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World war i complete

This document provides background information on World War I and its global impacts. It discusses the long term and short term causes of WWI in Europe, including nationalism, imperialism, militarism, and alliances. It describes the key events and battles in Europe, the Middle East, Africa, and other regions. New military technologies are outlined. The document also examines the home fronts during the war, the Russian Revolution, American entry into the war, and the peace settlements after 1918. It analyzes the rise of nationalism in colonies in Africa, Asia, and India in the aftermath of the war. In particular, it focuses on the growth of the Indian independence movement and the emergence of Gandhi as a leader.

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MR. BREDBERG World War I
Today’s Objectives  I will be able to understand, analyze, explain the significance of, and discuss the reasons for American entry into World War I, the nature of Trench Warfare, and reasons for the success of the Entente’s forces.
Causes of World War I Scramble for African Colonies! Relentless Nationalism! French Revanchism! Arms Race! Secret Alliances!
CAUSES OF THE WAR  LONG TERM  NATIONALISM  Rivalry between Great Powers for Status, Influence  Germany, Austria  France, Great Britain, Russia  Nationalist Aspirations  Balkan States sought to united same peoples in one state  Balkan nationalism posed threat to Russia, Austria, Turkey  Competition between national economies for profit  IMPERIALISM  The competition for foreign empires in Africa, Asia  Rivalry for influence in independent nations  Competition for markets  MILITARISM, NAVALISM  Nationalism demanded modern armies and navies  Arms race ensued  Nations could not permit rival to have better military  ALLIANCES  Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria, Italy – Rumania, Bulgaria, Turkey  Triple Entente: France, Russia, Great Britain – Serbia, Belgium  Anglo-Japanese Alliance of 1902  SHORT TERM  July 24, 1914: Serb Black Hand member assassinates heir to the Austrian Throne  Austria picks a fight with Serbia, who calls on Russia for assistance  Austria asks Germany for help; Russia asks France for help  Germany attacks France through Belgium without declaration of war  European leaders allowed war to begin because they believed it would be quick, decisive
World War I: Map
Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand
Attitude on the Eve of the War
WAR IN EUROPE  Germany's War Plan Germany called for a swift defeat of France, longer war with Russia Invaded neutral Belgium, Luxembourg without declaration of war Failure to defeat France set stage for 3 years of stalemate Military dictatorship gradually replaced Kaiser, German Reichstag on running war  Allied War Plans French planned to attack into Alsace-Lorraine to recover lost land French military planners spoke of elan and e’spririt de corps to overcome technology, German Russia was to swiftly mobilize and attack Germany, Austria in the east
War in Europe  Western Front  Soldiers dug trenches length of the front; machine guns and artillery dominate battlefield  Neither side could advance against the other's defenses.  Allies and Germans both began to use technology to break deadlock  Both sides imposed blockades on the other using navies, submarines  Eastern Front  Aristocratic officers, peasant soldiers of Russia unprepared; Germany had world’s most modern army  Virtual destruction of the tsarist armies and steady loss of territory to Germany  Nicholas II, who had taken direct control of the front, incompetent  Germany quickly developed a war of maneuver: no static front  Italian and Balkan Fronts  Russia did well against the Austro-Hungarians  Bulgaria joins Central Powers in 1915  Serbia, Montenegro overrun by Central Powers in 1915  Italy joined allies to gain territory but did very poorly.  Rumania joined allies to regain Transylvania and quickly overrun
TECHNOLOGY AT WAR The Submarine or U-Boat The Tank The Fighter The Bomber The Zeppelin The Machine Gun  Role of Technology  Allies, Central Powers tried to break stalemate using new weapons  New weapons include:  Germans: Submarines, poisonous gas, bombers, fighters  Allies: Tanks, destroyers, mass produced freighters  Both sides had to develop new foods, techniques to replace what was lost due to failed trade  German unrestricted submarine warfare led to American entry to the war in 1917  Technology was one way conflict became a total war
Weapons of World War I: Machine Gun
Weapons of World War I: Artillery
World War I Tactics: Trench Warfare
World War I: Life in the Trench Trench Foot Constant Attack! Rats! How can we use science to break the stalemate?
Trench Foot
World War I Tactics: Gas!
World War I Tactics: Over the top!
 Men blinded by a gas attack.
World War I Tactics: Trench Warfare No way to easily drive an enemy from their trenches. Only way to take an enemy trench: Throw enormous amounts of men into enemy machine guns until they break. New technologies are not up to the task! By 1917, hundreds of thousands of soldiers are defecting from all sides. Decimation is introduced.
MIDDLE EAST & WORLD WAR I  The Ottoman Empire  Sided with Germany as UK, Russia had proven enemies  Allies try to force way through Dardanelles  Needed to open supply route to Russia  Gallipoli was a disaster for ANZAC troops used  Cost UK support amongst Australia, New Zealand  British invade Middle East  Used Indian, colonial troops  Twin pushes - through Palestine, Iraq  Capture Jerusalem, Baghdad before 1918  Russia and the Turks  Russian armies drove Turks back into Anatolia  Christians welcomed Russians  Germans rushed to aid Turks, stop Russian advances  Military failures led to a genocidal assault on Armenian Christians
MIDDLE EAST AND WWI  Arab Revolt Ottomans ruled Hejaz (Mecca, Medina) and south coast of Persian Gulf Encouraged/aided by the British!  Allied Promises French, British promise Arabs independence after war Secretly made plans to partition area amongst Allies (Sykes-Pikot Treaty)  Britain and Manpower Needs  British approach the World Zionist Congress and ask them to encourage Jews to enlist in the British military.  Zionist Congress agrees in exchange for British support for a Jewish state in Palestine.
