The document provides an outline for a talk on how to write a good research paper. It discusses the core contents of a research paper, including that a research paper should describe a novel idea rather than a complete work. It also covers structuring the core contents to make them accessible, such as presenting ideas intuitively and with rigor. The outline then reviews the typical structure of a research paper, including sections like the introduction, main contents, and conclusions.
The document provides an overview of the life and experiences of a PhD student. It discusses various aspects of pursuing a PhD, including the beginning stages of choosing an area of focus and research questions, the midway stages of conducting research like collecting and analyzing data, and the submission stages of completing publications, thesis formalities, and addressing challenges. It also discusses myths about PhD work, where scholars often go wrong, essential aspects like having a guide and managing time and resources. Overall, the document aims to provide guidance and insights to PhD students based on the presenter's own experiences in their PhD journey.
This document provides guidance on developing a strong research proposal. It emphasizes establishing a clear objective, rigorous methodology, and relevance. It discusses important sections like the introduction, literature review, methodology, and conclusion. Key recommendations include taking time to formulate a clear research question, addressing what reviewers look for in proposals, and avoiding overpromising. The document also cautions against common reasons for proposal rejection like lack of focus, scope, and budget clarity.
This document summarizes a research fellowship given by Professor MM Bagali of Jain University. It discusses the professor's background and experience, including guiding over 90 research scholars. It outlines common challenges faced by researchers such as not knowing where to start or finding relevant literature. It provides tips for developing research motivation and mindset. Key aspects of writing an effective literature review are covered such as formulating a research question and narrative flow. Sources of literature and getting published in top journals are also addressed.
The workshop was held in WONCA Europe 2012.
Peer reviewed medical journals are important media for the publication of articles relevant to Primary Health Care and General Practice, such as research papers, reviews of literature, clinical lessons, and opinion papers. They are the means to disseminate original research results and educational information, discuss available evidence and share experiences.
This workshop aimed at giving knowledge to the participants about successfully preparing a manuscript for medical journals
Why and How to Get a PhD? (In software engineering)Lionel Briand
Lionel Briand discusses the benefits and challenges of pursuing a PhD. Some key benefits include gaining deep technical expertise, learning complex problem solving skills, and personal growth. While only a small percentage will become professors, PhDs open doors to careers in academia, industry research, and more. Choosing an impactful topic you're passionate about, clear advising, publishing, and persevering through challenges are important for success. A PhD takes significant time but can be rewarding for one's career and development.
This document summarizes a research talk held at Reva University on December 18-19, 2015 on making academic research more relevant. The talk addressed the ongoing debate around achieving rigor and relevance in management research. It discussed challenges such as research having limited impact on management practice. Suggestions were made for increasing relevance, such as engaging practitioners in the research process and conducting problem-oriented research. The need for Indian research to balance rigor with local context was also mentioned.
The document provides an overview of the life and experiences of a PhD student. It discusses various aspects of pursuing a PhD, including the beginning stages of choosing an area of focus and research questions, the midway stages of conducting research like collecting and analyzing data, and the submission stages of completing publications, thesis formalities, and addressing challenges. It also discusses myths about PhD work, where scholars often go wrong, essential aspects like having a guide and managing time and resources. Overall, the document aims to provide guidance and insights to PhD students based on the presenter's own experiences in their PhD journey.
This document provides guidance on developing a strong research proposal. It emphasizes establishing a clear objective, rigorous methodology, and relevance. It discusses important sections like the introduction, literature review, methodology, and conclusion. Key recommendations include taking time to formulate a clear research question, addressing what reviewers look for in proposals, and avoiding overpromising. The document also cautions against common reasons for proposal rejection like lack of focus, scope, and budget clarity.
This document summarizes a research fellowship given by Professor MM Bagali of Jain University. It discusses the professor's background and experience, including guiding over 90 research scholars. It outlines common challenges faced by researchers such as not knowing where to start or finding relevant literature. It provides tips for developing research motivation and mindset. Key aspects of writing an effective literature review are covered such as formulating a research question and narrative flow. Sources of literature and getting published in top journals are also addressed.
The workshop was held in WONCA Europe 2012.
Peer reviewed medical journals are important media for the publication of articles relevant to Primary Health Care and General Practice, such as research papers, reviews of literature, clinical lessons, and opinion papers. They are the means to disseminate original research results and educational information, discuss available evidence and share experiences.
This workshop aimed at giving knowledge to the participants about successfully preparing a manuscript for medical journals
Why and How to Get a PhD? (In software engineering)Lionel Briand
Lionel Briand discusses the benefits and challenges of pursuing a PhD. Some key benefits include gaining deep technical expertise, learning complex problem solving skills, and personal growth. While only a small percentage will become professors, PhDs open doors to careers in academia, industry research, and more. Choosing an impactful topic you're passionate about, clear advising, publishing, and persevering through challenges are important for success. A PhD takes significant time but can be rewarding for one's career and development.
This document summarizes a research talk held at Reva University on December 18-19, 2015 on making academic research more relevant. The talk addressed the ongoing debate around achieving rigor and relevance in management research. It discussed challenges such as research having limited impact on management practice. Suggestions were made for increasing relevance, such as engaging practitioners in the research process and conducting problem-oriented research. The need for Indian research to balance rigor with local context was also mentioned.
This document provides an introduction to the case study method. It explains that a case study analyzes a real business situation or problem faced by a company. Case studies are used in management education to simulate real-life decision making scenarios with limited information and time pressure. They develop analytical, problem solving, and teamwork skills. A case study follows the anatomy of describing a narrative situation, relevant and irrelevant data, potential problems to solve, and leaves the solution up to the student. The document outlines the steps to effectively analyze a case study, including identifying the problem, finding missing data, applying relevant frameworks and tools, generating alternative solutions, and making a recommendation.
This document provides guidance on choosing and conducting a final year undergraduate research project. It discusses:
- The benefits of doing a project, such as learning real-world skills and becoming an expert in a subject.
- Factors to consider when choosing a project topic, such as your interests, the industry, and career goals. It's important to pick a topic that is interesting, meaningful, and feasible within the time frame.
- How to identify a project mentor and get the most out of the advising relationship through regular communication and preparation.
- Best practices for conducting the project such as having goals, writing early, and presenting results to gain feedback and visibility.
- The iterative research process
This document provides tips and strategies for effectively reading academic papers. It discusses deciding what papers to read based on relevance and credibility. It recommends making best use of academic resources like preprint sites, blogs, and mailing lists to stay updated. It explains the importance of reading for breadth to understand the big picture and reading for depth to critically examine assumptions, methods, statistics and conclusions. The document concludes by discussing how to take notes and think creatively after reading papers to develop new research ideas.
Why and How to get a PhD (in Software Engineering)Lionel Briand
This document provides advice on pursuing a PhD in software engineering. It discusses potential benefits such as gaining deep technical expertise and learning how to communicate complex ideas. While only a small percentage of PhD graduates will get faculty positions, there are many career paths outside of academia such as corporate R&D. The document also emphasizes choosing a research topic you are passionate about and obtaining feedback from your advisor. Completing a PhD is a personal challenge that will help you grow as an individual through qualities like intellectual rigor and resilience.
The document discusses rapid eLearning design through content mapping. It introduces the ADDIE model of instructional design and Kirkpatrick's model of evaluation. It then demonstrates applying these models to a mock course on conducting TV interviews. Key steps include analyzing the content, creating objectives, and planning interactivity and assessment. The goal is to provide a proven methodology for efficiently designing instructional content.
The literature review is a critical look at the existing research that is significant to the work that you are carrying out.
The Purpose includes:
• To provide background information of the subject
• To establish importance of the subject
• To demonstrate familiarity with the subject
• To “carve out a space” for further research
Learn more...
