This document provides background information on World War I and its global impacts. It discusses the long term and short term causes of WWI in Europe, including nationalism, imperialism, militarism, and alliances. It describes the key events and battles in Europe, the Middle East, Africa, and other regions. New military technologies are outlined. The document also examines the home fronts during the war, the Russian Revolution, American entry into the war, and the peace settlements after 1918. It analyzes the rise of nationalism in colonies in Africa, Asia, and India in the aftermath of the war. In particular, it focuses on the growth of the Indian independence movement and the emergence of Gandhi as a leader.
2. Todayâs Objectives
ī I will be able to understand, analyze, explain the
significance of, and discuss the reasons for American
entry into World War I, the nature of Trench
Warfare, and reasons for the success of the Ententeâs
forces.
3. Causes of World War I
Scramble for African Colonies!
Relentless Nationalism!
French Revanchism!
Arms Race!
Secret Alliances!
4. CAUSES OF THE WAR
ī LONG TERM
īĄ NATIONALISM
īˇ Rivalry between Great Powers for Status, Influence
īĸ Germany, Austria
īĸ France, Great Britain, Russia
īˇ Nationalist Aspirations
īĸ Balkan States sought to united same peoples in one state
īĸ Balkan nationalism posed threat to Russia, Austria, Turkey
īˇ Competition between national economies for profit
īĄ IMPERIALISM
īˇ The competition for foreign empires in Africa, Asia
īˇ Rivalry for influence in independent nations
īˇ Competition for markets
īĄ MILITARISM, NAVALISM
īˇ Nationalism demanded modern armies and navies
īˇ Arms race ensued
īˇ Nations could not permit rival to have better military
īĄ ALLIANCES
īˇ Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria, Italy â Rumania, Bulgaria, Turkey
īˇ Triple Entente: France, Russia, Great Britain â Serbia, Belgium
īˇ Anglo-Japanese Alliance of 1902
ī SHORT TERM
īĄ July 24, 1914: Serb Black Hand member assassinates heir to the Austrian Throne
īĄ Austria picks a fight with Serbia, who calls on Russia for assistance
īĄ Austria asks Germany for help; Russia asks France for help
īĄ Germany attacks France through Belgium without declaration of war
īĄ European leaders allowed war to begin because they believed it would be quick, decisive
8. WAR IN EUROPE
ī Germany's War Plan
īˇGermany called for a swift defeat of France, longer war
with Russia
īˇInvaded neutral Belgium, Luxembourg without
declaration of war
īˇFailure to defeat France set stage for 3 years of stalemate
īˇMilitary dictatorship gradually replaced Kaiser, German
Reichstag on running war
ī Allied War Plans
īˇFrench planned to attack into Alsace-Lorraine to recover
lost land
īˇFrench military planners spoke of elan and eâspririt de
corps to overcome technology, German
īˇRussia was to swiftly mobilize and attack Germany,
Austria in the east
9. War in Europe
ī Western Front
īˇ Soldiers dug trenches length of the front; machine guns and artillery
dominate battlefield
īˇ Neither side could advance against the other's defenses.
īˇ Allies and Germans both began to use technology to break deadlock
īˇ Both sides imposed blockades on the other using navies, submarines
ī Eastern Front
īˇ Aristocratic officers, peasant soldiers of Russia unprepared; Germany had
worldâs most modern army
īˇ Virtual destruction of the tsarist armies and steady loss of territory to
Germany
īˇ Nicholas II, who had taken direct control of the front, incompetent
īˇ Germany quickly developed a war of maneuver: no static front
ī Italian and Balkan Fronts
īˇ Russia did well against the Austro-Hungarians
īˇ Bulgaria joins Central Powers in 1915
īˇ Serbia, Montenegro overrun by Central Powers in 1915
īˇ Italy joined allies to gain territory but did very poorly.