A WORLD AT WAR  The War Outside Europe  Fighting spread to the colonies Troops from the colonies were recruited for war in Europe British naval power contributed greatly to the globalization of the war The Indian Army provided much of Britain’s overseas armies for all fronts Indian Army instrumental in Mesopotamia, Africa  Asia-Pacific Japan seized German possessions in Asia , Pacific China joined war to get voice at peace conference China sent 100,000 porters to Europe to free up troops Germans sent their East Asian fleet on cruise to raid commerce in Pacific, Indian Ocean
A WORLD AT WAR  Africa  Allies quickly overran all German colonies except East Africa  Germans in East Africa led by a military genius who was never defeated  Germans invaded Belgian Congo, British East Africa, and Mozamibique  The Dominions contributed supplies and troops to the British effort  Many African divisions served in Europe, Middle East  The United States  Germany made a major mistake with unrestricted submarine warfare – US hated it  Germany made a major mistake with Zimmerman Telegraph to Mexico  The U.S. entry into the war made it a major global power  U.S. supplies and troops led Germany to believe it needed to launch a major offensive.
Russian Revolution! There is only 1 rifle for every 3 soldiers! Millions of Russian soldiers are being massacred regularly by the Germans. Russian generals are totally incompetent.
Russian Revolution
Russia Leaves the War!
Why would America want to get involved??
Reasons for American Entry: Uboats and the Lusitania
Reasons for American Entry: Zimmermann Telegram
Reasons for American Entry: Banks American businesses were able to sell weapons and loan money to the countries fighting the war. American banks had loaned $25 million to Germany. American banks had loaned $2 billion to Britain and France.
Reasons for American Entry: Problems Millions of immigrants live in the United States that are from Germany, the Austrian- Hungarian Empire, and Ireland. Less than 35% of Americans support the war. WHY are they fighting the war in the first place?
How To Get Americans to Fight? Propaganda!
How to get Americans to fight? Arrest Dissenters! DEBS HAYWOOD CUMMINGS Frank Montgomery
Pro-War Paranoia! Dauschunds are renamed “Liberty Pups!” Sauerkraut is renamed “Liberty Cabbage!” The teaching of the German language was outlawed in many states! Many German-Americans anglicized their names!
THE HOME FRONTS  The Home Fronts in Europe  Soldiers at front became angry with political leaders  Disturbed by civilians who continued to support the war  Governments Took direct control of many industries Rise of strong centralized state bureaucracies Made use of sophisticated propaganda  Workers and Women Unions, socialist leaders increasingly tied to government; workers rejected support of war Labor protests in Russia helped spark the fall of the Tsar Women's participation in labor force increased Many pushed out of work after war ended Participation in the war effort helped them gain vote in Britain, Germany, and the USA.
The End of the War  The Return to Offensive Warfare  Failure of April 1918 offensive by the Germans  US troops arrived quicker than expected and halted German advance  Collapse of Austrians, Bulgars, Turks led Germany to agree to armistice in November 1918  Revolution in Germany 1918 – 1919  Soviet, Socialist revolutions lead to collapse of German empire, creation of a Republic  Many Germans came to blame the civilian government that replaced the Kaiser.  Cost  Immense destruction in Europe and very high death tolls (10 million)  Allies owed billions to the US: had to collect billions in reparations from Germany  Compounded by worldwide influenza epidemic that killed 50 million more.
Now what? War’s over… now what?