This document provides guidance on how to write a journal or conference paper. It outlines the typical sections including the title, author info, abstract, introduction, literature review, research questions, hypotheses, research design, results, discussion, conclusion, references, and appendices. Each section is briefly described to introduce students to research writing and familiarize them with common formats. The goal is to strengthen students' understanding of how to structure their research and communicate it effectively in written form.
MM Bagali / PhD/ Research/ Publication/ Research papers/ HR/ HRM/ Management/...dr m m bagali, phd in hr
This document provides an overview of the life and process of a PhD student. It discusses various aspects of pursuing a PhD, including the beginning stages of choosing an area of focus and research questions, the midway stages of literature reviews and research design, and the submission stages of completing publications, dissertation, and other requirements. It highlights common mistakes PhD students make and provides advice on selecting a rigorous and relevant topic, developing research competencies, networking, time management, and overcoming challenges. The document aims to help PhD students navigate the PhD process successfully.
Not Losing Sight of the Essential: Enjoying your Career in ResearchLionel Briand
The document provides advice for enjoying a career in research. It emphasizes focusing on the essential reasons for pursuing research such as intellectual exploration and having impact. It warns against getting distracted by academic politics and stresses building a reputation through good work over trying to please everyone. The document advocates finding renewed energy through enjoyable collaborations and gaining domain knowledge to have real-world impact. Overall, it encourages researchers to stay true to themselves and not lose sight of why they entered research in the first place.
The document provides guidance on developing a scientific presentation, noting it should include an introduction presenting the question and background, methods and results sections outlining the experiment, a discussion analyzing the results in relation to the hypothesis, and a conclusion stating if the hypothesis was affirmed, refuted, or modified. It also discusses what makes a good scientific question, such as having a narrow scope, building on prior knowledge, being answerable through the scientific method, and having significance.
This document provides guidance on developing effective titles, introductions, and literature reviews for research projects. It discusses:
[1] The importance of clear, specific titles that encapsulate the focus and scope of the project. Titles should avoid being too broad or ambiguous.
[2] The key components of an introduction, including explaining the title, specifying clear and logical aims and objectives, and providing context and rationale for the research.
[3] The purpose of conducting a thorough literature review to understand what is already known on the topic and identify gaps to address through primary research. Getting this initial project articulation correct is critical to guiding the rest of the research process.
The document provides guidance on becoming a researcher, including pursuing a PhD, finding research topics, doing good research, writing and publishing papers, and applying for academic positions in North America. It emphasizes thinking critically and creatively when exploring research ideas, focusing on a clear plan for a PhD thesis, and publishing papers regularly at top conferences and journals.
The document discusses 9 thinking modalities: visionary, strategic, systems, analytic/critical, creative, lateral, structured, conceptual, and visual/spatial. For each modality, it provides 2-4 pages describing components of effective thinking for that modality. Some examples of modalities and components discussed include visionary thinking involving being futuristic and building value, strategic thinking combining creative and analytical sides of the brain, systems thinking viewing problems holistically and understanding interrelationships, and visual/spatial thinking recognizing patterns and asking probing questions. The document aims to provide frameworks for applying different thinking approaches.
This document provides guidance on writing a fundable research proposal. It discusses the benefits of research for students, faculty, and institutions. Key benefits include hands-on learning, career preparation, developing critical thinking skills, and attracting engaged students and funding. The document also outlines factors that make proposals fundable such as developing an original idea that solves an important problem, targeting the right funding agency, and clearly stating the problem, approach, and why it was chosen. It emphasizes the importance of networking, collaboration, and persistence in the proposal process.
This note describes our analysis of 35 papers from CHI 2011 that aim to improve or support interaction design practice. In our analysis, we characterize how these CHI authors conceptualize design practice and the types of contributions they propose. This work is motivated by the recognition that design methods proposed by HCI researchers often do not fit the needs and constraints of professional design practice. As a complement to the analysis of the CHI papers we also interviewed 13 practitioners about their attitudes towards learning new methods and approaches. We conclude the note by offering some critical reflections about how HCI research can better support actual design practice.
How to Write Good Scientific Papers: A Comprehensive GuideRui Pedro Paiva
Here is a revised abstract for the experiment:
This experiment tested factors that influence enzyme effectiveness. Catecholase samples at concentrations from 0.5 ml to 1.75 ml and pH levels from 4 to 8 were tested in a spectrophotometer. Absorption rates were highest for samples with more Catecholase and pH between 6-8, supporting the hypothesis that enzymes function best at neutral pH levels and in larger amounts. The data provide insight into optimizing enzyme activity.
The document provides guidance on developing a strong thesis or dissertation proposal. It emphasizes that the proposal process is the least institutionalized part of graduate school, requiring students to independently develop their own research paradigm and path. Developing a clear problem statement, conceptual framework, data collection methods, analytical plan, and timeline are key elements to include. Continuous communication with one's committee is also stressed to ensure the proposal will pass muster. Overall, the proposal should demonstrate a clear research design that effectively evaluates the student's hypotheses.
The document provides guidance on developing a strong thesis or dissertation proposal. It emphasizes that the proposal process requires students to take control of their own research path and agenda, which can feel daunting after relying on structured programs. It outlines key sections to include in a proposal, such as the problem statement, theoretical framework, data collection methods, analytical plan, significance, and timeline. Developing a detailed outline and keeping communication open with committee members are presented as important steps to crafting a successful proposal.
A research paper writing is a problem for every newcomer in the research field. This slide deck explains research writing in simple words and examples.
The document provides an outline for conducting research and writing a research proposal or report. It discusses the research process which includes deciding what to research, planning a research study, and conducting a research study. It also discusses components of a research proposal such as the introduction, literature review, methodology, results and discussion sections. The document provides examples and guidelines for writing each of these sections to clearly communicate the research.
Writing for Publishing in Technology Enhanced Learning ResearchIain Doherty
This document provides an overview of writing for publishing in technology enhanced learning research. It discusses credentials for writing on this topic, key questions researchers should be able to answer about their work, common issues in technology research studies, and how to structure papers effectively by writing for the audience, clearly identifying issues and goals, rigorously applying methods, and drawing clear conclusions. The document aims to help researchers strengthen their writing and publishing.
This document provides an introduction to the case study method. It explains that a case study analyzes a real business situation or problem faced by a company. Case studies are used in management education to simulate real-life decision making scenarios with limited information and time pressure. They develop analytical, problem solving, and teamwork skills. A case study follows the anatomy of describing a narrative situation, relevant and irrelevant data, potential problems to solve, and leaves the solution up to the student. The document outlines the steps to effectively analyze a case study, including identifying the problem, finding missing data, applying relevant frameworks and tools, generating alternative solutions, and making a recommendation.
This document provides guidance on choosing and conducting a final year undergraduate research project. It discusses:
- The benefits of doing a project, such as learning real-world skills and becoming an expert in a subject.
- Factors to consider when choosing a project topic, such as your interests, the industry, and career goals. It's important to pick a topic that is interesting, meaningful, and feasible within the time frame.
- How to identify a project mentor and get the most out of the advising relationship through regular communication and preparation.
- Best practices for conducting the project such as having goals, writing early, and presenting results to gain feedback and visibility.
- The iterative research process
This document provides tips and strategies for effectively reading academic papers. It discusses deciding what papers to read based on relevance and credibility. It recommends making best use of academic resources like preprint sites, blogs, and mailing lists to stay updated. It explains the importance of reading for breadth to understand the big picture and reading for depth to critically examine assumptions, methods, statistics and conclusions. The document concludes by discussing how to take notes and think creatively after reading papers to develop new research ideas.
