suitable other control device that can quickly stop the machine in an emergencyWT4603Department of Manufacturing & Operations Engineering

8. Risk control measuresFixed guards (removable only with the use of a tool), or alternatively interlocked guards that encloses the drive mechanisms.It should be possible to lock the machine to off when not in use, if a locking device is not incorporated in the machine.There should be sufficient space around the saw bench so that the timber can be handled safely. The floor of the work area should be level. The floor surface should be kept free from loose material and should be non-slippery.WT4603Department of Manufacturing & Operations Engineering

9. WT4603Saw Blade TerminologyHook AngleEdge ClearancePitchGulletPlate TensionRiving KnifeTable SlotGuardsFenceDepartment of Manufacturing & Operations Engineering

10. WT4603Hook AngleDepartment of Manufacturing & Operations Engineering

11. WT4603Hook AngleOn most saw blades, the tooth faces are tipped either toward or away from the direction of rotation of the blade, rather than being perfectly in line with the centre of the blade. Hook angle is the angle formed between the tooth face and a line drawn from the centre of the blade across the tip of the tooth. On a blade with a positive hook angle, the teeth are tipped toward the direction of the blade's rotation. A negative hook angle means that teeth tip away from the direction of rotation, and a zero degree hook angle means that the teeth are in line with the centre of the blade.Department of Manufacturing & Operations Engineering

12. WT4603Hook AnglePositive Hook AngleDepartment of Manufacturing & Operations Engineering

13. WT4603Hook AngleZero Hook AngleDepartment of Manufacturing & Operations Engineering

14. Hook AngleWT4603 In both Rip and Cross-cutting saws the Hook angle determinesThe feel of the cutThe quality of the finishThe power consumedDepartment of Manufacturing & Operations Engineering

15. Hook AngleWT4603The approach angle of the saw varies according to the relative position of the tooth in the downward cutting arc.This angle alters from the top plane of the timber where the tooth top makes first contact to compress the timber before the tooth point engages, to a plane where the tooth angle and the timber face are parallel.Department of Manufacturing & Operations Engineering

16. WT4603Hook AngleThe amount of Hook determines the degree to which the tooth will drive into the timber during the cut.The effect is of the timber being drawn forward.The greater the hook angle the greater this tendency. Too great of a hook angle will result inHarsh cutTearingPoor finishLess rigid toothVibration.Department of Manufacturing & Operations Engineering

17. Hook AngleA blade with high positive hook angle (+20°) will have a very aggressive cut and a fast feed rate. A low or negative hook angle will slow the feed rate and will also inhibit the blade's tendency to "climb" the material being cut. A blade for ripping wood on a table saw will generally have a high hook angle, where an aggressive, fast cut is usually what you want. Radial arms saws and sliding compound mitre saws, on the other hand, require a blade with a very low or negative hook angle, to inhibit overly fast feed rate, binding, and the blade's tendency to try to "climb" the materialWT4603Department of Manufacturing & Operations Engineering

18. Tooth ConfigurationThe shape of the saw blade tooth and the way the teeth are grouped also affect the way the blade cuts. The configuration of the teeth on a saw blade has a lot to do with whether the blade will work best for ripping, crosscutting, or laminates. Of course, no matter which tooth design you're looking at, more teeth will give you a smoother cut than fewer teeth.WT4603Department of Manufacturing & Operations Engineering

19. WT4603Tooth Configuration A ripping blade will have a Flat Top Grind (FTG) for fast cutting with the grain.Department of Manufacturing & Operations Engineering

20. WT4603Tooth Configuration A cross cut blade will do the best job with an Alternating Top Bevel (ATB), cutting across the grain like a knife and producing a very smooth cut.Department of Manufacturing & Operations Engineering

21. WT4603Tooth Configuration A blade with Triple Chip Grind (TCG) is good for all-purpose cutting and also gives you a very clean cut. TCG blades are also good for cutting non-ferrous metals and plastics.Department of Manufacturing & Operations Engineering

22. WT4603Tooth ConfigurationDepartment of Manufacturing & Operations Engineering

23. Tooth ConfigurationIn general, blades with more teeth yield a smoother cut, and blades with fewer teeth move material faster.A 250mm blade designed for ripping wood can have as few as 24 teeth, and is designed to quickly move material along the length of the grain. A rip blade isn't designed to yield a mirror-smooth cut, but a good rip blade will move through wood with little effort and leave a clean cut with a minimum of scoring.WT4603Department of Manufacturing & Operations Engineering