PARIS PEACE TREATIES  14 Points  Woodrow Wilson's plan for a non-punitive peace  Germany agreed to an armistice based on 14 Points  Thwarted by the Entente allies  Britain and France demanded reparations  Demanded a treaty that blamed Germany for the war  Paris Peace Conference, 1919  Allied leaders assembled in Paris  Germany was deliberately humiliated  Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empires were dismembered  Russia not invited as Allies were at war with Bolshevism  Colonies of European Nations, China  Largely ignored  Envoys were often not even consulted
NEW BORDERS: COLLAPSE OF FOUR EMPIRES
THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS  Wilson’s 14th Point Only part of the 14th Points enacted US Senate did not ratify the treaty USSR, former Central Power nations were not admitted  The League of Nations Goal: International organization for nations to consult, avoid war Reality: had no real power to enforce peace, punish aggressors Reality: France, UK dominate Colonies not represented
RISE OF NATIONALISM IN AFRICA, ASIA  World War I impacted colonies  Colonial Contribution African, Asian troops conscripted for European armies Battles of Marne (1914) won with assistance of Senegalese troops British conquer Middle East largely using Indian Army Colonies served as important sources of food, raw materials  During the course of the war European vulnerability became evident European troops withdrawn from colonies for European fronts Administrative personnel were recalled Africans, Asians filled posts previously reserved for Europeans
RISE OF NATIONALISM  To maintain support Europeans made many promises Promised independence But they often failed to fulfill them after the war  War cast doubts on claims of European superiority  Its disruptions bolstered nationalist movements.  Africa, Southwest Asia, Asia ignored at Paris Peace  German colonies divided amongst victors as mandates  Ho Chi Minh attends the peace conference, seeking independence for Vietnam; Ignored.  Arabs in Turkish Empire become mandates of UK, France
INDIA  Nationalist Challenge to the British Raj  India colonized long before Africa, Asia  Was first to establish independence movements  Western-educated minorities organized politically  Sought to bring about the end or modification of colonial regimes  Indian National Congress  Regional associations of Western-educated Indians  Most often urbanized elite  Formed Indian National Congress party in 1885  Primary function of early party was to present grievances to British  Most of the issues concerned the Indian elite, not the poor  Despite limited aims, Congress party allowed the formation of Indian identity
INDIA  Social Foundations of a Mass Movement  British economic and social policies Helped the Congress party attract a mass following Marginalized all Indians including elite  Indians Supported the massive costs for the colonial army, high-salaried bureaucrats Tolerated the importation of British-manufactured goods.  Problems among the peasantry including shortfalls of food supplies Induced nationalists to blame the British policies Encouraged peasants to shift from the production of food to commercial crops.
 Indian troops of the British Empire, in France during WWI
 Indian troops of the British Empire, near the front. 3rd Lahore Division.
 Indian Sikh troops in WWI.
INDIAN OPTIONS  The Rise of Militant Nationalism  Some nationalists such as B. G. Tilak emphasized Hindusim  Tilak, supporters used Hindu religious festivals as means of recruitment.  Tilak urged the boycott of British manufactured goods  Tilak's conservative Hinduism frightened moderates, Muslims, Sikhs  Tilak's support for violence led to his arrest, deportation  Some Hindus  Embraced terrorism as a means of ending British rule  Terrorist groups favored secret organizations  Targeted British officials and public buildings  British suppression, lack of mass support reduced threats  Peaceful schemes for protest drew support from Tilak, terrorists  Congress Party lawyers emerged as leaders of nationalist movement  All India Muslim League and Muhammad Ali Jinnah  League founded in 1906 to represent Muslim interests  Jinnah joined in 1916 and helped bring Congress Party and League together
INDIAN OPTIONS  The Emergence of Gandhi and the Nationalist Struggle  India played a significant role in World War I  Even the nationalist leaders of India supported the war effort  Wartime inflation reduced standards of living among the Indian peasants  Produced famine in some regions.  Following the war  Nationalists were frustrated by the British refusal to move directly toward independence.  Initial promise of the Montagu-Chelmsford reforms of 1919  Offset by the Rowlatt Act, which limited Indian civil rights.  Frustrations led to the Rise of Gandhi  Permitted Gandhi to build a nationwide protest against colonialism  Gandhi combined the qualities of a Hindu mystic with the acumen of a Western-educated lawyer  Both peasants and the middle classes supported his leadership  His boycotts, campaigns of civil resistance made him acceptable to both radical, moderate nationalists  As a Hindu mystic, Gandhi could mobilize widespread support for his movement
WAR, NATIONALISM IN THE MIDDLE EAST  In the years after World War I  Ottoman rule collapsed  Old Ottoman state to be partitions between Allies, Greeks, Armenians  Only a small Turkish state built around Ankara remained  Constantinople placed under international control  Greeks seek more lands in Asia Minor, invade rump Turkish state  Rise of Turkish Nationalism  Turks rally to Ataturk (Mustafa Kemal): organizes, arms Turkish armies  Drive Greek armies out of Asia Minor  Negotiates with Allies for return of Turkish lands  Abolishes Caliphate, Sultanate in 1922 and creates a republic  Begins process of westernization, modernization of Turkish state, culture  Massive liberties granted to women – first such move in Middle East
WAR, NATIONALISM IN THE MIDDLE EAST  Arabia  Wahhabist State in Central Arabia Prior to World War I Wahhabis were puritanical religious fanatics Sought to cleanse Islam of all foreign influences Religious sect allied to Saud family ruling central Arabia  Arab Uprising against Turks Began in Hejaz (region containing Mecca and Medina) under Hashemite Emirs After World War I Wahhabists conquer Hejaz and expel pro-British Hashemite emirs Create unified Arabian state called Saudi Arabia  British make Hashemite emirs rulers of Transjordan and Iraqi mandates
NATIONALISM IN EGYPT  The British and Egypt  British occupation in 1882 following Ahmad Orabi Rebellion  Left the Egyptians with both Turkish khedives, British overlords  British left Khedival government in place but ran Egyptian foreign policy, defense  Lord Cromer directed British policy in Egypt.  Attempted economic reforms to reduce debts, improve irrigation, public works.  The masses of the Egyptian population realized little benefit from the changes.  Ayan (greater landlords) able to extend control farther into the countryside  The great estates came to monopolize most Egyptian land  Small landholders reduced to tenancy.  Resistance to the British administration of Egypt  Resistance by the elite  Emerged from within the lower officer ranks of Egyptian army,  Emerged from within the ranks of the Egyptian business classes  Journalists were particularly prominent in the nationalist movement  Journalists attacked the British administration and British racial attitudes  Three nationalist parties were created
NATIONALISM IN EGYPT  To forestall more violent nationalist movements  The British granted a new constitution to Egypt  Allowed parliamentary representation  When World War I broke out, the British suspended the constitution and imposed martial law  Revolt in Egypt 1919  Martial law in Egypt during World War I imposed great hardships on the peasantry  British refusal to allow Egyptian delegation to attend the peace conferences  This touched off a rebellion but British able to regain control  British forced to recognize nationalist Wafd party under Sa'd Zaghlul  Between 1922 and 1936  British forces were progressively withdrawn to the Suez Canal zone  They reserved their right to defend their interests in Egypt  The Wafd party failed to enact significant social or economic reforms.