Why and How to get a PhD (in Software Engineering)Lionel Briand
This document provides advice on pursuing a PhD in software engineering. It discusses potential benefits such as gaining deep technical expertise and learning how to communicate complex ideas. While only a small percentage of PhD graduates will get faculty positions, there are many career paths outside of academia such as corporate R&D. The document also emphasizes choosing a research topic you are passionate about and obtaining feedback from your advisor. Completing a PhD is a personal challenge that will help you grow as an individual through qualities like intellectual rigor and resilience.
The document discusses rapid eLearning design through content mapping. It introduces the ADDIE model of instructional design and Kirkpatrick's model of evaluation. It then demonstrates applying these models to a mock course on conducting TV interviews. Key steps include analyzing the content, creating objectives, and planning interactivity and assessment. The goal is to provide a proven methodology for efficiently designing instructional content.
The literature review is a critical look at the existing research that is significant to the work that you are carrying out.
The Purpose includes:
• To provide background information of the subject
• To establish importance of the subject
• To demonstrate familiarity with the subject
• To “carve out a space” for further research
Learn more...
This document provides guidance on how to write a journal or conference paper. It outlines the typical sections including the title, author info, abstract, introduction, literature review, research questions, hypotheses, research design, results, discussion, conclusion, references, and appendices. Each section is briefly described to introduce students to research writing and familiarize them with common formats. The goal is to strengthen students' understanding of how to structure their research and communicate it effectively in written form.
MM Bagali / PhD/ Research/ Publication/ Research papers/ HR/ HRM/ Management/...dr m m bagali, phd in hr
This document provides an overview of the life and process of a PhD student. It discusses various aspects of pursuing a PhD, including the beginning stages of choosing an area of focus and research questions, the midway stages of literature reviews and research design, and the submission stages of completing publications, dissertation, and other requirements. It highlights common mistakes PhD students make and provides advice on selecting a rigorous and relevant topic, developing research competencies, networking, time management, and overcoming challenges. The document aims to help PhD students navigate the PhD process successfully.
Not Losing Sight of the Essential: Enjoying your Career in ResearchLionel Briand
The document provides advice for enjoying a career in research. It emphasizes focusing on the essential reasons for pursuing research such as intellectual exploration and having impact. It warns against getting distracted by academic politics and stresses building a reputation through good work over trying to please everyone. The document advocates finding renewed energy through enjoyable collaborations and gaining domain knowledge to have real-world impact. Overall, it encourages researchers to stay true to themselves and not lose sight of why they entered research in the first place.
The document provides guidance on developing a scientific presentation, noting it should include an introduction presenting the question and background, methods and results sections outlining the experiment, a discussion analyzing the results in relation to the hypothesis, and a conclusion stating if the hypothesis was affirmed, refuted, or modified. It also discusses what makes a good scientific question, such as having a narrow scope, building on prior knowledge, being answerable through the scientific method, and having significance.
This document provides guidance on developing effective titles, introductions, and literature reviews for research projects. It discusses:
[1] The importance of clear, specific titles that encapsulate the focus and scope of the project. Titles should avoid being too broad or ambiguous.
[2] The key components of an introduction, including explaining the title, specifying clear and logical aims and objectives, and providing context and rationale for the research.
[3] The purpose of conducting a thorough literature review to understand what is already known on the topic and identify gaps to address through primary research. Getting this initial project articulation correct is critical to guiding the rest of the research process.
The document provides guidance on becoming a researcher, including pursuing a PhD, finding research topics, doing good research, writing and publishing papers, and applying for academic positions in North America. It emphasizes thinking critically and creatively when exploring research ideas, focusing on a clear plan for a PhD thesis, and publishing papers regularly at top conferences and journals.
The document discusses 9 thinking modalities: visionary, strategic, systems, analytic/critical, creative, lateral, structured, conceptual, and visual/spatial. For each modality, it provides 2-4 pages describing components of effective thinking for that modality. Some examples of modalities and components discussed include visionary thinking involving being futuristic and building value, strategic thinking combining creative and analytical sides of the brain, systems thinking viewing problems holistically and understanding interrelationships, and visual/spatial thinking recognizing patterns and asking probing questions. The document aims to provide frameworks for applying different thinking approaches.
This document provides guidance on writing a fundable research proposal. It discusses the benefits of research for students, faculty, and institutions. Key benefits include hands-on learning, career preparation, developing critical thinking skills, and attracting engaged students and funding. The document also outlines factors that make proposals fundable such as developing an original idea that solves an important problem, targeting the right funding agency, and clearly stating the problem, approach, and why it was chosen. It emphasizes the importance of networking, collaboration, and persistence in the proposal process.
This note describes our analysis of 35 papers from CHI 2011 that aim to improve or support interaction design practice. In our analysis, we characterize how these CHI authors conceptualize design practice and the types of contributions they propose. This work is motivated by the recognition that design methods proposed by HCI researchers often do not fit the needs and constraints of professional design practice. As a complement to the analysis of the CHI papers we also interviewed 13 practitioners about their attitudes towards learning new methods and approaches. We conclude the note by offering some critical reflections about how HCI research can better support actual design practice.
How to Write Good Scientific Papers: A Comprehensive GuideRui Pedro Paiva
Here is a revised abstract for the experiment:
This experiment tested factors that influence enzyme effectiveness. Catecholase samples at concentrations from 0.5 ml to 1.75 ml and pH levels from 4 to 8 were tested in a spectrophotometer. Absorption rates were highest for samples with more Catecholase and pH between 6-8, supporting the hypothesis that enzymes function best at neutral pH levels and in larger amounts. The data provide insight into optimizing enzyme activity.
The document provides guidance on developing a strong thesis or dissertation proposal. It emphasizes that the proposal process is the least institutionalized part of graduate school, requiring students to independently develop their own research paradigm and path. Developing a clear problem statement, conceptual framework, data collection methods, analytical plan, and timeline are key elements to include. Continuous communication with one's committee is also stressed to ensure the proposal will pass muster. Overall, the proposal should demonstrate a clear research design that effectively evaluates the student's hypotheses.
The document provides guidance on developing a strong thesis or dissertation proposal. It emphasizes that the proposal process requires students to take control of their own research path and agenda, which can feel daunting after relying on structured programs. It outlines key sections to include in a proposal, such as the problem statement, theoretical framework, data collection methods, analytical plan, significance, and timeline. Developing a detailed outline and keeping communication open with committee members are presented as important steps to crafting a successful proposal.
A research paper writing is a problem for every newcomer in the research field. This slide deck explains research writing in simple words and examples.
The document provides an outline for conducting research and writing a research proposal or report. It discusses the research process which includes deciding what to research, planning a research study, and conducting a research study. It also discusses components of a research proposal such as the introduction, literature review, methodology, results and discussion sections. The document provides examples and guidelines for writing each of these sections to clearly communicate the research.
Writing for Publishing in Technology Enhanced Learning ResearchIain Doherty
This document provides an overview of writing for publishing in technology enhanced learning research. It discusses credentials for writing on this topic, key questions researchers should be able to answer about their work, common issues in technology research studies, and how to structure papers effectively by writing for the audience, clearly identifying issues and goals, rigorously applying methods, and drawing clear conclusions. The document aims to help researchers strengthen their writing and publishing.
The document discusses the importance of conducting a thorough literature review before beginning a research project. It outlines the research process, including defining the problem, conducting a literature review to understand previous work, developing a research methodology, collecting and analyzing data, and comparing findings to the existing literature. A literature review involves searching for and analyzing previous research on the topic to identify what is already known, questions that remain unanswered, and gaps the proposed research could address. This helps situate a research project within the existing body of knowledge and justify its importance. The document provides guidance on how to effectively search for, analyze, and summarize prior studies to inform the development and focus of a new research study.