īˇ Rumania joined allies to regain Transylvania and quickly overrun
10. TECHNOLOGY AT WAR
The Submarine or U-Boat
The Tank
The Fighter
The Bomber
The Zeppelin
The Machine Gun
ī Role of Technology
īĄ Allies, Central Powers tried to break stalemate using new weapons
īĄ New weapons include:
īˇ Germans: Submarines, poisonous gas, bombers, fighters
īˇ Allies: Tanks, destroyers, mass produced freighters
īˇ Both sides had to develop new foods, techniques to replace what was lost due to
failed trade
īĄ German unrestricted submarine warfare led to American entry to the war
in 1917
ī Technology was one way conflict became a total war
24. World War I Tactics: Trench Warfare
No way to easily drive an enemy from their trenches.
Only way to take an enemy trench: Throw enormous amounts of
men into enemy machine guns until they break.
New technologies are not up to the task!
By 1917, hundreds of thousands of
soldiers are defecting from all sides.
Decimation is introduced.
25. MIDDLE EAST & WORLD WAR I
ī The Ottoman Empire
īˇ Sided with Germany as UK, Russia had proven enemies
īˇ Allies try to force way through Dardanelles
īĸ Needed to open supply route to Russia
īĸ Gallipoli was a disaster for ANZAC troops used
īĸ Cost UK support amongst Australia, New Zealand
īˇ British invade Middle East
īĸ Used Indian, colonial troops
īĸ Twin pushes - through Palestine, Iraq
īĸ Capture Jerusalem, Baghdad before 1918
īˇ Russia and the Turks
īĸ Russian armies drove Turks back into Anatolia
īĸ Christians welcomed Russians
īĸ Germans rushed to aid Turks, stop Russian advances
īĸ Military failures led to a genocidal assault on Armenian
Christians
26. MIDDLE EAST AND WWI
ī Arab Revolt
īˇOttomans ruled Hejaz (Mecca, Medina) and south coast
of Persian Gulf
īˇEncouraged/aided by the British!
ī Allied Promises
īˇFrench, British promise Arabs independence after war
īˇSecretly made plans to partition area amongst Allies
(Sykes-Pikot Treaty)
ī Britain and Manpower Needs
īĄ British approach the World Zionist Congress and ask them to encourage
Jews to enlist in the British military.
īĄ Zionist Congress agrees in exchange for British support for a Jewish
state in Palestine.
27. A WORLD AT WAR
ī The War Outside Europe
īĄ Fighting spread to the colonies
īˇTroops from the colonies were recruited for war in
Europe
īˇBritish naval power contributed greatly to the
globalization of the war
īˇThe Indian Army provided much of Britainâs overseas
armies for all fronts
īˇIndian Army instrumental in Mesopotamia, Africa
īĄ Asia-Pacific
īˇJapan seized German possessions in Asia , Pacific
īˇChina joined war to get voice at peace conference
īˇChina sent 100,000 porters to Europe to free up troops
īˇGermans sent their East Asian fleet on cruise to raid
commerce in Pacific, Indian Ocean
28. A WORLD AT WAR
īĄ Africa
īˇ Allies quickly overran all German colonies except East Africa
īˇ Germans in East Africa led by a military genius who was never
defeated
īˇ Germans invaded Belgian Congo, British East Africa, and
Mozamibique
īˇ The Dominions contributed supplies and troops to the British
effort
īˇ Many African divisions served in Europe, Middle East
ī The United States
īĄ Germany made a major mistake with unrestricted submarine warfare
â US hated it
īĄ Germany made a major mistake with Zimmerman Telegraph to
Mexico
īĄ The U.S. entry into the war made it a major global power
īĄ U.S. supplies and troops led Germany to believe it needed to launch a
major offensive.
29. Russian Revolution!
There is only 1 rifle for every 3 soldiers!
Millions of Russian soldiers are being
massacred regularly by the Germans.
Russian generals are
totally incompetent.
35. Reasons for American Entry: Banks
American businesses
were able to sell weapons
and loan money to the
countries fighting the
war.
