Workplace and Environmental Dust Monitoring seminar BSRIA and TSI HSE presentations 31-5-18

DUST MONITORING
16/2/2018© TSI Incorporated

AGENDA
6/2/2018 2© TSI Incorporated
+ Part I: Particles basics and the need of
measuring dust
+ Part II: Measuring methodology and
instruments
+ Part III: Dust and the selection and use of RPE
+ Part IV: Fields of use and applications

PARTICLES BASICS AND THE NEED OF
MEASURING DUST
Alan Gilbert, BSRIA Instrument Solutions General Manager
E : alan.gilbert@bsria.co.uk
T : 01344 459314

AGENDA
+ What are particles
+ Why do we need to measure dust
• Health protection
• Environmental protection
• Product protection
• Process protection
• Protection from compensation claims
• Regulations & legal obligations

6/2/2018© TSI Incorporated 5
ARE ALL PARTICLES SPHERES?
10 µm
7 µm
5 µm
3 µm
2 µm
1 µm
0.7 µm
0.5 µm
0.3 µm
0.2 µm0.1 µm

REAL PARTICLES ARE NOT
SPHERES
+ Liquid droplets (clouds and fog) are spheres
+ Generated aerosols are often formed as spherical
droplets
• When dried into solid particles they are not true spheres
+ Dust
+ Fly Ash
+ Milled Flour
+ Spores
+ Bacteria
+ Coal Dust
+ Fibers
Hollow spheres
NaCl particles dried from VOAG
droplets
Real Life AerosolsSoot particle

CHARACTERISTICS OF PARTICLES
+ Size
+ Shape
+ Density
+ Refractive Index
+ Size Distribution

PARTICLE SIZE CONCEPT
The diameter of particle varies depending on the
measurement method (all are right – all are wrong)
Real Particle
Stokes diameter
Aerodynamic
diameter
Optical diameter
Bulk density
Unit density
Optical properties
+ Mobility diameter
Charging, electric field
SEM picture

PARTICLE SIZES

AMBIENT PARTICLE SIZES
0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100
Particle Size Range (micrometers)
TypesofParticles
BacteriaVirus
Oil Smoke
Sea salt Nuclei
Diesel Engine Exhaust
Combustion Nuclei
Soot
Wind Blown Dust
Volcanic Emissions
Coal Ash
Fly Ash
Inhalable
(Total dust)
Respirable
Thoracic
Pollen

WORKPLACE PARTICLE SIZES
0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100
TypesofParticles
Welding Fumes
BacteriaVirus
Paint Pigments
Diesel Soot
(Dieselized Coal Mines)
Boilers/
Furnaces
Virus
Carbon Black
(Photocopiers)
Coal Dust (Coal Mines)
Construction Activities
Vacuuming/Dusting
Tobacco Smoke
Inhalable
(Total
dust)
Respirable
Thoracic

SIZE FRACTIONS BASED ON
AERODYNAMIC SIZE

AEROSOL
with
Solid
Particles
Gas
Aerosol
Particle diameter
1 nm to ~1 mm
Typical concentrations:
Room air: 10,000 #/cm³
Traffic site: >100,000 #/cm³
Clean room: <10 #/cm³
Suspension of
solid or liquid
particles in a gas
Liquid
Particles
and / or
DEFINITION

AEROSOL
+ Aerosols absorb, reflect, refract and diffract light
+ Light passing through an aerosol concentration is
affected by the properties of the aerosol.
PROPERTIES

DEFINITIONS DUST, FUME, MIST,
VAPOUR
+ Dust is a suspension of solid particles in air, formed by mechanical
processes or blown up
+ Fume is a suspension of solid particles in air, formed by thermal
and/or chemical processes
+ Mist is a suspension of liquid particles in air, formed by
condensation or dispersion
+ Vapour is a suspension of gases or substances in gas phase in air
Dust, Fume and Mist are also called particulate matter

PARTICLES BASICS AND THE NEED
OF MEASURING DUST

HEALTH PROTECTION
+ Health effects from certain particles
and fibres known to cause harm to
human health + environment
+ Some materials cause immediate
impact, other may take many years to
develop
+ Essential to keep exposure of particle
pollution to a minimum (for workers
on site and people living and working
outside the activity boundary)

HEALTH PROTECTION
+ Potential effects of particles on People
+ Estimated 40,000 deaths at typical ages and
associated loss of total population life of
468,965 life-years* due to the burden of long-
term exposure to outdoor particulate air
pollution (2016, UK)
+ Even higher if indoor air pollution is
considered
+ Nuisance caused by dirty environment
*Royal College of Physicians and the Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health 2016
REASONS WHY CONTROL IS IMPORTANT

HEALTH PROTECTION
+ Historically, many of the materials produced during construction/operations
have been subject to investigation and control, mainly with regard to
occupational hygiene and the protection of the workforce
+ Only limited attention to regulating the exposure of the general populace to
these materials when they cross site boundary
+ There are some exceptions to this
generalisation, asbestos for example
is covered by specific regulations

HEALTH PROTECTION
Odors
Dusts
Ventilation
Mold
Gases
Smoke
Viruses
Temperature
Chemicals
Particulates
Herbicides
Bioaerosols
Bacteria
Humidity
Pesticides
Radon
VOCs
WHY DO WE NEED TO SAMPLE AIR ?