24. Tooth ConfigurationWT4603A crosscut blade is designed to give a smooth cut across the grain of the wood, without any splintering or tearing of the material.A crosscut blade will usually have from 60 to 80 teeth. More teeth mean that each tooth has to cut less material. The result is a cleaner cut on edges and a smoother cut surface. With a top-quality crosscut blade, the cut surface will appear polished.Department of Manufacturing & Operations Engineering

25. WT4603GulletThe gullet is the space cut away from the blade plate in front of each tooth to allow for chip removal. In a ripping operation, the feed rate is faster than in crosscutting and the chip size is bigger, so the gullet needs to be deep enough to make room for the large amount of material it has to handle. In a crosscutting blade the chips are smaller and fewer per tooth, so the gullet is much smaller. The gullets on some crosscutting blades are purposely sized small to inhibit a too-fast feed rate, which can be a problem, especially on radial arm and sliding mitre saws. Department of Manufacturing & Operations Engineering

26. GulletWT4603The gullets of a combination blade are designed to handle both ripping and crosscutting. The large gullets between the groups of teeth help clear out the larger amounts of material generated in ripping. The smaller gullets between the grouped teeth inhibit a too-fast feed rate in crosscuttingDepartment of Manufacturing & Operations Engineering

27. Riving KnifeWT4603 The riving knife must be tapered at its leading edge Note : The thickness of the riving knife is to be approx. 10% thicker than the plate of the saw blade but must be less than the saw kerf “B”.Department of Manufacturing & Operations Engineering

28. WT4603Riving Knife Riving knife should not be set higher than the highest point of the saw bladeDepartment of Manufacturing & Operations Engineering

29. WT4603Riving Knife Max and min distances between saw blade and riving knife. Distances are measured in a radial directionDepartment of Manufacturing & Operations Engineering

30. WT4603Riving Knife Max and min distances between saw blade and riving knife. Distances are measured in a radial directionDepartment of Manufacturing & Operations Engineering

31. WT4603Riving Knife Shaded area can be included in the riving knife profile Example 2 reduces the Ø of blade that can be fitted to the machine and has a weak pointDepartment of Manufacturing & Operations Engineering

32. WT4603Riving Knife When viewed in the direction of the blade edge the riving knife should not be visible to the operator.Department of Manufacturing & Operations Engineering

33. WT4603Table Slot Table slot width max. and min. measurements for saw blade ranges. Min. and max. measurements for distance from blade face to edge of table slot. Department of Manufacturing & Operations Engineering

34. WT4603Table Slot Max. distance between saw blade and front edge of table slot. (Blade raised to highest level)Department of Manufacturing & Operations Engineering

35. WT4603Table Slot Max. distance between saw blade and front edge of table slot on machine with a scoring blade. (Blade raised to highest level)Department of Manufacturing & Operations Engineering

36. ClearanceWT4603 The supporting body of the cutting tip is ‘relieved’ or ground back (X) so that only the cutting edge itself makes work contact. For any machine cutting tool to work efficiently, only the cutting edge of the tool should be making contact with the work.Department of Manufacturing & Operations Engineering

37. ClearanceWork clearance must be provided.The saw tooth provides this clearance.The ‘Kerf’ produced by the teeth must be wider than the supporting saw plate.Steel saws had the kerf formed by bending or ‘setting’ alternate teeth laterally.With tipped saws the tips are wider than the saw plate and thus create the clearance.Clearance or relief bevels are ground on the sides and the top of each tooth.WT4603Department of Manufacturing & Operations Engineering

38. Plate TensionA flat disc will remain flat and true if turned at a slow speed.When variable stresses are created on this disc due to:Braking effect of sawingHeating effect of frictionOutward pull of centrifugal forcethe outer rim area of the disc will expand.If the whole area of the disc can expand at the same rate the disc will remain flat and true.This does not happen with a saw blade.The central region of the blade is clamped between the collars and does not expand.WT4603Department of Manufacturing & Operations Engineering

39. Plate TensionOnly the teeth of the saw blade should make contact with the work and a portion of the energy expended in cutting will unavoidably be converted to heat.The periphery of the blade will therefore tend to warm up more quickly than the main plate body.This will cause the periphery of the blade to expand.If this is not taken into account the blade will distort.To prevent this saw blades are ‘tensioned’ during the manufacturing stage.Rim speed will determine the amount of tension required in a particular saw blade.Thinner saw blades require greater tension.Faster saws require more tension.WT4603Department of Manufacturing & Operations Engineering