American banks had
loaned $25 million to
Germany.
American banks had
loaned $2 billion to
Britain and France.
36. Reasons for American Entry: Problems
Millions of immigrants live in
the United States that are
from Germany, the Austrian-
Hungarian Empire, and
Ireland.
Less than 35% of Americans
support the war.
WHY are they fighting the
war in the first place?
38. How to get Americans to fight? Arrest
Dissenters!
DEBS
HAYWOOD
CUMMINGS
Frank Montgomery
39. Pro-War Paranoia!
Dauschunds are renamed âLiberty Pups!â
Sauerkraut is renamed âLiberty
Cabbage!â
The teaching of the German language
was outlawed in many states!
Many German-Americans
anglicized their names!
40. THE HOME FRONTS
ī The Home Fronts in Europe
īĄ Soldiers at front became angry with political leaders
īĄ Disturbed by civilians who continued to support the war
īĄ Governments
īˇTook direct control of many industries
īˇRise of strong centralized state bureaucracies
īˇMade use of sophisticated propaganda
īĄ Workers and Women
īˇUnions, socialist leaders increasingly tied to government;
workers rejected support of war
īˇLabor protests in Russia helped spark the fall of the Tsar
īˇWomen's participation in labor force increased
īˇMany pushed out of work after war ended
īˇParticipation in the war effort helped them gain vote in
Britain, Germany, and the USA.
41. The End of the War
ī The Return to Offensive Warfare
īĄ Failure of April 1918 offensive by the Germans
īˇ US troops arrived quicker than expected and halted German
advance
īˇ Collapse of Austrians, Bulgars, Turks led Germany to agree
to armistice in November 1918
īĄ Revolution in Germany 1918 â 1919
īˇ Soviet, Socialist revolutions lead to collapse of German
empire, creation of a Republic
īˇ Many Germans came to blame the civilian government that
replaced the Kaiser.
ī Cost
īĄ Immense destruction in Europe and very high death tolls (10
million)
īĄ Allies owed billions to the US: had to collect billions in
reparations from Germany
īĄ Compounded by worldwide influenza epidemic that killed 50
million more.
43. PARIS PEACE TREATIES
ī 14 Points
īĄ Woodrow Wilson's plan for a non-punitive peace
īĄ Germany agreed to an armistice based on 14 Points
īĄ Thwarted by the Entente allies
īˇ Britain and France demanded reparations
īˇ Demanded a treaty that blamed Germany for the war
ī Paris Peace Conference, 1919
īĄ Allied leaders assembled in Paris
īĄ Germany was deliberately humiliated
īĄ Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empires were dismembered
īĄ Russia not invited as Allies were at war with Bolshevism
īĄ Colonies of European Nations, China
īˇ Largely ignored
īˇ Envoys were often not even consulted
45. THE LEAGUE
OF NATIONS
ī Wilsonâs 14th Point
īĄOnly part of the 14th Points enacted
īĄUS Senate did not ratify the treaty
īĄUSSR, former Central Power nations
were not admitted
ī The League of Nations
īĄGoal: International organization for
nations to consult, avoid war
īĄReality: had no real power to enforce
peace, punish aggressors
īĄReality: France, UK dominate
īĄColonies not represented
46. RISE OF NATIONALISM IN AFRICA,
ASIA
ī World War I impacted colonies
īĄ Colonial Contribution
īˇAfrican, Asian troops conscripted for European armies
īˇBattles of Marne (1914) won with assistance of
Senegalese troops
īˇBritish conquer Middle East largely using Indian Army
īˇColonies served as important sources of food, raw
materials
īĄ During the course of the war
īˇEuropean vulnerability became evident
īˇEuropean troops withdrawn from colonies for European
fronts
īˇAdministrative personnel were recalled
īˇAfricans, Asians filled posts previously reserved for
Europeans
47. RISE OF NATIONALISM
īĄ To maintain support Europeans made many
promises
īˇPromised independence
īˇBut they often failed to fulfill them after the war
īĄ War cast doubts on claims of European
superiority
īĄ Its disruptions bolstered nationalist movements.