HEALTH PROTECTION
+ Scientifically-established
harmful effects leading to
research & regulations with
the goal to protect
• Human health
• Environment
+ Nuisance effects
• Visibility
• “Dirty” environment
WHY MEASURE PARTICULATE MATTER (PM)?

HEALTH PROTECTION
+ Small particle low in mass
but can cause major health
effects
+ Occupational exposure limits
for aerosols (~0.1-100µm)
are based on mass
+ Occupational hygienists
interested in PM 4 and below
WHY IS PARTICLE SIZE IMPORTANT?

HEALTH PROTECTION
Based on International Commission of Radiological Protection (1994) and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
(1996a).
Air Quality Criteria for Particulate matter, 2004, p 6-5.
Extrathoracic Area >PM10
PM10-
PM2.5
PM2.5
Tracheobronchiale Area (TB)
Alveolar Area (A)
LUNG DEPOSITION – TRADITIONAL WORKPLACE EXPOSURE LIMITS

OF MEASURING DUST

ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION

+ Local Authorities required to work towards achieving national air
quality objectives (Part IV of the Environment Act (1995), UK Air
Quality Strategy)
+ Nuisance dust emissions from construction and other civil
engineering activities are a well-recognised problem
+ Dusts from construction processes contain wide range of particle
sizes and material types (e.g. silica)
+ Can cause minor and serious health problems, also discomfort to the
eyes, nose, mouth, respiratory tract and skin

+ Potential effects of particles on the environment
• Landscape & Loss of visual amenity
• Alteration of leaf surface chemistry that may affect disease resistance
• Addition of nutrients from the dust that may lead to increased growth
and/or deficiencies.
• Cultural heritage – Surface soiling and damage during cleaning
• Soil pollution via deposition from the air or water run-off
⇒ Environmentally friendly site to establish good relationships between
companies, contractors, regulators & local residents
+ Benefits will be felt at both corporate and project levels and
include:
• Reduction in the level of complaint from local residents
• Lessening of the impact on local air quality
• Reduction in the soiling of property, thereby reducing the costs of cleaning

+ Reduction in the number of
environmental offences and hence
Prosecutions by Local Authorities
+ Less time and money wasted in
defending prosecutions and
repairing environmental damage
+ Reduction in the site engineer’s
workload by avoiding conflicts

OF MEASURING DUST

PRODUCT PROTECTION
+ Customer complaints
+ Health issues

OF MEASURING DUST

PROCESS PROTECTION
+ Effects production
+ Downtime
+ Costs time/money

OF MEASURING DUST

PROTECTION FROM
COMPENSATION CLAIMS
+ Companies are prosecuted for dust exposure limits being
exceeded
+ Examples:
§§
STONEMASONRY BUSINESS FINED OVER STONE LEVELS FOR
EMPLOYEES BETWEEN 100% AND 300% OF SAFE LEVELS

OF MEASURING DUST

REGULATIONS & LEGAL
OBLIGATIONS
+ What are the Legal Obligations?
‘The employer has an overriding duty
and first priority to consider how to
prevent employees being exposed to
substances hazardous to health
by All Routes.’
LEGISLATIONS INVOLVED

REGULATIONS & LEGAL
OBLIGATIONS
+ CEN: EN 481: Workplace atmospheres – Size fraction
definitions for measurement of airborne particles
+ ISO: ISO 7708: Air quality – Particle size fraction
definitions for health related sampling
EN481 and ISO 7708 will be revised and extended.
The committee work has already begun.
INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS ON SIZE FRACTIONS

REGULATIONS & LEGAL
OBLIGATIONS
COSSH: Control of Substances Hazardous to Health
ACoP: Approved Code Of Practice
+ Law which requires employers to control substances
hazardous to health
+ List of industries
+ Specific work tasks
+ Specific substances hazardous to health
+ WEL’s – TWA and STEL
UK IS ONE STEP AHEAD – COSHH WWW.HSE.GOV.UK/COSHH

REGULATIONS & LEGAL
OBLIGATIONS
+ Exposure to a substance is
uptake into the body
+ Occurs by breathing, skin,
swallowing and injection
+ 500 substances have listed WEL in
EH40/2005
+ The only way to know if you are
under the WEL is by monitoring
WORKPLACE EXPOSURE LIMITS (WEL)