This slideshow explains the complete process of writing research proposal for funding agencies. It is useful for the PhD students, researchers, R& D department of company personnel.
Session one Research Skills and Research in a Professional ContextAlison Hardy
This document provides an overview and guidance for two modules on educational research. It outlines the aims of the modules to extend students' knowledge of research strategies and techniques, develop critical analysis skills, and understand ethical issues. Students will gain practical research skills and learn to critically review other researchers' work. The document provides guidance on assignments, including section lengths and requirements. It defines educational research as the systematic and ethical process of answering education-related questions through collecting and analyzing relevant data to develop new understandings. Educational research is described as both scientific in seeking new knowledge and political in aiming to create change.
MM Bagali..... Research.... PhD... Management... HR... Management Research Pu...dr m m bagali, phd in hr
This document summarizes key points from a research fellowship presentation. It discusses motivation for doing research, including internal drives like curiosity and external factors like career goals. It outlines challenges in starting research and provides strategies for crafting a researchable topic, including focusing on an important question and reviewing relevant literature. The presentation emphasizes developing a clear narrative and contribution, choosing appropriate publication outlets, and using clear writing.
The document provides guidance on writing an effective thesis proposal. It explains that a proposal seeks to convince reviewers that a research project is feasible by demonstrating that the problem is important, the project is possible within the timeframe, and sufficient data is available. It recommends conceptualizing the proposal as a system with interdependent sections that each contribute something essential. Key sections include the research question, rationale, literature review, theoretical framework, and methodology. The document stresses justifying the importance and approach of the proposed research.
Writing a Successful Paper (Academic Writing Engineering)Tarek Gaber
This guide describes how to explain your research in a persuasive, well-organized paper, avoiding plagiarism, tips to improve your academic English writing
Thesis Orientation for Architecture Students (B. Arch.)Rohit Raka
The presentation elaborates on as to how to select a thesis topic for the final year in architecture. It also majorly discusses on how to select a topic and steps that should be taken to make your dissertation report successful one.
The presentation lecture was made for the B. Arch final year students of J. N. E. C., Department of Architecture (2017-18), Aurangabad. I although hope that this presentation would be helpful for the students all over the world in terms of 'Selection of Topic' for their thesis.
This document is the table of contents for the 4th edition of the textbook "Educational Research: Planning, Conducting, and Evaluating Quantitative and Qualitative Research" by John W. Creswell. The table of contents outlines the 17 chapters in the book and provides a brief overview of the key topics and concepts covered in each chapter, such as identifying a research problem, reviewing literature, specifying research questions, collecting and analyzing quantitative and qualitative data, and reporting research findings.
Research proposal | Guidelines to make you research paper effectiveWrite a Writing
This document provides guidance on writing a research proposal. It defines a research proposal as an introduction submitted to explain upcoming research details. It recommends picking a topic you enjoy that is relevant to your course of study. The document offers tips on writing proposals and restricts topics to those supported by published materials. It describes three common proposal formats: asking a question, outlining an experiment, or conducting in-depth research. Finally, it suggests focusing quality topics to achieve expected results and lists key points like being confident and using reliable sources.
The document provides guidance on developing a competitive CAREER proposal for submission to the National Science Foundation (NSF). It discusses key elements of a successful CAREER proposal including developing a strategic research plan, choosing an appropriate research topic, finding the right program at NSF, and writing an effective summary. The workshop emphasizes that the CAREER award is for career development, not solely research, and proposals must clearly articulate research and education objectives and approaches. It also provides dos and don'ts for proposal writing and highlights important questions for potential applicants.
The document provides an overview of the PhD process at UCD School of Mathematical Sciences. It discusses the standards required for a PhD degree including independence, originality, contribution to knowledge, and work suitable for publication. It outlines the research process, emphasizing the importance of planning, execution, analysis, and reporting. It also discusses the responsibilities of students and supervisors, criteria for assessing PhD theses, authorship, and responsible research conduct. Throughout it emphasizes that a PhD requires solid, independent work to advance understanding in a research area.
This document provides guidance on how to conduct and publish research in economics. It discusses finding a research topic by exploring issues that interest you in the literature. It emphasizes developing a theoretical model and testing implications empirically. For writing, it recommends being concise and telling your idea in an introduction, body, and conclusion. When presenting, the focus should be advertising your idea through clear structure and examples. For publishing, it advises assessing journal fit and thoroughly addressing reviewer feedback through revisions. The overall message is pursuing rigorous yet accessible research and effectively communicating new contributions.
This document provides an introduction to air pollution control techniques. It defines air pollution and lists the major types of air pollutants, including gases, particulates, and biological molecules. Both human activities and natural processes can generate air pollutants. Air pollution can harm human health and ecosystems and is a significant risk factor for diseases. The document then discusses various air pollutant types in more detail, including particulates like dust and smoke, and gases such as carbon monoxide, sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, ozone, and hydrocarbons.
This document discusses particulate filtration and sampling methods. It describes how particulates smaller than 10 micrometers can remain suspended in air according to Stokes' law. It explains five processes by which particles are separated from gas streams during filtration: direct interception, internal deposition, diffusional deposition, electrical attraction, and gravitational attraction. The document also covers different filter media types that can be used for particulate sampling, including glass fiber, cellulose, and Teflon filters. It discusses the Ringelmann scale for measuring smoke opacity from industrial stacks.
This document discusses air sampling techniques. It describes the basic considerations for air sampling such as ensuring the sample is representative and the sampling rate allows for maximum collection efficiency. It also discusses different types of air sampling setups and sample collectors that can be used depending on whether gaseous or particulate pollutants are being measured. Specific techniques covered include absorption in liquid, filtration, impingement, electrostatic precipitation, and centrifugal force. The document also classifies particulate matter by size and describes common devices for particulate collection including dust fall jars, which are suitable for larger particles settling due to gravity.
Air sampling is used to determine airborne contaminants present. There are various sampling methods that can be used under different environmental conditions and time factors. Air quality is measured through ambient air quality monitoring of the atmosphere or stack sampling of pollutants emitted from sources. Sampling and monitoring are important for air pollution control programs to evaluate air quality, implement control measures, and assess control strategies. Challenges in sampling include collecting truly representative samples and preventing changes during sampling. Proper statistical studies, sample size, continuous sampling, and accounting for variables like temperature help improve sampling accuracy.
Stack sampling is used to determine emission levels from industrial processes to ensure compliance with regulatory emission limits. It involves collecting representative air samples from a stack to determine the amount and characteristics of pollutants emitted. The sampling system diverts a portion of the gas stream through a train that collects particulate and gaseous samples. Isokinetic sampling aims to collect samples at the same velocity as the gas stream for representativeness. The procedure involves determining sampling points and flow rates, collecting samples at each point, and calculating emission rates based on sample weights and collection volumes.
The cyclone separator uses centrifugal force to remove solid particles from gas streams. It consists of a vertically placed cylinder with an inverted cone attached to the base. Gas enters tangentially and spirals downward before spiraling upward through a narrow central opening, throwing solid particles outward against the walls due to centrifugal force. Cyclone separators are commonly used to control particulate emissions in industries like cement production, mining, and petroleum refining. They are an efficient and low-cost option, but performance decreases for particles smaller than 5 microns.
The document discusses various air pollution control equipment and separation mechanisms. It focuses on gravitational settling chambers, describing their construction, working principle, advantages, disadvantages, and applications. Specifically:
Gravitational settling chambers use the principle of particles settling under gravity's influence when sufficient residence time is provided. They consist of a long chamber where gas velocity is reduced to allow particulate settling. Entering particles collect at the bottom in hoppers if settling time is equal to or less than gas passage time. Settling chambers are simple and low-cost but have low efficiency and are limited to particles over 50 μm. Their applications include removing carbon black and large particles from industrial processes.
