This document discusses speech and oral communication. It provides a diagram labeling the speech-producing mechanism and its parts. It then covers phonetics and phonetic transcription. It discusses the smallest units of speech (phonemes, syllables, words), types of sounds (vowels, consonants, diphthongs), and how consonants can be classified based on manner of articulation (plosive, fricative, nasal, etc.). It also addresses oral communication, public speaking, literature in the Philippines during different time periods, and literary forms.

1. LET REVIEW
2016
Prepared by:
Ms. Rona Relojo - dela Rosa

2. SPEECH AND ORAL
COMMUNICATION

3. Speech-Producing Mechanism

4. LL Lips
TT Teeth
TR Alveolar / teeth ridge, convex part of the
mouth, immediately behind the teeth
H Hard palate, concave part of the roof of the
mouth
S Softpalatein lowered position

5. U Uvula, the loose hanging end of the soft palate
P Pharynx
BL Blade of the tongue, including the tip, the part
opposite the teeth ridge
F Frontofthetongue, the part opposite the hard
palate
B Backofthetongue, the part opposite the soft palate

6. E Epiglottis; this is drawn over the windpipe
when swallowing
W Windpipe
FP Foodpassage
V Vocal cords or vocal lips
Larynx The upper extremity of the windpipe
(Adam’s apple) which contains and protects
the vocal cords

7. The smallest unit of speech sound is called a
phoneme.
One or more phonemes combine to form a
syllable.
One or more syllables combine to form a word.
Phonemes can be divided into two groups:
vowels and consonants.

8. Vowels are always voiced. Consonants may be voiced
or unvoiced.
A diphthong is a combination of two or more vowels
into one phoneme.
Consonants may be classified according to their
manner of
articulation as plosive, fricative, nasal, liquid, and
semivowel.

9. a) A phoneme is the smallest structural
unit in speech that distinguishes
meaning. An example of a phoneme is
the /t/ sound in the words “tip,” “stand,”
“water,” and “cat.”

10. b) A syllable is a unit of organization for a
sequence of speech sounds. These are
considered the phonological “building
blocks” of words. A word that consists of a
single syllable (like “cat”) is called a
monosyllable.

11. c) A word is a unit of language that
carries meaning and consists of one or
more morphemes. Typically a word will
consist of a root or stem and zero or
more affixes.

12. morpheme—is the smallest linguistic unit that has
semantic meaning. For example, the word
“unbreakable” has three morphemes: un- (meaning
“not”), -break-, and -able.
affixes—is a morpheme that is attached to a root to
form a word like the prefix un- and the suffix –able
in “unbreakable.”

13. d) A vowel is a sound in spoken language
that is characterized by an open
configuration of the vocal tract so that there
is no build-up of air pressure above the
glottis. A vowel is also understood to be
syllabic and is usually voiced.

14. e) A consonant is a sound that is
characterized by a constriction or
complete/partial closure at one or more
points along the vocal tract.

15. g.) A diphthong is a monosyllabic vowel
combination involving a quick but smooth
movement or glide from one vowel to
another, often interpreted by listeners as a
single phoneme.

16. PLACE
OF
ARTICULATION

19. Dental consonants occur
when you block airflow by
placing your tongue against
your upper teeth.
/θ/ as is "thick" and "bath"
/ð/ as in "the" and "rather"

20. Alveolar consonants are created
when you raise your tongue to the
alveolar ridge so as to block
airflow.
/n/ as in "no" and "man"
/t/ as in "tab" and "rat"
/d/ as in "dip" and "bad"
/s/ as in "suit" and "bus"
/z/ as in "zit" and "jazz"
/l/ as in "luck" and "fully"

21. post-alveolar consonants are those
that occur when the tongue blocks
airflow at the point just beyond the
alveolar ridge.
/ʃ/ as in "shoot" or "brash"
/ʒ/ as in "vision" or "measure"
/tʃ/ as in "chick" or "match"
/dʒ/ as in "jam" or "badge"

22. Palatal consonants
when you raise the tongue
to this point so as to block
airflow.
English has only one palatal
consonant:
/j/ as in "yes" and "bayou"

23. Velar Consonants are created
when you raise the back of your
tongue to the velum so as to block
airflow.
/ŋ/ as in "going" and "uncle"
/k/ as in "kite" and "back"
/g/ as in "good" and "bug"
/w/ as in "wet" and "howard"

24. Glottal consonants aren't really
consonants; they just play
consonant roles in the
language.
/h/ as in "hi" and
"Bahamas". You're not really
blocking airflow for this /h/
sound, you're just sort of
exhaling a little bit harder.

26. Manner
of
Articulation

27. 1.) A plosive (or stop) is a consonant
sound produced by stopping the
airflow in the vocal tract as in /b/.