ARAB MANDATES  Entente powers broke promises made to Arabs  Allies promised Arabs independent states in Middle East following War  Sikes-Pikot Treaty Divided Middle East between Allied Nations Gave Arab lands to European powers  Arabs expected independent Arab states  British and French forces occupied Ottoman empire  Created artificial states within the League of Nations Called Mandates, placed under control of British, French Allies were supposed to prepare Arabs for independence French did not, British did
 Ottoman troops in WWI, preparing for a possible gas attack.
ARAB MANDATES  In Syria, Iraq, Lebanon  Arab resistance to the mandate system was common  British eventually placed Hashemite King on Iraqi throne  Palestine, Balfour Declaration and Zionism  Zionist movement largely Eastern Europe until 1894  Zionists were Jews seeking to create Jewish homeland in Palestine  Theodor Herzl  Mobilized West European Zionism  Formed the World Zionist Organization  British Foreign Minister Balfour promised Zionists in 1917 support for Jewish homeland  Pogroms against Jewish communities accelerated migration to Palestine  Both Zionism, British takeover of Palestine seemed to violate assurances  Rising Arab opposition caused the British to limit Zionist settlement in Palestine  Zionists thus began to arm themselves in order to resist both British, Arab opposition  Arabs in Palestine remained without a voice concerning the fate of their region.
PROMISES MADE, PROMISES BROKEN
AFRICA  During World War I  Most Western-educated African elites remained loyal to the colonial regimes.  The war effort disrupted African economies  Drew heavily on African manpower: Senegalese, West African, South African troops helped allies  German resistance led to a guerrilla war in East Africa for four years  Women assumed many traditionally male roles during war  After the war  Europeans kept few promises of economic improvement  This led to strikes and civil disobedience  Tariffs and restrictions to trade hurt weak African economies  Dissatisfaction with colonialism spread  First nationalist movements appeared in Africa in the 1920s  Emerged in the guise of unworkable pan-African organizations  Charismatic African-American leaders had significant roles in the formation of pan-African movements
 The Tirailleurs Senegalais were West African Colonial Army troops who fought for the French during World War I
 West African French Imperial Troops in World War I
AFRICA  In French Africa  A literary genre, négritude arose  Celebrated black culture as an attack on European racist attitudes  Influenced by the Harlem Renaissance in the US; Surrealism, World Socialism  Movement was very influential in Caribbean, Brazil, too linking areas of African diaspora  French Africans often took path of assimilation into French culture AS BLACKS to gain rights  Little involvement of Africans in any aspect of colonial government – reserved for French Europeans  In British colonies  British utilized African policemen, lower bureaucrats, civil servants, magistrates  Their influence in colonial government grew to form a nationalist and Pan-African movement  Actual political parties were slow to emerge  Political associations began the process of developing a mass base and agitating for political reform  Educated African elite and businessmen often became spokesmen for nationalist movements
GLOBAL CONNECTIONS  Changing Realities  World War I undermined Europe's global dominance  At end of war the United States was clearly the greatest world power  Rise of United States and Japan in world influence  First non-European powers to do so broke European monopoly  Communism as Anti-Imperialism  Revolution broke out in Russia and the East  Soviet state challenged traditional western dominance  Offered an alternative to western capitalist, democratic models  Socialism as Change  Socialists gained ground in the western democracies  Replaced more traditional conservatives and liberals
GLOBAL CONNECTIONS  Changes in Gender Roles  Gender roles changed dramatically in Western Europe, in Russia  Began to change in Eastern Europe, Turkey  During war, many women allowed to assume economic roles which they had never had  After World War I many Western states gave women the vote  The War Encouraged Economic Changes  Increased industrialization in the US and changing industries in war powers significant  Export by Latin American nations added non-European nations to the Global Economic scene  Beginning of Decolonialization  The empires of the Entente nations actually grew but change had begun  Liberation movements gained ground as a result of the war  Successful nationalist revolutions in Saudi Arabia and Turkey offered hope  Indian independence movement had gained in influence  Africans granted roles during war which they had not had before

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World war i complete

  • 1.
  • 2.
    Today’s Objectives  Iwill be able to understand, analyze, explain the significance of, and discuss the reasons for American entry into World War I, the nature of Trench Warfare, and reasons for the success of the Entente’s forces.