This document discusses various air pollution control methods and techniques to minimize pollution at its source. It describes methods such as dilution, gravity settling, absorption, and adsorption to control air pollution. It emphasizes that prevention is better than cure and outlines approaches to control pollution at the source through raw material changes, operational changes, process equipment modification/replacement, and proper maintenance. Some examples mentioned include using lower-sulfur fuels, enclosed storage tanks, and oxygen furnaces to reduce air pollutant emissions from industries.
4. effect of air pollution on man, material vegitationKæsy Chaudhari
Pollutants like SO2, NO2, and ozone from sources such as coal combustion, vehicle exhaust, and chemical industries can harm human health, vegetation, and materials. In humans, these pollutants can cause respiratory problems, damage to lungs and blood, and neurological effects. Vegetation is affected with bleached or injured leaves from pollutants like SO2 and NO2 at low levels over several days or months. Materials like steel, fabrics, leather, rubber and limestone are also damaged by corrosive pollutants such as SO2, H2SO4 mist, and oxidizing ozone, which can cause cracking, disintegration or fading at annual or daily concentrations as low as 0.02
The document discusses several topics related to air pollution and its effects:
1) Greenhouse gases like CO2 are increasing global temperatures by trapping heat in the atmosphere. CO2 levels have risen 25% in the last 100 years and are predicted to continue rising.
2) Ozone-depleting chemicals like CFCs released gases that destroy the stratospheric ozone layer. This thinning of the ozone layer allows more ultraviolet radiation to reach the Earth's surface.
3) Various human activities are major contributors to increased greenhouse gas emissions and pollution, including burning fossil fuels and industrial/agricultural processes. If emissions continue rising, global warming could increase temperatures significantly by 2100.
This document defines air pollution and its various components. It discusses the sources and sinks of air pollutants, including natural and anthropogenic sources. It also describes the classification of air pollutants according to their state of matter, chemical composition, and whether they are primary or secondary pollutants. Primary pollutants are emitted directly from sources, while secondary pollutants are formed from chemical reactions of primary pollutants. Criteria pollutants that are regulated in national ambient air quality standards are also outlined.
This document provides information about an elective course on air pollution control techniques. It includes details like the course code, faculty involved, blog link, and syllabus. The syllabus covers topics like the definition of air pollution, history of air pollution including major disasters, sources and effects of air pollution, sampling and analysis methods, standards and regulations, and control of pollutants from various sources. It also provides background on the history of air pollution and some notable air pollution episodes and accidents around the world.
Writing research guide_8995775dbc994ec45457b00c526fe288Kæsy Chaudhari
This document provides guidelines for writing a scientific research paper for publication. It discusses the typical components of a research paper, including the title page, abstract, introduction, methods, results, discussion, conclusions, acknowledgements, references, tables, figures, and authorship. For each section, it provides brief descriptions and suggestions on how to construct that section in a clear, logical manner. The overall goal is to help authors present their scientific work in a way that effectively communicates their findings to the intended audience.
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This document discusses data sampling and collection methods. It begins by defining quantitative and qualitative data, and primary and secondary data. The main methods of primary data collection are observation, interviewing, and questionnaires. Secondary data refers to existing data collected by others. The document then defines data sampling as selecting part of a data set to make inferences about the whole. Sampling is needed to save time and money. Random sampling gives the best results while non-random sampling includes quota, accidental, judgemental, expert and snowball sampling. Mixed sampling uses elements of both random and non-random designs.
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The document discusses various aspects of technical writing such as where and when to publish papers, how to choose appropriate journals, and tips for the writing process. It provides rules for writing including writing in a notebook every day, reading good writing daily, not plagiarizing, and making references important. The document also offers tricks for writing like using a top-down or bottom-up approach, telling a story, showing rather than telling, and tailoring writing for different audiences. Finally, it provides norms for good writing like defining abbreviations and labeling equations and figures clearly.
Solving research problem_3539ce35db1215c11a780b1712d47e46Kæsy Chaudhari
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2. Research design provides answers to questions like what is being studied, why it's being studied, where and when data will be collected, what techniques and sources will be used, and how results will be analyzed and reported.
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This document provides advice on how to publish scientific research in a high-impact journal. It discusses choosing an important research topic and question, conducting rigorous research with a sound study design, writing the manuscript clearly and following the journal's structure, and choosing an appropriate target journal. Key steps include performing novel, high-quality research with a well-designed study, writing the manuscript and other components like the title, abstract and cover letter effectively, and submitting to a journal that is a good match for the research. The document offers tips on common reasons for rejection and revising a manuscript based on peer review comments to improve the chances of eventual publication.
Writing a good_paper_by-prof_uday_khedkar_4474e0788a50ce8309dbb24cb118c818Kæsy Chaudhari
The document provides an outline for a talk on how to write a good research paper. It discusses the core contents of a research paper, including that a research paper should describe a novel idea rather than a complete work. It also covers structuring the core contents to make them accessible, such as presenting ideas intuitively and with rigor. The outline then reviews the typical structure of a research paper, including sections like the introduction, main contents, and conclusions.
Writing a good_paper_by-prof_uday_khedkar_4474e0788a50ce8309dbb24cb118c818Kæsy Chaudhari
This document discusses how to write a good research paper. It begins by outlining the key parts of a research paper, including the introduction, contents, structure, and elements of writing. It then focuses on the core contents of a research paper, noting that a research paper should describe a complete idea or set of related ideas. It emphasizes that a research paper must have a net positive information content compared to references. Finally, it discusses structuring the core contents to make them accessible, including presenting ideas intuitively and with rigor, and showing the evolution of ideas in the presentation from motivation to conclusions.
This document provides guidance on selecting a journal to publish a research manuscript in. It outlines 14 factors to consider when choosing a journal, such as whether it is peer-reviewed, publishes similar topics, has a good reputation in the field, is indexed in major databases, and matches the intended audience. Following journal guidelines exactly is also important. Narrowing options based on these criteria helps ensure the manuscript is submitted to the most appropriate journal.
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
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This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
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There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
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CapTechTalks Webinar Slides June 2024 Donovan Wright.pptxCapitolTechU
Slides from a Capitol Technology University webinar held June 20, 2024. The webinar featured Dr. Donovan Wright, presenting on the Department of Defense Digital Transformation.
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إضغ بين إيديكم من أقوى الملازم التي صممتها
ملزمة تشريح الجهاز الهيكلي (نظري 3)
💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀
تتميز هذهِ الملزمة بعِدة مُميزات :
1- مُترجمة ترجمة تُناسب جميع المستويات
2- تحتوي على 78 رسم توضيحي لكل كلمة موجودة بالملزمة (لكل كلمة !!!!)
#فهم_ماكو_درخ
3- دقة الكتابة والصور عالية جداً جداً جداً
4- هُنالك بعض المعلومات تم توضيحها بشكل تفصيلي جداً (تُعتبر لدى الطالب أو الطالبة بإنها معلومات مُبهمة ومع ذلك تم توضيح هذهِ المعلومات المُبهمة بشكل تفصيلي جداً
5- الملزمة تشرح نفسها ب نفسها بس تكلك تعال اقراني
6- تحتوي الملزمة في اول سلايد على خارطة تتضمن جميع تفرُعات معلومات الجهاز الهيكلي المذكورة في هذهِ الملزمة
واخيراً هذهِ الملزمة حلالٌ عليكم وإتمنى منكم إن تدعولي بالخير والصحة والعافية فقط
كل التوفيق زملائي وزميلاتي ، زميلكم محمد الذهبي 💊💊
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A Free 200-Page eBook ~ Brain and Mind Exercise.pptxOH TEIK BIN
(A Free eBook comprising 3 Sets of Presentation of a selection of Puzzles, Brain Teasers and Thinking Problems to exercise both the mind and the Right and Left Brain. To help keep the mind and brain fit and healthy. Good for both the young and old alike.
