This document provides guidance on how to write a journal or conference paper. It outlines the typical sections including the title, author info, abstract, introduction, literature review, research questions, hypotheses, research design, results, discussion, conclusion, references, and appendices. Each section is briefly described to introduce students to research writing and familiarize them with common formats. The goal is to strengthen students' understanding of how to structure their research and communicate it effectively in written form.

1. How To Write A Journal and
Conference Paper?
By
Nur Suhaili Ramli
Auckland, New Zealand
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2. Topic Outlines:
1. Title
2. Author Info
3. Abstract
4. Introduction
5. Literature Review/Related Studies
6. Research Questions
7. Hypotheses
8. Research Design
9. Result
10. Discussion
11. Conclusion / Further Research
12. References
13. Appendices
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3. Learning Outcomes:
• To introduce student with research
field
•To prepare student to write simple
journal and paper conference
•To guide student to familiarize with
the format
•To strengthen the understanding of
research writing
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4. 1) Title
• Less than 8-9 words
• The best title normally must be
within 8-9 words.
•Too simple means too general
•Too long will encourage mis
understanding
•Reflect the entire contents of
the paper
•The title is the main topic all about
•It reflect the entire paper from
beginning until the end.
•Focus and narrow down what you
wanted to write
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5. 2) Author Info
• Detail about you ( the author)
•You must at least telling your reader
about your full name, your university /
address, date / year, contacts such as
email.
•Example:
“Globalization creates New Civilization”
By
Amanda Reyes
University of Auckland,
December 2011
amanda123@auck.ac.nz
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6. 3) Abstract:
• Introduction/research problem
•Briefly introduce your introduction.
What your paper is all about. Then,
clearly mention your research
problem
•Objective/Research goal
•You need to write your objective
and research goal. Point by point in
sentence.
•Research design
•Example: where, when, how, what
data
•Result
• Write it directly
•Conclusion
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7. 4) Introduction:
• Advisable to write between 300-500
words (3 to 5 in paragraph),
•Must have Subheading / Paragraph
•Tell big picture.Why it is important/crucial?
•You should write broad information here
•Narrow the background –previous research
•You need to summarize the problem
•Write your research problem in detail –
State clear problem statement
•Last paragraph: the structure of paper
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8. 5) Literature Review/Related Studies:
•Have topics/subtopics
•Differentiate topics and subtopics
•Begin: Introduction and end with
summary
•The structure of this chapter
•Begin with available literature/analyze
each article/organize the review
•Strength and weakness of previous
study
•You need to state both here
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9. 6) Research Questions:
•This is important part in writing a
research.
•Identify what are the objectives
related to the entire research.
•Make sure just write down the big
goals – research goals. Strongly
related to your research.
•
•Normally identify 2-5 major
Research Questions
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10. 7) Hypotheses:
•Hypotheses identified must be related
to your research questions and
research objectives.
•Research hypothesis – intro is a
basis , after state problem, must state
hypothesis
•Write your hypotheses accordingly
•Follow from literature review, leads to
your finding and answer to
experiments
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11. 8) Research Design:
•Data collection/ procedure/
methodology
•You need to elaborate those
section mentioned above. What and
why you choose it in your research
•Define all your term
•Make sure you must define all the
jargons use in your research. This
is very important.
•Instruction all task accordingly
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12. 9) Result:
•Report what data collected
• You must write all of your findings
with elaborations.
•Must be very particular
•Accurate
•Tables/figures
•Present your data collected in
tables or figures to make things
easier
•Summary of data
•This is important. After good
elaborations in each findings,
finally you have to summarize it.
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13. 10) Discussion
•What do results mean
•What you learned from developing and
analyzing your topic
•
•Research contribution (what was new/
unique/interesting)
•Topic boundaries/limitation/assumptions
•Significance of study hypothesis support
•Key finding
•How this finding relate to previous
research finding
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14. 11) Conclusion/Further Research:
• Knowledge contribution
• What and how your research
contribute to the field?
•Summarize
•You need to write summary for the
entire research.
•Further interesting discussion
•You can give an extended question
to be explored by future
researcher.
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15. 12) References:
•This is very important chapter
•You must mention who, where, and
how did you complete your research.
For example; if you referring to others’
work like journals, books, magazines.
You MUST put them in this section.
•Avoid plagiarism
•Almost researcher write reference
using the APA style.
•References is different than a
bibliography. (Please note this)
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16. 13) Appendices:
• This part comes after references
•You can put the evidence of your
research such as set of questionnaires,
programming codes, letters, or any
documentation that has been used
•Attach them accordingly with captions
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17. Hope it helps!
Good luck!

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