40. Plate TensionTraditionally this was done by highly skilled labour but modern saw manufacturers use machine operated rollers to achieve a faster more uniform result.This within limits allows the plate to expand uniformly in uneven temperature gradients.A blade which has lost its tension will be seen to be throwing from side to side.This is most noticeable as the blade slows down after the machine is switched off.If this is the case the blade should be removed and sent for servicing.This can be reduced by cooling the blade tip while in operation by packing.WT4603Department of Manufacturing & Operations Engineering

41. Plate TensionTC tipped blades have an extremely long life and to assist the tension factor, slots are incorporated around the edge of the blade.These allow a degree of individual expansion between segments on the plate edge.They also break up harmonic frequencies, which build up during the sawing process.WT4603Department of Manufacturing & Operations Engineering

42. Top GuardCovers the top edge of the saw blade.Deflects waste.Prevents accidental contact with the uppermost teeth of the blade.It can also limit the effects of material rejection. WT4603Department of Manufacturing & Operations Engineering

43. WT4603Top GuardDepartment of Manufacturing & Operations Engineering

44. WT4603Blade GuardBlade guard that completely encloses the blade Department of Manufacturing & Operations Engineering

45. WT4603Blade GuardGuard not connected to riving knifeGuard has lead in at the frontDust extraction integrated in the guardDepartment of Manufacturing & Operations Engineering

46. FenceWT4603Department of Manufacturing & Operations Engineering

47. FenceWT4603Department of Manufacturing & Operations Engineering

48. WT4603FenceDepartment of Manufacturing & Operations Engineering

49. WT4603Circular Sawing MachinesScoring blade rotates in the opposite direction to the saw bladeScoring blade cuts on the up stroke of the cut to ensure a clean cut is produced on the underside of the panelDepartment of Manufacturing & Operations Engineering

50. WT4603Circular Sawing Machines Work being fed into the blade Blade rotates clockwise (Guarding not shown)Department of Manufacturing & Operations Engineering

51. Circular Sawing MachinesWT4603Top surface – fibres being compressedBottom surface – fibres being ripped outWill damage the under side of the materialDepartment of Manufacturing & Operations Engineering

52. WT4603Circular Sawing MachinesTop cutting “into the wood”Bottom “cutting out of the wood”Department of Manufacturing & Operations Engineering

53. WT4603Circular Sawing Machines Scoring blade introduced Will make an initial shallow cut before the larger saw blade will cut the materialDepartment of Manufacturing & Operations Engineering

54. WT4603Circular Sawing Machines In this diagram the scoring blade rotates in the same direction as the saw blade Is this blade still cutting “out of the wood” on the underside ?Department of Manufacturing & Operations Engineering

55. WT4603Circular Sawing Machines Here the scoring blade revolves in an anti clockwise direction. As the material passes this blade the cut produced is “into the wood”Department of Manufacturing & Operations Engineering

56. WT4603Circular Sawing MachinesThis can create a hazard as the blade is unguarded and tends to pull the material towards the saw blade

57. Should only be used when crosscutting or ripping sheet material where a clean finished cut is required on both surfaces of the panelDepartment of Manufacturing & Operations Engineering

58. CalculationsWT4603Saw CalculationsRim Speed (P) =  x  x Spindle Speed (R) Where P = Rim SpeedR = Spindle Speed= Diameter in metresUnits = m x 1/min = m/minThis speed is expressed in metres per minute m/minIt is left in this format because spindle speed is expressed in Rev/minDepartment of Manufacturing & Operations Engineering

59. CalculationsProblem 1 A saw blade of  750mm is required to run at a rim speed of 3048m/min Calculate the number of revs per min that will achieve this speed.P =  x  x R P 3048R = ---------- = ----------------- = 1294.3 RPM  x  3.142 x .750 WT4603Department of Manufacturing & Operations Engineering

60. CalculationsWT4603Problem 2A circular saw has a motor that revolves at 1500 Rev/minThe  of the blade is 720mm.Calculate the rim speed for the blade.Department of Manufacturing & Operations Engineering

61. WT4603Saw PartsGuardFenceBladeRiving KnifeIn feed tableOut feed tableStart / StopFoot stopDepartment of Manufacturing & Operations Engineering