Answers are given for all the puzzles and problems.)
With Metta,
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This presentation was provided by Rebecca Benner, Ph.D., of the American Society of Anesthesiologists, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
THE SACRIFICE HOW PRO-PALESTINE PROTESTS STUDENTS ARE SACRIFICING TO CHANGE T...indexPub
The recent surge in pro-Palestine student activism has prompted significant responses from universities, ranging from negotiations and divestment commitments to increased transparency about investments in companies supporting the war on Gaza. This activism has led to the cessation of student encampments but also highlighted the substantial sacrifices made by students, including academic disruptions and personal risks. The primary drivers of these protests are poor university administration, lack of transparency, and inadequate communication between officials and students. This study examines the profound emotional, psychological, and professional impacts on students engaged in pro-Palestine protests, focusing on Generation Z's (Gen-Z) activism dynamics. This paper explores the significant sacrifices made by these students and even the professors supporting the pro-Palestine movement, with a focus on recent global movements. Through an in-depth analysis of printed and electronic media, the study examines the impacts of these sacrifices on the academic and personal lives of those involved. The paper highlights examples from various universities, demonstrating student activism's long-term and short-term effects, including disciplinary actions, social backlash, and career implications. The researchers also explore the broader implications of student sacrifices. The findings reveal that these sacrifices are driven by a profound commitment to justice and human rights, and are influenced by the increasing availability of information, peer interactions, and personal convictions. The study also discusses the broader implications of this activism, comparing it to historical precedents and assessing its potential to influence policy and public opinion. The emotional and psychological toll on student activists is significant, but their sense of purpose and community support mitigates some of these challenges. However, the researchers call for acknowledging the broader Impact of these sacrifices on the future global movement of FreePalestine.
Writing a good_paper_by-prof_uday_khedkar_4474e0788a50ce8309dbb24cb118c818
1. How to Write a Good Paper?
Uday Khedker
(www.cse.iitb.ac.in/˜uday)
Department of Computer Science and Engineering,
Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay
October 2009
2. CSI Convention 09 Research: Outline 1/26
Outline
• Introduction: The form and the contents
• Contents of a paper
◮ The core content: What is research?
◮ Structuring the core content for accessibility
• Detailed structure of a paper
• Elements of writing
• Conclusions
Uday Khedker IIT Bombay
3. CSI Convention 09 Research: Outline 2/26
Focus of This Talk
• Significant distinction between
◮ How to write a good paper?
◮ How does a good paper look like?
• Process of writing Vs. Product of writing
Uday Khedker IIT Bombay
4. CSI Convention 09 Research: Outline 2/26
Focus of This Talk
• Significant distinction between
◮ How to write a good paper?
◮ How does a good paper look like?
• Process of writing Vs. Product of writing
• We focus on the product rather than focus
• Assumptions:
◮ Process is goal oriented. Once goals are clear, process is clear
◮ Repeat: Write, read, review, refine, revise . . .
Uday Khedker IIT Bombay
6. CSI Convention 09 Research: Core Contents of a Research Paper 3/26
What is a Research Paper?
Does a research paper describe
• A software?
• Design of a software?
• A piece of hardware?
• A theorem?
• A proof?
• Empirical measurements?
• . . .
Uday Khedker IIT Bombay
7. CSI Convention 09 Research: Core Contents of a Research Paper 3/26
What is a Research Paper?
Does a research paper describe
• A software?
• Design of a software?
• A piece of hardware?
• A theorem?
• A proof?
• Empirical measurements?
• . . .
A research paper describes an idea!
Uday Khedker IIT Bombay
8. CSI Convention 09 Research: Core Contents of a Research Paper 4/26
What is a Research Paper?
• Cannot be a complete description of work
(process/product/modelling/reasoning/postulate/evidence)
Must omit many details
• Should describe a logically complete idea
Or a collection of logically complete related ideas
• Must embody a running theme that forms the essence of an idea
• This theme must be explicated in the paper
Uday Khedker IIT Bombay
9. CSI Convention 09 Research: Core Contents of a Research Paper 4/26
What is a Research Paper?
• Cannot be a complete description of work
(process/product/modelling/reasoning/postulate/evidence)
Must omit many details
• Should describe a logically complete idea
Or a collection of logically complete related ideas
• Must embody a running theme that forms the essence of an idea
• This theme must be explicated in the paper
Right choice of form and content is important
Uday Khedker IIT Bombay
10. CSI Convention 09 Research: Core Contents of a Research Paper 5/26
What is Research Paper?
Net information content of your paper
∆ = Information in your paper − Relevant Information in references
Uday Khedker IIT Bombay
11. CSI Convention 09 Research: Core Contents of a Research Paper 5/26
What is Research Paper?
Net information content of your paper
∆ = Information in your paper − Relevant Information in references
∆ > 0
∆ = 0
∆ < 0
Uday Khedker IIT Bombay
12. CSI Convention 09 Research: Core Contents of a Research Paper 5/26
What is Research Paper?
Net information content of your paper
∆ = Information in your paper − Relevant Information in references
∆ > 0 Your paper makes research contributions
∆ = 0
∆ < 0
Uday Khedker IIT Bombay
13. CSI Convention 09 Research: Core Contents of a Research Paper 5/26
What is Research Paper?
Net information content of your paper
∆ = Information in your paper − Relevant Information in references
∆ > 0 Your paper makes research contributions
∆ = 0 Your paper is a survey paper
∆ < 0
Uday Khedker IIT Bombay
14. CSI Convention 09 Research: Core Contents of a Research Paper 5/26
What is Research Paper?
Net information content of your paper
∆ = Information in your paper − Relevant Information in references
∆ > 0 Your paper makes research contributions
∆ = 0 Your paper is a survey paper
∆ < 0 Why do you want to write a paper?
Uday Khedker IIT Bombay
15. CSI Convention 09 Research: Core Contents of a Research Paper 6/26
Ingredients of Good Research
• Innovation
Uday Khedker IIT Bombay
16. CSI Convention 09 Research: Core Contents of a Research Paper 6/26
Ingredients of Good Research
• Innovation
• Aesthetics
Uday Khedker IIT Bombay
17. CSI Convention 09 Research: Core Contents of a Research Paper 6/26
Ingredients of Good Research
• Innovation
• Aesthetics
• Other important aspects :
◮ Completeness
◮ Rigour
◮ Empirical demonstration
◮ Effective communication
Uday Khedker IIT Bombay
18. CSI Convention 09 Research: Core Contents of a Research Paper 7/26
Ingredients of Good Survey
• Have you identified all key ideas?
Uday Khedker IIT Bombay
19. CSI Convention 09 Research: Core Contents of a Research Paper 7/26
Ingredients of Good Survey
• Have you identified all key ideas?
• Have you distilled the essence of key ideas?
◮ Why are they important?
◮ Why should they be considered key ideas?
Uday Khedker IIT Bombay
20. CSI Convention 09 Research: Core Contents of a Research Paper 7/26
Ingredients of Good Survey
• Have you identified all key ideas?
• Have you distilled the essence of key ideas?
◮ Why are they important?
◮ Why should they be considered key ideas?
• Have you illustrated key ideas?
◮ New examples
◮ New pictures
◮ New applications
◮ Better explanations
Uday Khedker IIT Bombay
21. CSI Convention 09 Research: Core Contents of a Research Paper 8/26
Aesthetics
• Total is greater than the sum of the parts
“Scientists study science not because it is useful, but because it is
beautiful. Here I do not talk about the beauty of appearance or
beauty of qualities . . . Here I talk about that profound beauty
which comes from a harmonious order of parts . . . ”
– Henry Poincare.