  • 3.
    Causes of WorldWar I Scramble for African Colonies! Relentless Nationalism! French Revanchism! Arms Race! Secret Alliances!
  • 4.
    CAUSES OF THEWAR  LONG TERM  NATIONALISM  Rivalry between Great Powers for Status, Influence  Germany, Austria  France, Great Britain, Russia  Nationalist Aspirations  Balkan States sought to united same peoples in one state  Balkan nationalism posed threat to Russia, Austria, Turkey  Competition between national economies for profit  IMPERIALISM  The competition for foreign empires in Africa, Asia  Rivalry for influence in independent nations  Competition for markets  MILITARISM, NAVALISM  Nationalism demanded modern armies and navies  Arms race ensued  Nations could not permit rival to have better military  ALLIANCES  Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria, Italy – Rumania, Bulgaria, Turkey  Triple Entente: France, Russia, Great Britain – Serbia, Belgium  Anglo-Japanese Alliance of 1902  SHORT TERM  July 24, 1914: Serb Black Hand member assassinates heir to the Austrian Throne  Austria picks a fight with Serbia, who calls on Russia for assistance  Austria asks Germany for help; Russia asks France for help  Germany attacks France through Belgium without declaration of war  European leaders allowed war to begin because they believed it would be quick, decisive
  • 5.
  • 6.
  • 7.
    Attitude on theEve of the War
  • 8.
    WAR IN EUROPE Germany's War Plan Germany called for a swift defeat of France, longer war with Russia Invaded neutral Belgium, Luxembourg without declaration of war Failure to defeat France set stage for 3 years of stalemate Military dictatorship gradually replaced Kaiser, German Reichstag on running war  Allied War Plans French planned to attack into Alsace-Lorraine to recover lost land French military planners spoke of elan and e’spririt de corps to overcome technology, German Russia was to swiftly mobilize and attack Germany, Austria in the east
  • 9.
    War in Europe Western Front  Soldiers dug trenches length of the front; machine guns and artillery dominate battlefield  Neither side could advance against the other's defenses.  Allies and Germans both began to use technology to break deadlock  Both sides imposed blockades on the other using navies, submarines  Eastern Front  Aristocratic officers, peasant soldiers of Russia unprepared; Germany had world’s most modern army  Virtual destruction of the tsarist armies and steady loss of territory to Germany  Nicholas II, who had taken direct control of the front, incompetent  Germany quickly developed a war of maneuver: no static front  Italian and Balkan Fronts  Russia did well against the Austro-Hungarians  Bulgaria joins Central Powers in 1915  Serbia, Montenegro overrun by Central Powers in 1915  Italy joined allies to gain territory but did very poorly.  Rumania joined allies to regain Transylvania and quickly overrun
  • 10.
    TECHNOLOGY AT WAR TheSubmarine or U-Boat The Tank The Fighter The Bomber The Zeppelin The Machine Gun  Role of Technology  Allies, Central Powers tried to break stalemate using new weapons  New weapons include:  Germans: Submarines, poisonous gas, bombers, fighters  Allies: Tanks, destroyers, mass produced freighters  Both sides had to develop new foods, techniques to replace what was lost due to failed trade  German unrestricted submarine warfare led to American entry to the war in 1917  Technology was one way conflict became a total war
  • 11.
    Weapons of WorldWar I: Machine Gun
  • 12.
    Weapons of WorldWar I: Artillery
  • 13.
    World War ITactics: Trench Warfare
  • 14.
    World War I:Life in the Trench Trench Foot Constant Attack! Rats! How can we use science to break the stalemate?
  • 15.
  • 21.
    World War ITactics: Gas!
  • 22.
    World War ITactics: Over the top!
  • 23.
     Men blindedby a gas attack.
  • 24.
    World War ITactics: Trench Warfare No way to easily drive an enemy from their trenches. Only way to take an enemy trench: Throw enormous amounts of men into enemy machine guns until they break. New technologies are not up to the task! By 1917, hundreds of thousands of soldiers are defecting from all sides. Decimation is introduced.
  • 25.
    MIDDLE EAST &WORLD WAR I  The Ottoman Empire  Sided with Germany as UK, Russia had proven enemies  Allies try to force way through Dardanelles  Needed to open supply route to Russia  Gallipoli was a disaster for ANZAC troops used  Cost UK support amongst Australia, New Zealand  British invade Middle East  Used Indian, colonial troops  Twin pushes - through Palestine, Iraq  Capture Jerusalem, Baghdad before 1918  Russia and the Turks  Russian armies drove Turks back into Anatolia  Christians welcomed Russians  Germans rushed to aid Turks, stop Russian advances  Military failures led to a genocidal assault on Armenian Christians
  • 26.
    MIDDLE EAST ANDWWI  Arab Revolt Ottomans ruled Hejaz (Mecca, Medina) and south coast of Persian Gulf Encouraged/aided by the British!  Allied Promises French, British promise Arabs independence after war Secretly made plans to partition area amongst Allies (Sykes-Pikot Treaty)  Britain and Manpower Needs  British approach the World Zionist Congress and ask them to encourage Jews to enlist in the British military.  Zionist Congress agrees in exchange for British support for a Jewish state in Palestine.