62. WT4603Blade GuardDepartment of Manufacturing & Operations Engineering

63. WT4603Blade GuardDepartment of Manufacturing & Operations Engineering

64. WT4603Blade GuardDepartment of Manufacturing & Operations Engineering

65. WT4603Blade GuardDepartment of Manufacturing & Operations Engineering

66. WT4603FenceMust be parallel to the saw bladeClamping mechanismcam screw lockSliding fenceHorizontal positionVertical positionDepartment of Manufacturing & Operations Engineering

67. WT4603Fence (Horizontal Position)Department of Manufacturing & Operations Engineering

68. WT4603Fence Position for cross-cuttingDepartment of Manufacturing & Operations Engineering

69. WT4603Fence (Vertical Position)Department of Manufacturing & Operations Engineering

70. WT4603Fence position for cross-cuttingDepartment of Manufacturing & Operations Engineering

71. WT4603Fence position for cross-cuttingDepartment of Manufacturing & Operations Engineering

72. WT4603Incorrect settingDepartment of Manufacturing & Operations Engineering

73. WT4603Incorrect settingMaterial once cut is positioned between the rotating blade and the fixed fence

74. When the piece is moved by operator or vibration it will contact the moving blade and get ejected

75. This will result in possible injury to the operator, damage to the blade and damage to the materialDepartment of Manufacturing & Operations Engineering

76. WT4603Riving KnifeDepartment of Manufacturing & Operations Engineering

77. WT4603In feed tableDepartment of Manufacturing & Operations Engineering

78. WT4603In feed tableDepartment of Manufacturing & Operations Engineering

79. WT4603Out feed tableDepartment of Manufacturing & Operations Engineering

80. WT4603Start / StopDepartment of Manufacturing & Operations Engineering

81. WT4603Foot StopDepartment of Manufacturing & Operations Engineering

82. WT4603Department of Manufacturing & Operations Engineering

83. WT4603RECAPDepartment of Manufacturing & Operations Engineering

84. WT4603Department of Manufacturing & Operations Engineering

85. WT4603Department of Manufacturing & Operations Engineering

86. WT4603Department of Manufacturing & Operations Engineering

87. WT4603Department of Manufacturing & Operations Engineering

88. WT4603Department of Manufacturing & Operations Engineering

89. WT4603Department of Manufacturing & Operations Engineering

90. WT4603Department of Manufacturing & Operations Engineering

91. WT4603Cutter selection & feed directionDepartment of Manufacturing & Operations Engineering

92. WT4603Hand RouterDepartment of Manufacturing & Operations Engineering

93. WT4603Hand RouterCutting groovesCutting rebatesCutting slots and recessesCutting beads or mouldingsCutting dovetailsCutting dovetailed slots and groovesEdge trimmingProfiling (jigs/formers)Department of Manufacturing & Operations Engineering

94. WT4603Hand Router: PowerLarge powerful routers are heavy and can be difficult to handle for light work.Generally in schools the type of work that the router will have to perform will be light to medium work.As a rough guide to classifying routers:400 W to 600W are for light duty 750 W to 1200W are for medium duty 1250 W upwards are for heavy dutyDepartment of Manufacturing & Operations Engineering

95. WT4603Speed Machine speed can range from about 800 to 30000 rpm. Nearly all modern routers have variable speed motors, the setting is by a simple numbered knob showing up to 5 or 6 positions. The required speed will depend upon the size of cutter being used and the material being cut. The appropriate speed setting for any combination will need to be determined by trial and error/experience. The variable speed control should not be in a position where it could inadvertently be changed while routing.Department of Manufacturing & Operations Engineering

96. Hand RouterWT4603Router cutter (bit) is fitted to a collet on the lower end of the motorIt is a direct drive systemMotor sizes can vary from ½ horse power to 3½ horse powerThe bigger the motor the heavier the routerCutter profile will often determine the size of the motor required for the jobDepartment of Manufacturing & Operations Engineering

97. WT4603Hand Router ColletSimple but accurate chuckAttached directly to the bottom of the motor armatureCollet holds the bit so that the motor can make it spinTwo most common size collet are 6mm and 12mm12mm collet will hold a bit with a 12mm shank which is stronger than the 6mmDepartment of Manufacturing & Operations Engineering

98. Hand RouterWT4603The base of the router is what holds the motor in position in relation to the workIt usually incorporates two operating handlesHandles used to control the machineCan be used to lock/release depth plungeCan contain on off switchBase plate of the router is a plastic sole on the bottom of the baseReduces frictional contact with materialDepartment of Manufacturing & Operations Engineering