• Example : Painting.
Proportion of colours Vs. their arrangements
Uday Khedker IIT Bombay
23. CSI Convention 09 Research: Structuring the Core Contents 9/26
Intuition and Rigour in a Paper
• Ideas should be presented at two levels:
◮ Intuition
− Distilling the idea to its essence
− Emphasizing the most important aspects (ignoring some details)
− Using representative examples (even if all aspects are not illustrated)
◮ Rigour
− Plugging all the holes through formalism or reasoning
− Presenting convincing empirical evidence
• Description of ideas at these two levels should be interleaved
Uday Khedker IIT Bombay
24. CSI Convention 09 Research: Structuring the Core Contents 10/26
Presenting Evolution of Ideas
• Evolution in discovery is different from evolution in presentation
• Evolution in presentation
◮ Perspective
◮ Problem Definition
◮ Key Ideas
◮ Key contributions
◮ Development of the key ideas
◮ Conclusions
Uday Khedker IIT Bombay
25. CSI Convention 09 Research: Structuring the Core Contents 10/26
Presenting Evolution of Ideas
• Evolution in discovery is different from evolution in presentation
• Evolution in presentation
◮ Perspective
Motivation, Background, Challenges
◮ Problem Definition
◮ Key Ideas
◮ Key contributions
◮ Development of the key ideas
◮ Conclusions
Uday Khedker IIT Bombay
26. CSI Convention 09 Research: Structuring the Core Contents 10/26
Presenting Evolution of Ideas
• Evolution in discovery is different from evolution in presentation
• Evolution in presentation
◮ Perspective
Motivation, Background, Challenges
◮ Problem Definition
Why is this an important problem?
◮ Key Ideas
◮ Key contributions
◮ Development of the key ideas
◮ Conclusions
Uday Khedker IIT Bombay
27. CSI Convention 09 Research: Structuring the Core Contents 10/26
Presenting Evolution of Ideas
• Evolution in discovery is different from evolution in presentation
• Evolution in presentation
◮ Perspective
Motivation, Background, Challenges
◮ Problem Definition
Why is this an important problem?
◮ Key Ideas
Basis of the hope of a solution, Approach of the solution,
◮ Key contributions
◮ Development of the key ideas
◮ Conclusions
Uday Khedker IIT Bombay
28. CSI Convention 09 Research: Structuring the Core Contents 10/26
Presenting Evolution of Ideas
• Evolution in discovery is different from evolution in presentation
• Evolution in presentation
◮ Perspective
Motivation, Background, Challenges
◮ Problem Definition
Why is this an important problem?
◮ Key Ideas
Basis of the hope of a solution, Approach of the solution,
◮ Key contributions
Your claim to fame
◮ Development of the key ideas
◮ Conclusions
Uday Khedker IIT Bombay
29. CSI Convention 09 Research: Structuring the Core Contents 10/26
Presenting Evolution of Ideas
• Evolution in discovery is different from evolution in presentation
• Evolution in presentation
◮ Perspective
Motivation, Background, Challenges
◮ Problem Definition
Why is this an important problem?
◮ Key Ideas
Basis of the hope of a solution, Approach of the solution,
◮ Key contributions
Your claim to fame
◮ Development of the key ideas
You have succeeded if readers reach here!
◮ Conclusions
Uday Khedker IIT Bombay
30. CSI Convention 09 Research: Structuring the Core Contents 10/26
Presenting Evolution of Ideas
• Evolution in discovery is different from evolution in presentation
• Evolution in presentation
◮ Perspective
Motivation, Background, Challenges
◮ Problem Definition
Why is this an important problem?
◮ Key Ideas
Basis of the hope of a solution, Approach of the solution,
◮ Key contributions
Your claim to fame
◮ Development of the key ideas
You have succeeded if readers reach here!
◮ Conclusions
Honest analysis of work done, The Moral of the story
Uday Khedker IIT Bombay
32. CSI Convention 09 Research: The Structure of a Paper 11/26
The Structure of a Paper
• Title
• Abstract
• Introduction, Motivation
• Background, Related work
• Main Contents
• Results, Conclusions
• Future Work
• References
Uday Khedker IIT Bombay
33. CSI Convention 09 Research: The Structure of a Paper 12/26
How to Write a Good Title?
• Should be precise and inviting
Uday Khedker IIT Bombay
34. CSI Convention 09 Research: The Structure of a Paper 12/26
How to Write a Good Title?
• Should be precise and inviting
• Examples of bad titles
◮ A Software
◮ A theorem and its proof
◮ Wireless networks
◮ Partial redundancy elimination in presence of critical edges for
practical imperative programs with recursion and large number of
functions and calls through function pointers
Uday Khedker IIT Bombay
35. CSI Convention 09 Research: The Structure of a Paper 12/26
How to Write a Good Title?
• Should be precise and inviting
• Examples of bad titles
◮ A Software
◮ A theorem and its proof
◮ Wireless networks
◮ Partial redundancy elimination in presence of critical edges for
practical imperative programs with recursion and large number of
functions and calls through function pointers
• Possible good titles
◮ A software based control system for . . .
◮ On XYZ theorem
◮ Reducing congestion in wireless networks
◮ Partial redundancy elimination in extreme situations
Uday Khedker IIT Bombay
36. CSI Convention 09 Research: The Structure of a Paper 13/26
How to Write a Good Abstract
• Should be a succinct and stand alone description
◮ Reading the rest of the paper should not be necessary to get the gist
◮ Self-containment only at a high level of description
Uday Khedker IIT Bombay
37. CSI Convention 09 Research: The Structure of a Paper 13/26
How to Write a Good Abstract
• Should be a succinct and stand alone description
◮ Reading the rest of the paper should not be necessary to get the gist
◮ Self-containment only at a high level of description
• An abstract is neither a summary nor an outline of the paper
Uday Khedker IIT Bombay
38. CSI Convention 09 Research: The Structure of a Paper 13/26
How to Write a Good Abstract
• Should be a succinct and stand alone description
◮ Reading the rest of the paper should not be necessary to get the gist
◮ Self-containment only at a high level of description
• An abstract is neither a summary nor an outline of the paper
• A checklist: Motivation, problem statement, approach, results,
conclusions
Uday Khedker IIT Bombay
39. CSI Convention 09 Research: The Structure of a Paper 13/26
How to Write a Good Abstract
• Should be a succinct and stand alone description
◮ Reading the rest of the paper should not be necessary to get the gist
◮ Self-containment only at a high level of description
• An abstract is neither a summary nor an outline of the paper
• A checklist: Motivation, problem statement, approach, results,
conclusions
• Common mistakes
◮ Too verbose
◮ Too long
◮ Too short
◮ Omitting essential details
Uday Khedker IIT Bombay
40. CSI Convention 09 Research: The Structure of a Paper 14/26
How About this Abstract?
“We worked in Computer Science. We proved some theorems.
Some were big, some were small. Big theorems had big proof,
small theorems had small proofs. We tried to connect the
proofs to the theorems. Sometimes we succeeded, sometimes
we didn’t. By then, the time for submission had arrived, so we
submitted the paper . . . ”
M. Leunen and R. Lipton. “How to Have Your Abstract Rejected”.
Uday Khedker IIT Bombay
41. CSI Convention 09 Research: The Structure of a Paper 15/26
How to Write a Good Introduction?
What does a good introduction contain?
Uday Khedker IIT Bombay
42. CSI Convention 09 Research: The Structure of a Paper 15/26
How to Write a Good Introduction?
What does a good introduction contain?
• More details of motivation and problem statement
◮ From general to specific
◮ Supported by concrete examples, puzzles, mysteries,
◮ Contextualizing the problem
Uday Khedker IIT Bombay
43. CSI Convention 09 Research: The Structure of a Paper 15/26
How to Write a Good Introduction?