ī Africa, Southwest Asia, Asia ignored at Paris Peace
īĄ German colonies divided amongst victors as
mandates
īĄ Ho Chi Minh attends the peace conference,
seeking independence for Vietnam; Ignored.
īĄ Arabs in Turkish Empire become mandates of
UK, France
48. INDIA
ī Nationalist Challenge to the British Raj
īĄ India colonized long before Africa, Asia
īˇ Was first to establish independence movements
īˇ Western-educated minorities organized politically
īˇ Sought to bring about the end or modification of colonial
regimes
īĄ Indian National Congress
īˇ Regional associations of Western-educated Indians
īˇ Most often urbanized elite
īˇ Formed Indian National Congress party in 1885
īˇ Primary function of early party was to present grievances to
British
īˇ Most of the issues concerned the Indian elite, not the poor
īˇ Despite limited aims, Congress party allowed the formation of
Indian identity
49. INDIA
ī Social Foundations of a Mass Movement
īĄ British economic and social policies
īˇHelped the Congress party attract a mass following
īˇMarginalized all Indians including elite
īĄ Indians
īˇSupported the massive costs for the colonial army,
high-salaried bureaucrats
īˇTolerated the importation of British-manufactured
goods.
īĄ Problems among the peasantry including shortfalls of
food supplies
īˇInduced nationalists to blame the British policies
īˇEncouraged peasants to shift from the production of
food to commercial crops.
53. INDIAN OPTIONS
ī The Rise of Militant Nationalism
īĄ Some nationalists such as B. G. Tilak emphasized Hindusim
īˇ Tilak, supporters used Hindu religious festivals as means of
recruitment.
īˇ Tilak urged the boycott of British manufactured goods
īˇ Tilak's conservative Hinduism frightened moderates, Muslims, Sikhs
īˇ Tilak's support for violence led to his arrest, deportation
īĄ Some Hindus
īˇ Embraced terrorism as a means of ending British rule
īˇ Terrorist groups favored secret organizations
īˇ Targeted British officials and public buildings
īˇ British suppression, lack of mass support reduced threats
īˇ Peaceful schemes for protest drew support from Tilak, terrorists
īˇ Congress Party lawyers emerged as leaders of nationalist movement
īĄ All India Muslim League and Muhammad Ali Jinnah
īˇ League founded in 1906 to represent Muslim interests
īˇ Jinnah joined in 1916 and helped bring Congress Party and League
together
54. INDIAN OPTIONS
ī The Emergence of Gandhi and the Nationalist Struggle
īĄ India played a significant role in World War I
īˇ Even the nationalist leaders of India supported the war effort
īˇ Wartime inflation reduced standards of living among the Indian peasants
īˇ Produced famine in some regions.
īĄ Following the war
īˇ Nationalists were frustrated by the British refusal to move directly toward
independence.
īˇ Initial promise of the Montagu-Chelmsford reforms of 1919
īˇ Offset by the Rowlatt Act, which limited Indian civil rights.