  • 27.
    A WORLD ATWAR  The War Outside Europe  Fighting spread to the colonies Troops from the colonies were recruited for war in Europe British naval power contributed greatly to the globalization of the war The Indian Army provided much of Britain’s overseas armies for all fronts Indian Army instrumental in Mesopotamia, Africa  Asia-Pacific Japan seized German possessions in Asia , Pacific China joined war to get voice at peace conference China sent 100,000 porters to Europe to free up troops Germans sent their East Asian fleet on cruise to raid commerce in Pacific, Indian Ocean
  • 28.
    A WORLD ATWAR  Africa  Allies quickly overran all German colonies except East Africa  Germans in East Africa led by a military genius who was never defeated  Germans invaded Belgian Congo, British East Africa, and Mozamibique  The Dominions contributed supplies and troops to the British effort  Many African divisions served in Europe, Middle East  The United States  Germany made a major mistake with unrestricted submarine warfare – US hated it  Germany made a major mistake with Zimmerman Telegraph to Mexico  The U.S. entry into the war made it a major global power  U.S. supplies and troops led Germany to believe it needed to launch a major offensive.
  • 29.
    Russian Revolution! There isonly 1 rifle for every 3 soldiers! Millions of Russian soldiers are being massacred regularly by the Germans. Russian generals are totally incompetent.
  • 30.
  • 31.
  • 32.
    Why would Americawant to get involved??
  • 33.
    Reasons for AmericanEntry: Uboats and the Lusitania
  • 34.
    Reasons for AmericanEntry: Zimmermann Telegram
  • 35.
    Reasons for AmericanEntry: Banks American businesses were able to sell weapons and loan money to the countries fighting the war. American banks had loaned $25 million to Germany. American banks had loaned $2 billion to Britain and France.
  • 36.
    Reasons for AmericanEntry: Problems Millions of immigrants live in the United States that are from Germany, the Austrian- Hungarian Empire, and Ireland. Less than 35% of Americans support the war. WHY are they fighting the war in the first place?
  • 37.
    How To GetAmericans to Fight? Propaganda!
  • 38.
    How to getAmericans to fight? Arrest Dissenters! DEBS HAYWOOD CUMMINGS Frank Montgomery
  • 39.
    Pro-War Paranoia! Dauschunds arerenamed “Liberty Pups!” Sauerkraut is renamed “Liberty Cabbage!” The teaching of the German language was outlawed in many states! Many German-Americans anglicized their names!
  • 40.
    THE HOME FRONTS The Home Fronts in Europe  Soldiers at front became angry with political leaders  Disturbed by civilians who continued to support the war  Governments Took direct control of many industries Rise of strong centralized state bureaucracies Made use of sophisticated propaganda  Workers and Women Unions, socialist leaders increasingly tied to government; workers rejected support of war Labor protests in Russia helped spark the fall of the Tsar Women's participation in labor force increased Many pushed out of work after war ended Participation in the war effort helped them gain vote in Britain, Germany, and the USA.
  • 41.
    The End ofthe War  The Return to Offensive Warfare  Failure of April 1918 offensive by the Germans  US troops arrived quicker than expected and halted German advance  Collapse of Austrians, Bulgars, Turks led Germany to agree to armistice in November 1918  Revolution in Germany 1918 – 1919  Soviet, Socialist revolutions lead to collapse of German empire, creation of a Republic  Many Germans came to blame the civilian government that replaced the Kaiser.  Cost  Immense destruction in Europe and very high death tolls (10 million)  Allies owed billions to the US: had to collect billions in reparations from Germany  Compounded by worldwide influenza epidemic that killed 50 million more.
  • 42.
  • 43.
    PARIS PEACE TREATIES 14 Points  Woodrow Wilson's plan for a non-punitive peace  Germany agreed to an armistice based on 14 Points  Thwarted by the Entente allies  Britain and France demanded reparations  Demanded a treaty that blamed Germany for the war  Paris Peace Conference, 1919  Allied leaders assembled in Paris  Germany was deliberately humiliated  Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empires were dismembered  Russia not invited as Allies were at war with Bolshevism  Colonies of European Nations, China  Largely ignored  Envoys were often not even consulted
  • 44.
  • 45.
    THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS Wilson’s 14th Point Only part of the 14th Points enacted US Senate did not ratify the treaty USSR, former Central Power nations were not admitted  The League of Nations Goal: International organization for nations to consult, avoid war Reality: had no real power to enforce peace, punish aggressors Reality: France, UK dominate Colonies not represented
  • 46.
    RISE OF NATIONALISMIN AFRICA, ASIA  World War I impacted colonies  Colonial Contribution African, Asian troops conscripted for European armies Battles of Marne (1914) won with assistance of Senegalese troops British conquer Middle East largely using Indian Army Colonies served as important sources of food, raw materials  During the course of the war European vulnerability became evident European troops withdrawn from colonies for European fronts Administrative personnel were recalled Africans, Asians filled posts previously reserved for Europeans
  • 47.
