This lesson is all about Cause and effect, Comparison and Contrast, and the Analogy.

1. Writing in the Discipline
Reported by: Richelle R. Capin
Course: I- BS in Information Technology

2. Cause and Effect

3. Cause and Effect
Nothing happens without a reason or
without some kind of consequence.
When you explain why things happen and
what occurs when they do, the technique
you use is called cause and effect.

4. Cause is why something happened.
Effect is the result of what happened.
Because effects always have causes and causes always lead to
effects, we rarely see one without the other.

5. Example
CAUSE
The little boy played
hard all day without a
nap.
Mom was in the
kitchen cooking all
afternoon.
Nancy studied all
weekend for her
math test.
EFFECT
The little boy went to
bed early.
The family enjoyed a
delicious meal for
dinner.
Nancy earned an A
on the test.

6. CAUSE
The little boy played
hard all day without a
nap.
Mom was in the
kitchen cooking all
afternoon.
Nancy studied all
weekend for her math
test.
EFFECT
therefore, the little
boy went to bed early.
thus, the family
enjoyed a delicious
meal for dinner.
as a result, Nancy
earned an A on the
test.

7. Helping Words for Cause
 Because…
 Since…
 Cause..
 Reason..
 So that
 Unless..
 The main reason…

8. Helping Words for Effect
 As a result of
 If
 Consequently
 Effect
 Therefore
 Thus

9. Notes!
Conjunctions such as therefore, consequently, as a
result, and for this reason are usually followed by a
comma.
 The weather was cold; therefore, Sally closed the
window.
 The weather was cold. Consequently, Sally put on her
scarf.
 A blizzard hit the town. As a result, the schools were
closed.

10. Notes!
The adverbial clause conjunctions since and because are
exceptions.
These are attached directly at the beginning of CAUSE-
sentence without a comma.
 Because the weather outside was cold, Sally closed the
window.
 Since it was so chilly outside, Benjamin built up a big fire
in his fireplace.

11. Notes!
The coordinating conjunction so is also different the one
above.
 The weather was warm, so Jim turned on the air
conditioner.
 The weather was warm. So Jim turned on the air
conditioner.

12. Other Example
It got dark because the sun went down.

13. My sister was scared of the mouse, so she yelled for help.

14. Comparison and Contrast

15. Comparison and Contrast
Compare and contrast pertaining to a
written exercise about the similarities and
differences between two or more people,
places, or things.
Example: Time in Philippines is similar
to time in Beijing China.

16. Helping Words for Comparison and Contrast
 and
 Although
 even though
 though
 while
 whereas
 however
 on the other hand
 But
 yet

17. Example
Coordinators can join sentences and begin sentences.
 Kim likes heavy metal, but Tom prefers classical music.
 Kim likes heavy metal. But Tom prefers classical music.
Subordinators join dependent clauses to sentences.
 While Kim likes prime rib, Tom prefers rice and vegetables.
 Kim likes prime rib while Tom prefers rice and vegetables.

18. Transition words do not join sentences;
Kim and Tom have different tastes in music and
food; however, they both like to dance.
Kim and Tom have different tastes in music and
food. However, they both like to dance.

19. Analogy

20. Analogy
An analogy is a kind of comparison that explains
the unknown in terms of the known, the unfamiliar
in terms of the familiar.
Analogy can be used with other methods of
development to explain a process, define a
concept, narrate an event, or describe a person or
place.

21. Example
My love is as vast as an ocean.
Life is like a race. The one who keeps running
wins the race and the one who stops to catch
a breath loses.
Just a sword is the weapon of a
warrior; a pen is the weapon of a writer.