99. WT4603Hand RouterMotors rated on their horse powerWill also have an amperage ratingDetermines the maximum amount of current the motor can draw in continuous use without overheating and burning outRouters may have the same horsepower rating and different amperage ratinge.g. 1 ½ hp drawing 8 amps 1 ½ hp drawing 10 ampsDepartment of Manufacturing & Operations Engineering

100. Hand RouterWT4603Router motor is of the universal brush type which is primarily used for intermittent, variable speed operationsInduction motors (brushless) are primarily used for long term fixed speed operations such as the circular saw etc.This is the reason why a 1 ½ hp router motor is much smaller than a 1 ½ hp circular saw motorDepartment of Manufacturing & Operations Engineering

101. Cutter SpeedThe router is a high speed cutting machineGenerally it is taken that the higher the speed the smoother the cutHowever if the cutter diameter is increased the peripheral cutter speed increases which can make the machine hard to control and prone to damaging the materialCan also lead to burning of the wood and blunting of the cutting edge WT4603Department of Manufacturing & Operations Engineering

102. ColletLike a drill chuck it is designed to hold a round shank bitThe collet makes almost full contact with the cutter shank unlike the three fingered shank of the drill chuckRouter bit shanks must be sized to match the inside diameter of the colletCollet must hold cutter while revolving at high speedMust also be able to resist side loadingWT4603Department of Manufacturing & Operations Engineering

103. WT4603Feed directionIf you feed a router into a piece of material without using a guide fence or bearing guide you will find that the router will pull to one side.

104. If you push the router into the material from position (A), the router will pull to your left.

105. If you pull the router into the material toward you from position (B), the router will pull to your right.

106. This occurs as the cutter will climb on the material in front of the cutting edge.

107. This motion must be utilised when using guide fences.Department of Manufacturing & Operations Engineering

108. WT4603Feed direction & the fenceTo process a straight housing or trench you can use a straight edge guide (A) or the guide fence that is supplied with the router(B).Department of Manufacturing & Operations Engineering

109. WT4603FFeed direction & the fenceIn the photo the fence is securely clamped in position.

110. The router is being fed in the direction (F).

111. The router will try to pull to the operators left hand side.

112. With the fence clamped on the left of the router, the router will push against it as it is fed into the material.(Green arrows)

113. If the fence were on the right hand side (when viewed from the operators position) of the router, it would pull away from the fence and result in the trench being crocked.Department of Manufacturing & Operations Engineering

114. WT4603The groove is produced as the router is moved forward.

115. Local extraction will remove the bulk of the dust produced.

116. Some may be blown back in the direction of the operator.( )

117. A suitable lab coat will protect the operators clothing.

118. Appropriate dust mask should be used.

119. Feeding the router in the opposite direction will cause any dust to be blown away from the operator.

120. This will require the guide fence to be set up on the right hand side of the router and operator. FFeed direction & the fenceDepartment of Manufacturing & Operations Engineering

121. WT4603Guide fenceGuide fence fixed to the router.Can be fixed from either side.Department of Manufacturing & Operations Engineering

122. WT4603FPUsing the guide fenceWhen feeding the router forward (F) the router will tend to pull to the operators left hand side.The fence should be set on the right hand side of the router.When the cutter engages in the material it will pull to the left as indicated by the green arrow (P) and keep the fence tight against the materials edge.Material should be securely calmped or placed on a non-slip router mat.Department of Manufacturing & Operations Engineering

123. WT4603Profiles can be processed on material using templates.Templates can have the required profile as an internal shape or an external profile.To process the section marked (A)In the photo an internal template can be used to guide the router to produce the profile.Feed direction can be established using the right hand rule.Department of Manufacturing & Operations Engineering

124. WT4603Department of Manufacturing & Operations Engineering

125. WT4603Using the template guide Fit the template guide to the router base plate.Set cutter plunge depth.Place over template at the starting position (A).Switch on the router and then plunge to depth (B).Feed router in a clockwise direction.Department of Manufacturing & Operations Engineering

126. WT4603ROUTER PULLS TO THE LEFTFENCE PULLED TOWARDS WORKPIECEFEEDDIRECTIONRouter Station 1Carry out the following operations:Isolate the router. Select V- groove cutting bit.Fit the bit in the router securely.Set the depth of the cut to 3mm.Machine the profile shown on the drawing using the guide fence. (Note: Guide fence is set. Do not adjust.)Isolate the router.Remove the cutter from the router.Department of Manufacturing & Operations Engineering