īĄ Frustrations led to the Rise of Gandhi
īˇ Permitted Gandhi to build a nationwide protest against colonialism
īˇ Gandhi combined the qualities of a Hindu mystic with the acumen of a
Western-educated lawyer
īˇ Both peasants and the middle classes supported his leadership
īˇ His boycotts, campaigns of civil resistance made him acceptable to both
radical, moderate nationalists
īˇ As a Hindu mystic, Gandhi could mobilize widespread support for his
movement
55. WAR, NATIONALISM IN THE MIDDLE
EAST
ī In the years after World War I
īĄ Ottoman rule collapsed
īˇ Old Ottoman state to be partitions between Allies, Greeks,
Armenians
īˇ Only a small Turkish state built around Ankara remained
īˇ Constantinople placed under international control
īˇ Greeks seek more lands in Asia Minor, invade rump Turkish state
īĄ Rise of Turkish Nationalism
īˇ Turks rally to Ataturk (Mustafa Kemal): organizes, arms Turkish
armies
īˇ Drive Greek armies out of Asia Minor
īˇ Negotiates with Allies for return of Turkish lands
īˇ Abolishes Caliphate, Sultanate in 1922 and creates a republic
īˇ Begins process of westernization, modernization of Turkish state,
culture
īˇ Massive liberties granted to women â first such move in Middle
East
56. WAR, NATIONALISM IN THE MIDDLE EAST
ī Arabia
īĄ Wahhabist State in Central Arabia Prior to World War I
īˇWahhabis were puritanical religious fanatics
īˇSought to cleanse Islam of all foreign influences
īˇReligious sect allied to Saud family ruling central
Arabia
īĄ Arab Uprising against Turks
īˇBegan in Hejaz (region containing Mecca and Medina)
under Hashemite Emirs
īˇAfter World War I Wahhabists conquer Hejaz and expel
pro-British Hashemite emirs
īˇCreate unified Arabian state called Saudi Arabia
īĄ British make Hashemite emirs rulers of Transjordan and
Iraqi mandates
57. NATIONALISM IN EGYPT
ī The British and Egypt
īĄ British occupation in 1882 following Ahmad Orabi Rebellion
īˇ Left the Egyptians with both Turkish khedives, British overlords
īˇ British left Khedival government in place but ran Egyptian foreign policy, defense
īĄ Lord Cromer directed British policy in Egypt.
īˇ Attempted economic reforms to reduce debts, improve irrigation, public works.
īˇ The masses of the Egyptian population realized little benefit from the changes.
īĸ Ayan (greater landlords) able to extend control farther into the countryside
īĸ The great estates came to monopolize most Egyptian land
īĸ Small landholders reduced to tenancy.
īĄ Resistance to the British administration of Egypt
īˇ Resistance by the elite
īĸ Emerged from within the lower officer ranks of Egyptian army,
īĸ Emerged from within the ranks of the Egyptian business classes
īĸ Journalists were particularly prominent in the nationalist movement
īĸ Journalists attacked the British administration and British racial attitudes
īˇ Three nationalist parties were created
58. NATIONALISM IN EGYPT
īĄ To forestall more violent nationalist movements
īˇ The British granted a new constitution to Egypt
īˇ Allowed parliamentary representation
īˇ When World War I broke out, the British suspended the
constitution and imposed martial law
ī Revolt in Egypt 1919
īĄ Martial law in Egypt during World War I imposed great hardships on
the peasantry
īĄ British refusal to allow Egyptian delegation to attend the peace
conferences
īĄ This touched off a rebellion but British able to regain control
īĄ British forced to recognize nationalist Wafd party under Sa'd Zaghlul
ī Between 1922 and 1936
īĄ British forces were progressively withdrawn to the Suez Canal zone
īĄ They reserved their right to defend their interests in Egypt
īĄ The Wafd party failed to enact significant social or economic
reforms.
59. ARAB MANDATES
ī Entente powers broke promises made to Arabs
īĄ Allies promised Arabs independent states in Middle East
following War
īĄ Sikes-Pikot Treaty
īˇDivided Middle East between Allied Nations
īˇGave Arab lands to European powers
ī Arabs expected independent Arab states
īĄ British and French forces occupied Ottoman empire
īĄ Created artificial states within the League of Nations
īˇCalled Mandates, placed under control of British, French
īˇAllies were supposed to prepare Arabs for independence
īˇFrench did not, British did
61. ARAB MANDATES
īĄ In Syria, Iraq, Lebanon
īˇ Arab resistance to the mandate system was common
īˇ British eventually placed Hashemite King on Iraqi throne
ī Palestine, Balfour Declaration and Zionism
īĄ Zionist movement largely Eastern Europe until 1894
īĄ Zionists were Jews seeking to create Jewish homeland in Palestine
īĄ Theodor Herzl
īˇ Mobilized West European Zionism
īˇ Formed the World Zionist Organization
īĄ British Foreign Minister Balfour promised Zionists in 1917 support for
Jewish homeland
īĄ Pogroms against Jewish communities accelerated migration to Palestine
īĄ Both Zionism, British takeover of Palestine seemed to violate assurances
īĄ Rising Arab opposition caused the British to limit Zionist settlement in
Palestine
īĄ Zionists thus began to arm themselves in order to resist both British, Arab
opposition
īĄ Arabs in Palestine remained without a voice concerning the fate of their
region.