    RISE OF NATIONALISM To maintain support Europeans made many promises Promised independence But they often failed to fulfill them after the war  War cast doubts on claims of European superiority  Its disruptions bolstered nationalist movements.  Africa, Southwest Asia, Asia ignored at Paris Peace  German colonies divided amongst victors as mandates  Ho Chi Minh attends the peace conference, seeking independence for Vietnam; Ignored.  Arabs in Turkish Empire become mandates of UK, France
  • 48.
    INDIA  Nationalist Challengeto the British Raj  India colonized long before Africa, Asia  Was first to establish independence movements  Western-educated minorities organized politically  Sought to bring about the end or modification of colonial regimes  Indian National Congress  Regional associations of Western-educated Indians  Most often urbanized elite  Formed Indian National Congress party in 1885  Primary function of early party was to present grievances to British  Most of the issues concerned the Indian elite, not the poor  Despite limited aims, Congress party allowed the formation of Indian identity
  • 49.
    INDIA  Social Foundationsof a Mass Movement  British economic and social policies Helped the Congress party attract a mass following Marginalized all Indians including elite  Indians Supported the massive costs for the colonial army, high-salaried bureaucrats Tolerated the importation of British-manufactured goods.  Problems among the peasantry including shortfalls of food supplies Induced nationalists to blame the British policies Encouraged peasants to shift from the production of food to commercial crops.
  • 50.
     Indian troopsof the British Empire, in France during WWI
  • 51.
     Indian troopsof the British Empire, near the front. 3rd Lahore Division.
  • 52.
     Indian Sikhtroops in WWI.
  • 53.
    INDIAN OPTIONS  TheRise of Militant Nationalism  Some nationalists such as B. G. Tilak emphasized Hindusim  Tilak, supporters used Hindu religious festivals as means of recruitment.  Tilak urged the boycott of British manufactured goods  Tilak's conservative Hinduism frightened moderates, Muslims, Sikhs  Tilak's support for violence led to his arrest, deportation  Some Hindus  Embraced terrorism as a means of ending British rule  Terrorist groups favored secret organizations  Targeted British officials and public buildings  British suppression, lack of mass support reduced threats  Peaceful schemes for protest drew support from Tilak, terrorists  Congress Party lawyers emerged as leaders of nationalist movement  All India Muslim League and Muhammad Ali Jinnah  League founded in 1906 to represent Muslim interests  Jinnah joined in 1916 and helped bring Congress Party and League together
  • 54.
    INDIAN OPTIONS  TheEmergence of Gandhi and the Nationalist Struggle  India played a significant role in World War I  Even the nationalist leaders of India supported the war effort  Wartime inflation reduced standards of living among the Indian peasants  Produced famine in some regions.  Following the war  Nationalists were frustrated by the British refusal to move directly toward independence.  Initial promise of the Montagu-Chelmsford reforms of 1919  Offset by the Rowlatt Act, which limited Indian civil rights.  Frustrations led to the Rise of Gandhi  Permitted Gandhi to build a nationwide protest against colonialism  Gandhi combined the qualities of a Hindu mystic with the acumen of a Western-educated lawyer  Both peasants and the middle classes supported his leadership  His boycotts, campaigns of civil resistance made him acceptable to both radical, moderate nationalists  As a Hindu mystic, Gandhi could mobilize widespread support for his movement
  • 55.
    WAR, NATIONALISM INTHE MIDDLE EAST  In the years after World War I  Ottoman rule collapsed  Old Ottoman state to be partitions between Allies, Greeks, Armenians  Only a small Turkish state built around Ankara remained  Constantinople placed under international control  Greeks seek more lands in Asia Minor, invade rump Turkish state  Rise of Turkish Nationalism  Turks rally to Ataturk (Mustafa Kemal): organizes, arms Turkish armies  Drive Greek armies out of Asia Minor  Negotiates with Allies for return of Turkish lands  Abolishes Caliphate, Sultanate in 1922 and creates a republic  Begins process of westernization, modernization of Turkish state, culture  Massive liberties granted to women – first such move in Middle East
  • 56.
    WAR, NATIONALISM INTHE MIDDLE EAST  Arabia  Wahhabist State in Central Arabia Prior to World War I Wahhabis were puritanical religious fanatics Sought to cleanse Islam of all foreign influences Religious sect allied to Saud family ruling central Arabia  Arab Uprising against Turks Began in Hejaz (region containing Mecca and Medina) under Hashemite Emirs After World War I Wahhabists conquer Hejaz and expel pro-British Hashemite emirs Create unified Arabian state called Saudi Arabia  British make Hashemite emirs rulers of Transjordan and Iraqi mandates
  • 57.
    NATIONALISM IN EGYPT The British and Egypt  British occupation in 1882 following Ahmad Orabi Rebellion  Left the Egyptians with both Turkish khedives, British overlords  British left Khedival government in place but ran Egyptian foreign policy, defense  Lord Cromer directed British policy in Egypt.  Attempted economic reforms to reduce debts, improve irrigation, public works.  The masses of the Egyptian population realized little benefit from the changes.  Ayan (greater landlords) able to extend control farther into the countryside  The great estates came to monopolize most Egyptian land  Small landholders reduced to tenancy.  Resistance to the British administration of Egypt  Resistance by the elite  Emerged from within the lower officer ranks of Egyptian army,  Emerged from within the ranks of the Egyptian business classes  Journalists were particularly prominent in the nationalist movement  Journalists attacked the British administration and British racial attitudes  Three nationalist parties were created
  • 58.