28. 2. ) A fricative is a consonant sound
produced by forcing air through a
narrow channel made by placing
two articulators
close together.

29. 3.) A sibilant is a type of fricative or
affricate consonant made by directing a
jet of air through a narrow channel in
the vocal tract towards the sharp edge
of the teeth as in /s/.

30. 4. ) A nasal is produced when the velum—
that fleshy part of the
palate near the back—is lowered, allowing
air to escape
freely through the nose instead of the
mouth as it is blocked
by the tongue, as in /m/.

31. 5.) A liquid is a consonant sound
that is intermediate between vowels
and typical consonants and
includes approximants and
laterals.

32. 6.) A semivowel (also known as a
glide) is a non-syllabic vowel that
form diphthongs with full syllabic
vowels like the
approximants /w/ and /y/.

34. Phonetics is the study of sounds.
With phonetictranscriptions,
dictionaries tell you about the
pronunciation of words.

35. IPA ASCII Examples
@ cat, black
e met, bed
i: see, heat
i hit, sitting
Front Vowels

36. a: arm, father
o: call, four
o hot, rock
u: blue, food
u put, could
Back Vowels

37. Central Vowels
^ cup, luck
.. away, cinema
e:(r) turn, learn

38. ai five, eye
ei say, eight
oi boy, join
i..(r) near, here
e..(r) where, air
u..(r) pure, tourist
Ou go, home
au now, out
Diphthongs

39. b bad, lab
p pet, map
t tea, getting
d did, lady
k cat, back
g give, flag
Plosives

40. f find, if
v voice, five
th think, both
TH this, mother
Fricatives

41. m man, lemon
n no, ten
N sing, finger
Nasals

42. s sun, miss
S she, crash
z zoo, lazy
Z pleasure,
vision
h how, hello
Sibilants

43. tS check, church
dZ just, large
Affricates

44. r red, try
w wet, window
j yes, yellow
Approximants

45. l leg, little
Laterals

46. Suprasegmental
Phonemes

47. STRESS
> degree of prominence a syllable has.
> For individual words, three stress phonemes
are significant.
primary stress, mid stress, weak stress

48. PITCH LEVELS
> It is relative.
> combine into patterns to make
meaningful melodies over the whole
phrase or sentence.

49. INTONATION CONTOURS
> Statement or declarative sentence
> Command
> Wh- or information question
> Yes-no question in statement form

50. Oral Communication and
Language Functions

51. Group Communication
> Includes Three or More People
> Includes Shared Perception
> Emphasizes Interdependence
> Requires Communication

52. Public Speaking as Communication
Special Speaker Consideration
Types of Speeches
Informative speech
Persuasive speech
Special Occasion Speeches

53. PHILIPPINE
LITERATURE

54. Early Filipino literature consists of:
Salawikain
Bugtong
Sayings
Proverbs
Legends
Folk tales
Epic

55. Spanish Period ( 1565-1898)
The coming of Miguel Lopez de Legazpi in the
Philippines in 1565 marked the start of more than
300 years of colonization; in the same manner that
the stay of Fray Andres Urdaneta started the
evangelization of our country.

56. There were several changes brought about by the
Spanish colonization specifically in Literature.
The Filipino alphabet was replaced by the Roman
alphabet.
Teaching of Christian Doctrine was the basic
religious practices.
Spanish language became the literary language but
not the medium of communication.

57. Only informers and interpreters were allowed to use
Spanish.
European legends and traditions were assimilated to
the Filipino literature.
Ancient literature were collected and translated to
dialects.
Periodicals were of religious tone.

58. Doctrina Christiana en Lengua espanola y tagalog
- was the first book printed .It was authored by
Fr. Juan de Plasencia.
Poetry continued to be the most popular
vehicle for literary expression during the Spanish
time though they were church oriented.

59. Different literary forms of
the time were:

60. Marian Hymns - songs dedicated to Virgin
Pasyon - the verse narrative of the sufferings
and death of Christ. Panunuluyan - a play that
dramatized Joseph’s and Mary’s search for
lodging.
Cenaculo - dramatization of the passion and
death of Jesus Christ.

61. Salubong - meeting of the Risen Christ and His
mother.
Moriones - chase of Longinus by the Roman
soldiers .
Tibag - Queen Elena’s search for the cross on
which Christ died.
Pangangaluluwa - souls in purgatory are
released on the night of All Saints’ Day.

62. Karagatan - the throwing of the ring of a
maiden to the sea
Duplo - a long poetic joust reasoning between
bilyakas and bilyakos.
Balagtasan - contest of skills in debate using
verses.
Shadow Play - dramatic entertainment
presented outdoors.

63. Comedia - a play that demonstrates the
victory of Christians over Muslims.
Sainete - short dramatic form used
between acts of longer plays.