What does a good introduction contain?
• More details of motivation and problem statement
◮ From general to specific
◮ Supported by concrete examples, puzzles, mysteries,
◮ Contextualizing the problem
• Importance of the problem
◮ Significance of the outcome,
◮ Intellectual challenge, other difficulties
Why would simple approaches not work?
Uday Khedker IIT Bombay
44. CSI Convention 09 Research: The Structure of a Paper 15/26
How to Write a Good Introduction?
What does a good introduction contain?
• More details of motivation and problem statement
◮ From general to specific
◮ Supported by concrete examples, puzzles, mysteries,
◮ Contextualizing the problem
• Importance of the problem
◮ Significance of the outcome,
◮ Intellectual challenge, other difficulties
Why would simple approaches not work?
• Overview of proposed approach
◮ A sketch of main proof, algorithm, key idea
◮ Novelty of the proposed approach
Uday Khedker IIT Bombay
45. CSI Convention 09 Research: The Structure of a Paper 15/26
How to Write a Good Introduction?
What does a good introduction contain?
• More details of motivation and problem statement
◮ From general to specific
◮ Supported by concrete examples, puzzles, mysteries,
◮ Contextualizing the problem
• Importance of the problem
◮ Significance of the outcome,
◮ Intellectual challenge, other difficulties
Why would simple approaches not work?
• Overview of proposed approach
◮ A sketch of main proof, algorithm, key idea
◮ Novelty of the proposed approach
• Outline of the paper
Uday Khedker IIT Bombay
46. CSI Convention 09 Research: The Structure of a Paper 16/26
How to Write a Good Introduction?
Why is a good introduction important?
• First chance of making first impression
Writing style, overall quality, analytical skills, confidence in ideas
Uday Khedker IIT Bombay
47. CSI Convention 09 Research: The Structure of a Paper 16/26
How to Write a Good Introduction?
Why is a good introduction important?
• First chance of making first impression
Writing style, overall quality, analytical skills, confidence in ideas
• Last chance of making the reader want to read your paper in details
Uday Khedker IIT Bombay
48. CSI Convention 09 Research: The Structure of a Paper 17/26
How to Describe Background and Related Work?
• Not just what? but also why?, why not?, how?, how else? etc.
◮ Not just a list of summaries
◮ Analysis, comparison, strengths, limitations
• Organized by ideas rather than by references
Uday Khedker IIT Bombay
49. CSI Convention 09 Research: The Structure of a Paper 18/26
Main Contents
Important questions are answered
• Questions: Problem, Theorem, . . .
• Answers: Algorithm/Protocol/Formulation, Proof, Counter example
. . .
• Type of contribution:
Beauty, utility, or both
• Use formalism but don’t hide ideas behind notation
Introduce notation, terminologies only where required
Uday Khedker IIT Bombay
50. CSI Convention 09 Research: The Structure of a Paper 19/26
How to Write Conclusions?
• Not a just summary
Uday Khedker IIT Bombay
51. CSI Convention 09 Research: The Structure of a Paper 19/26
How to Write Conclusions?
• Not a just summary
• Different from abstract and introduction
Uday Khedker IIT Bombay
52. CSI Convention 09 Research: The Structure of a Paper 19/26
How to Write Conclusions?
• Not a just summary
• Different from abstract and introduction
• Represents the moral of the story
◮ A high level description of the significance of ideas, what they could
further lead to
Last chance to highlight importance
◮ Analysis of strength and limitations
◮ What the readers should remember after they have forgotten the
details
Uday Khedker IIT Bombay
53. CSI Convention 09 Research: The Structure of a Paper 19/26
How to Write Conclusions?
• Not a just summary
• Different from abstract and introduction
• Represents the moral of the story
◮ A high level description of the significance of ideas, what they could
further lead to
Last chance to highlight importance
◮ Analysis of strength and limitations
◮ What the readers should remember after they have forgotten the
details
• Brings back the general level
◮ Abstract → Introduction → Details: Journey from general to specific
◮ Details → Conclusions: Return journey from specific to general
Uday Khedker IIT Bombay
54. CSI Convention 09 Research: The Structure of a Paper 20/26
How to Write References?
• Reference or Bibliography?
◮ References: List of sources that you actually cite in your paper
◮ Bibliography: List of all related publications
• Each item in the list must have at least the following fields:
Title, Author(s), Journal/Proceedings, Publisher, Year
• URLs don’t have a publication date, hence say when accessed it last
• Follow the style specified by the publisher
Uday Khedker IIT Bombay
56. CSI Convention 09 Research: Elements of Writing 21/26
Elements of Writing
• Be careful about the language: Grammar, sentence formations,
spellings, punctuation etc.
• Each paragraph should represent a specific idea
• Smooth transition from
◮ One paragraph to the next
◮ One sentence to the next
Plenty of help available on Internet
Uday Khedker IIT Bombay
57. CSI Convention 09 Research: Elements of Writing 22/26
Writing a Good Sentence
• Write short sentences
Uday Khedker IIT Bombay
58. CSI Convention 09 Research: Elements of Writing 22/26
Writing a Good Sentence
• Write short sentences
• Be precise
◮ “The problem stated above is difficult”
Difficult for whom? NP-complete? Believed by you? Believed by
others? Proved by someone?
Uday Khedker IIT Bombay
59. CSI Convention 09 Research: Elements of Writing 22/26
Writing a Good Sentence
• Write short sentences
• Be precise
◮ “The problem stated above is difficult”
Difficult for whom? NP-complete? Believed by you? Believed by
others? Proved by someone?
• Avoid unnecessary words in a sentence
◮ “This is a subject which is liked by people”
“This subject is liked by people”
◮ “The logger program notes the fact that the event has happened”
“The logger notes the event”
Uday Khedker IIT Bombay
60. CSI Convention 09 Research: Elements of Writing 22/26
Writing a Good Sentence
• Write short sentences
• Be precise
◮ “The problem stated above is difficult”
Difficult for whom? NP-complete? Believed by you? Believed by
others? Proved by someone?
• Avoid unnecessary words in a sentence
◮ “This is a subject which is liked by people”
“This subject is liked by people”
◮ “The logger program notes the fact that the event has happened”
“The logger notes the event”
• Convert nouns to verbs
◮ “His verticality changed to horizontality”
“He fell down”
◮ “This paragraph provides a conclusion of the description”
“This paragraph concludes the description”
Uday Khedker IIT Bombay
62. CSI Convention 09 Research: Conclusions 23/26
Conclusions
Writing good papers is important for your research
• For your own understanding
• For communicating your ideas to others
• For getting feedback from others
Uday Khedker IIT Bombay
63. CSI Convention 09 Research: Conclusions 24/26
Conclusions
On good writing
• Writing helps you understand your ideas better
• Write, read, revise. Repeat as long as you can
• Writing is a creative process and a big source of satisfaction
• Writing is an art
◮ Rules are not absolute
◮ Break rules if you must, but understand why it is necessary
• How to be a good writer? Read a lot
◮ Best resource: “Elements of Style” by Strunk and White
◮ Plenty of help available on Internet
Uday Khedker IIT Bombay
64. CSI Convention 09 Research: Conclusions 25/26
Acknowledgements
• Anonymous referees of our own papers
• Discussions with colleague
• Numerous tips available on Internet
• Talk by Abhiram Ranade
Uday Khedker IIT Bombay
65. CSI Convention 09 Research: Conclusions 26/26
Last But Not the Least
Thank You!
Contacting me :
• uday@cse.iitb.ac.in
• http://www.cse.iitb.ac.in/~uday
Uday Khedker IIT Bombay