    NATIONALISM IN EGYPT To forestall more violent nationalist movements  The British granted a new constitution to Egypt  Allowed parliamentary representation  When World War I broke out, the British suspended the constitution and imposed martial law  Revolt in Egypt 1919  Martial law in Egypt during World War I imposed great hardships on the peasantry  British refusal to allow Egyptian delegation to attend the peace conferences  This touched off a rebellion but British able to regain control  British forced to recognize nationalist Wafd party under Sa'd Zaghlul  Between 1922 and 1936  British forces were progressively withdrawn to the Suez Canal zone  They reserved their right to defend their interests in Egypt  The Wafd party failed to enact significant social or economic reforms.
  • 59.
    ARAB MANDATES  Ententepowers broke promises made to Arabs  Allies promised Arabs independent states in Middle East following War  Sikes-Pikot Treaty Divided Middle East between Allied Nations Gave Arab lands to European powers  Arabs expected independent Arab states  British and French forces occupied Ottoman empire  Created artificial states within the League of Nations Called Mandates, placed under control of British, French Allies were supposed to prepare Arabs for independence French did not, British did
  • 60.
     Ottoman troopsin WWI, preparing for a possible gas attack.
  • 61.
    ARAB MANDATES  InSyria, Iraq, Lebanon  Arab resistance to the mandate system was common  British eventually placed Hashemite King on Iraqi throne  Palestine, Balfour Declaration and Zionism  Zionist movement largely Eastern Europe until 1894  Zionists were Jews seeking to create Jewish homeland in Palestine  Theodor Herzl  Mobilized West European Zionism  Formed the World Zionist Organization  British Foreign Minister Balfour promised Zionists in 1917 support for Jewish homeland  Pogroms against Jewish communities accelerated migration to Palestine  Both Zionism, British takeover of Palestine seemed to violate assurances  Rising Arab opposition caused the British to limit Zionist settlement in Palestine  Zionists thus began to arm themselves in order to resist both British, Arab opposition  Arabs in Palestine remained without a voice concerning the fate of their region.
  • 62.
  • 63.
    AFRICA  During WorldWar I  Most Western-educated African elites remained loyal to the colonial regimes.  The war effort disrupted African economies  Drew heavily on African manpower: Senegalese, West African, South African troops helped allies  German resistance led to a guerrilla war in East Africa for four years  Women assumed many traditionally male roles during war  After the war  Europeans kept few promises of economic improvement  This led to strikes and civil disobedience  Tariffs and restrictions to trade hurt weak African economies  Dissatisfaction with colonialism spread  First nationalist movements appeared in Africa in the 1920s  Emerged in the guise of unworkable pan-African organizations  Charismatic African-American leaders had significant roles in the formation of pan-African movements
  • 64.
     The TirailleursSenegalais were West African Colonial Army troops who fought for the French during World War I
  • 65.
     West AfricanFrench Imperial Troops in World War I
  • 66.
    AFRICA  In FrenchAfrica  A literary genre, négritude arose  Celebrated black culture as an attack on European racist attitudes  Influenced by the Harlem Renaissance in the US; Surrealism, World Socialism  Movement was very influential in Caribbean, Brazil, too linking areas of African diaspora  French Africans often took path of assimilation into French culture AS BLACKS to gain rights  Little involvement of Africans in any aspect of colonial government – reserved for French Europeans  In British colonies  British utilized African policemen, lower bureaucrats, civil servants, magistrates  Their influence in colonial government grew to form a nationalist and Pan-African movement  Actual political parties were slow to emerge  Political associations began the process of developing a mass base and agitating for political reform  Educated African elite and businessmen often became spokesmen for nationalist movements
  • 67.
    GLOBAL CONNECTIONS  ChangingRealities  World War I undermined Europe's global dominance  At end of war the United States was clearly the greatest world power  Rise of United States and Japan in world influence  First non-European powers to do so broke European monopoly  Communism as Anti-Imperialism  Revolution broke out in Russia and the East  Soviet state challenged traditional western dominance  Offered an alternative to western capitalist, democratic models  Socialism as Change  Socialists gained ground in the western democracies  Replaced more traditional conservatives and liberals
  • 68.
    GLOBAL CONNECTIONS  Changesin Gender Roles  Gender roles changed dramatically in Western Europe, in Russia  Began to change in Eastern Europe, Turkey  During war, many women allowed to assume economic roles which they had never had  After World War I many Western states gave women the vote  The War Encouraged Economic Changes  Increased industrialization in the US and changing industries in war powers significant  Export by Latin American nations added non-European nations to the Global Economic scene  Beginning of Decolonialization  The empires of the Entente nations actually grew but change had begun  Liberation movements gained ground as a result of the war  Successful nationalist revolutions in Saudi Arabia and Turkey offered hope  Indian independence movement had gained in influence  Africans granted roles during war which they had not had before