64. Awit - a dodecasyllabic verses which are fabricated
stories from writer’s imagination done by chanting.
(Florante at Laura).
Corrido - an octosyllabic verse usually on stories
from European countries being narrated. (Ibong
Adarna).

65. Period
of
Emerging National
Consciousness

66. The execution of GOMBURZA after Fr. Pedro
Pelaez’ death , and the coming of the liberal-
minded Spanish Governor Gov. Carlos Ma. Dela
Torre transformed the Filipinos from religious
spirit to nationalism.
The propaganda movement came into existence.

67. Marcelo del Pilar wrote satire like Caiingat Cayo
and Hikbi ng Pilipinas Ynang Espanya which
caused Andres Bonifacio to write a part of the
triad in his Katapusang Hikbi ng Pilipinas.
Graciano Lopez-Jaena left the editorship of La
Solidaridad and wrote Fray Botod.

68. The Revolutionary
Period

69. The period had 2 phases: the revolution against Spain
where writings were in Tagalog written mostly by
Bonifacio and Jacinto.
The second phase was the revolution during the
Philippine-American War where serious plays
appeared mostly written by the brains of the
revolutions.
Apolinario Mabini.

70. Literature during the
American Regime

71. Nationalistic spirit flourished together
with mass education and literature was
adopted after American writers such as
Patrick Henry, Thomas Paine, and
Thomas Jefferson.

72. In 1900, President Mc Kinley’s instructions
made English the official language of the
country.
In 1901 American teachers arrived and in
the same year, the Philippine Normal School
was founded with English as medium of
instruction.

73. By 1905, the Philippine Free Press was
published as a bilingual weekly. In 1908 U.P
was founded to vie with the elite private
schools. By 1930’s Filipino writers have
mastered English writing. Recognized abroad
were Carlos Bulosan, and Jose Garcia Villa.

74. The Zobel Prize was founded in 1921 by
Don Enrique Zobel de Ayala for the
best works in Spanish but it didn’t last
long because of lack of entries.

75. Vernacular
Literature

76. The compulsory study of Tagalog-based
national language in schools, widespread
circulation of Tagalog reading materials,
Tagalog plays aired over the radio or
television made possible the flourishing of
vernacular literature.

77. Zarzuela is a musical comedy usually of three or
more acts. Its name was taken from the lodge where
King Philip IV watched the play. Later on, Zarzuela
was turned into the vernacular which ended the
existence of comedia. Severino Reyes (Lola Basyang)
wrote Walang Sugat to prove that zarzuela was a
better kind of play.

78. Theater during the
Japanese Occupation

79. The Japanese occupation was a great period for
Tagalog Theater. It enjoyed renaissance for the
following reasons:
1) American movies were banned
2) Writing in English was discouraged
3) There was a difficulty in securing materials
for movie making.

80. Philippine Literature in
English
Period of Transition and
Learning

81. From Tagalog writings tried their hands in English.
For Short Stories - Paz Marquez Benitez and Paz
Latorena
For Poetry - Marcelo de Garcia-Concepcion
For Essay - Vicente Hilario and Eliseo Quirino
For Novels - Zoilo Galang

82. Period of Emergence and
Recognition

83. The period covers the commonwealth,
Japanese occupation and the grant of
independence in 1946.The government
through the Republic Heritage Awards
gave recognition.

84. The Commonwealth Literary Awards. Winners
were:
Essay: Salvador Lopez
Short Story: Manuel Arguilla Estrella
Alfon
Novel: Juan C. Laya
NVM Gonzales
Poetry: Rafael Zulueta da Costa Jose
Garcia Villa

85. The reestablishment of Commonwealth
Government meant the resumption of
publications such as College journals.
They provided outlets for young writers.

86. Modern Period

87. From 1960’s novel writers known in the country
were NVM Gonzales, Celso Carunungan,
Francisco Sionil Jose, Kerima Polatan Tuviera,
Bienvenido Santos. Essayists were Francisco
Arcellana, Renato Constantino, Ramon
Guererro Nakpil, Alfredo Roces and Leopoldo
Yabes.

88. Period of New Society
(1972-1980)

89. > The Period of the new society started on
September 21, 1972.
Military government established a new
office called the Ministry of Public Affairs
that supervised the newspaper, books, and
other publications.

90. > Singing both English and Filipino songs
received fresh incentives.
> Kislap and Liwayway helped in the
development of literature.
> Theaters were rebuilt.
> Pista ng mga Pelikulang Pilipino was held
yearly.

91. Period of the Third
Republic (1981-1985)

92. On January 2, 1981, after 10 years, Martial
Rule was lifted and the Third Republic
started. Despite the problems, Philippine
Literature continued to shine. Thus, the
Carlos Palanca Award granted prizes to
deserving literary works.

93. Poetry was romantic and
revolutionary so that language of
literature was colorful yet violent
and insulting.

94. Thank you!