63. AFRICA
ī During World War I
īĄ Most Western-educated African elites remained loyal to the colonial
regimes.
īĄ The war effort disrupted African economies
īˇ Drew heavily on African manpower: Senegalese, West African, South
African troops helped allies
īˇ German resistance led to a guerrilla war in East Africa for four years
īˇ Women assumed many traditionally male roles during war
ī After the war
īĄ Europeans kept few promises of economic improvement
īĄ This led to strikes and civil disobedience
īĄ Tariffs and restrictions to trade hurt weak African economies
ī Dissatisfaction with colonialism spread
īĄ First nationalist movements appeared in Africa in the 1920s
īˇ Emerged in the guise of unworkable pan-African organizations
īˇ Charismatic African-American leaders had significant roles in the
formation of pan-African movements
64. ī The Tirailleurs Senegalais were West African Colonial
Army troops who fought for the French during World
War I
66. AFRICA
īĄ In French Africa
īˇ A literary genre, nÊgritude arose
īĸ Celebrated black culture as an attack on European racist attitudes
īĸ Influenced by the Harlem Renaissance in the US; Surrealism, World
Socialism
īĸ Movement was very influential in Caribbean, Brazil, too linking areas
of African diaspora
īˇ French Africans often took path of assimilation into French culture AS
BLACKS to gain rights
īˇ Little involvement of Africans in any aspect of colonial government â
reserved for French Europeans
īĄ In British colonies
īˇ British utilized African policemen, lower bureaucrats, civil servants,
magistrates
īˇ Their influence in colonial government grew to form a nationalist and
Pan-African movement
īˇ Actual political parties were slow to emerge
īˇ Political associations began the process of developing a mass base and
agitating for political reform
īˇ Educated African elite and businessmen often became spokesmen for
nationalist movements
67. GLOBAL CONNECTIONS
ī Changing Realities
īĄ World War I undermined Europe's global dominance
īĄ At end of war the United States was clearly the greatest world
power
īĄ Rise of United States and Japan in world influence
īĄ First non-European powers to do so broke European monopoly
ī Communism as Anti-Imperialism
īĄ Revolution broke out in Russia and the East
īĄ Soviet state challenged traditional western dominance
īĄ Offered an alternative to western capitalist, democratic models
ī Socialism as Change
īĄ Socialists gained ground in the western democracies
īĄ Replaced more traditional conservatives and liberals
68. GLOBAL CONNECTIONS
ī Changes in Gender Roles
īĄ Gender roles changed dramatically in Western Europe, in Russia
īĄ Began to change in Eastern Europe, Turkey
īĄ During war, many women allowed to assume economic roles which they had
never had
īĄ After World War I many Western states gave women the vote
ī The War Encouraged Economic Changes
īĄ Increased industrialization in the US and changing industries in war powers
significant
īĄ Export by Latin American nations added non-European nations to the
Global Economic scene
ī Beginning of Decolonialization
īĄ The empires of the Entente nations actually grew but change had begun
īĄ Liberation movements gained ground as a result of the war
īĄ Successful nationalist revolutions in Saudi Arabia and Turkey offered hope
īĄ Indian independence movement had gained in influence
īĄ Africans granted roles during war which they had not had before