127. WT4603Router Station 3Carry out the following operations:Isolate the router.Select Ø 6mm cutting bit.Fit the bit in the router securely.Set the depth of the cut to 5mm.Set the depth turret to machine to a depth of 10mm on the second pass.Fit the guide fence to the router.Set the guide fence to the dimension shown on the drawing.Machine the profile shown on the drawing using the guide fence.Isolate the router.Remove the guide fence and Ø 6mm cutting bit from the router.Department of Manufacturing & Operations Engineering

128. WT4603Router Station 4Carry out the following operations:Isolate the router.Select Ø 12mm cutting bit cutting bit.Fit the bit in the router securely.Fix the template guide to the base of the router.Set material in the template.Set the depth of the cut to 5mm.Set the depth turret to machine to a depth of 10mm on the second pass.Machine the profiles of the template using the template guide.Isolate the router.Remove the template guide and Ø 12mm cutting bit from the router.Department of Manufacturing & Operations Engineering

129. WT4603Designing An Effective PosterDepartment of Manufacturing & Operations Engineering

130. WT4603Function & SizingPosters must present information in a clear and coherent manner for user interpretation

131. Posters vary in size depending on the purpose and space where it must be displayed

132. Posters ranging from sizes A1-A3 are ideal for classroom settings

133. In the case of this assignment you are required to produce an A2 poster

134. It can be configured in either landscape or portrait orientation

135. Student name and ID. must be visible on poster.Department of Manufacturing & Operations Engineering

136. WT4603GraphicsIn this case graphics are to be hand-sketched

137. Graphics must be sketched in proportion to the A2 page with enough room left to present supporting text

138. It is suggested that the largest graphic be placed at the centre of the page

139. Graphics must be sketched neatly using no less than a HB-2B pencil or a pro-marker if so desired.

140. Render appropriately i.e. shading or/and use of colour

141. The use of safety signs, as visible in lab, is also encouraged but must be hand drawn and rendered.Department of Manufacturing & Operations Engineering

142. WT4603TextA poster must be readable from a distance of at least 3-5 metres, therefore the font size of text and size of graphics is very important.

143. Poster text should be produced electronically, unless it can be presented clearly through other means.

144. Hand written text is often ineffective unless technical print text is performed with care, which is also acceptable.

145. The positioning of text is crucial in this poster assignment as you want to make it relevant to machine parts, operational use and health and safety.

146. You may also apply the use of a key legend as a means to linking poster features with user information/activity sheets. Department of Manufacturing & Operations Engineering

147. WT4603ColourDifferent colours have been proven to encourage certain types of behaviour, for example:

148. Blue = Mandatory/Information

149. Green = Safe/Perform Action

150. Red = Prohibition/Do Not Perform Action

151. Yellow/Orange = Danger/Warning/Caution

152. The specific use of colours should be evident in the design of your safety postersDepartment of Manufacturing & Operations Engineering

153. WT4603Background Safety posters are primarily information posters so the use of colours such as blue should draw the user’s attention to the information given.

154. In the case of this poster assignment it is suggested that blue is used appropriately, but not for the entire background…as this will waste ink and prove costly in terms of printing.

155. It is suggested that a clear-white background be used with text information being presented in different colours, in particular instructional information (blue)Department of Manufacturing & Operations Engineering

156. WT4603LayoutSimilar to graphics, it is important that all items are arranged effectively on the poster.

157. People tend naturally to view poster items in a clockwise manner unless there is a clear distinction of items on a given poster i.e. number sequence, separation of text and images/graphics, headings, sub-headings etc…

158. This poster is pre-dominantly for classroom use for ages ranging from 13-18yrs of age, therefore a safety posters for any machine should be arrange in a simple and easy to follow mannerDepartment of Manufacturing & Operations Engineering

159. WT4603Methods of Producing a PosterProduced by HandAll features/items produced by hand using pencils, pro-markers, etc…

160. Cut out/Stick on items are also a viable option, including printed text if so desired. Produced ElectronicallyUse of electronic pro-sketch/ 3-D parametric modelling packages to produced items

161. Text applied electronically through use of word/powerpoint/adobe photoshop of A2 configuration Produced Using a Combination of Hand/ElectronicSketched images are scanned into word/powerpoint/adobe of A2 configuration

162. Text applied electronically

163. Items arranged electronicallyDepartment of Manufacturing & Operations Engineering

164. WT4603Example of Simple and Effective Poster Produced by Mr. Brendan Scally 08/09Department of Manufacturing & Operations Engineering