REGULATIONS & LEGAL
OBLIGATIONS
+ Personal exposure and health research
+ Compliance and regulatory strategies
+ Evaluate effectiveness of current controls and
assess exposure in communities
+ Timely public reporting, air quality index,
and forecasting
⇒ Network of reference (equivalent)
instruments
- Expensive (purchase & cost of
ownership)
- Operator training, large footprint,
power consumption
AREAS OF INTEREST & HOW

REGULATIONS & LEGAL
OBLIGATIONS
Source: EU Directive:2008/50/EC “Air Quality Directive”
IMMISSION LIMIT VALUES AND DEADLINES

REGULATIONS & LEGAL
OBLIGATIONS
Source:
https://www.gov.uk/government
/uploads/system/uploads/attach
ment_data/file/1
82392/air-quality-legally-
binding-objective.pdf
NATIONAL AIR QUALITY OBJECTIVES

REGULATIONS & LEGAL
OBLIGATIONS
+ Department of Environment, Food &
Rural Affairs (DEFRA)
+ The government strategy for
improvements in air quality
+ Available at:
https://www.gov.uk/government/p
ublications/2010-to-2015-
government-policy-environmental-
quality/2010-to-2015-government-
policy-environmental-quality
ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY

REGULATIONS & LEGAL
OBLIGATIONS
MCERTS is the Environment Agency of England & Wales
(EA) Monitoring Certification Scheme. It provides the
framework for businesses to meet quality requirements.
Compliance with MCERTS gives the EA confidence in the
monitoring of emissions to the environment.
MCERTS

REGULATIONS & LEGAL
OBLIGATIONS
+ Greater London Authority –
Control of dust and emissions
updated in 2014
+ New London Mayor quoted:
“I have been elected with a clear
mandate to clean up London’s air
- our biggest environmental
challenge”, Khan said at a school
in east London
CONTROL OF DUST AND EMISSIONS

REGULATIONS & LEGAL
OBLIGATIONS
+ Institute of Air Quality
management:
The Institute of Air Quality Management
(IAQM) is committed to enhancing the
understanding and development of the
science behind air quality by promoting
knowledge and understanding of best
working practices. Constructing buildings,
roads and other infrastructure can have a
substantial, temporary impact on local air
quality. The most common impacts are
increased particulate matter (PM)
concentrations and dust soiling.
AIR QUALITY PAPERS AND RESEARCH

6/2/2018
REGULATIONS & LEGAL
OBLIGATIONS
+ Increasing public awareness of the
issue via media exposure
+ Increasing pressure from central
government for enforcement by local
authorities
+ Vigilance of local Environmental
+ Health Officers (EHO)
+ Increasing pressures for real time
monitoring with alarms rather than
just data logging
48© TSI Incorporated
IMPLEMENTATION AND AWARENESS

THINGS WE COVERED
+ Particles sizes and characteristics
+ Aerosols: definition and properties
+ Importance of measuring dust
• Health protection – importance of particle size
• Environmental protection – reasons why control is important
• Product and process protection
• Protection from compensation claims – workplace exposure limits
• Regulations & legal obligations – (inter)national standards and laws

QUESTIONS?

MEASURING METHODOLOGY
AND INSTRUMENTS
Nick Brown
Senior Regional Sales Manager UK & Ireland

AGENDA
+ Gravimetric sampling
+ Real-time monitoring
+ Photometer
• Theory of operation
• Strenghts and values

GRAVIMETRIC SAMPLING
HSE Standard MDHS 14/4
+ Method for Determining Hazardous Substances
+ Sampling should be as long as possible for WEL and 15
minutes for STEL
+ Weight in mg/m3 & analysis by laboratory
+ 2-3 week turn-around time

+ Pump
+ Sampling Cassette
+ Filter Media
+ Cyclone
+ Tubing
Pump
Traditional IH Air Sampling
Equipment
6/2/2018
54
TAKING A GRAVIMETRIC SAMPLE TO MEASURE AEROSOLS

+ Calibrate pump
+ Place on worker, turn on pump
+ Record start time
+ Turn off pump, cap cassette, document time
+ Post-calibrate pump
+ Calculate run time
+ Document run times, calibrations, sample ID
+ Prepare chain of custody form
+ Package for shipping
+ Complete shipping paper work
Traditional IH Air Sampling
Process
6/2/2018
55
PROCESS
Pump

EXISTING TECHNOLOGIES FOR
MASS MEASUREMENT
+ Direct mass measurement
+ Laborious and time intensive
+ Humidity & dust loading effect
measurement
+ Potential chemical reactions on
filter
+ Poor temporal resolution
+ Costly consumables
+ No size information
REFERENCE METHOD: GRAVIMETRIC SAMPLING

AND INSTRUMENTS
+ Photometer

6/2/2018 58
REAL-TIME MONITORING
Aerial photograph of Manhattan, NY. Sept 12, 2001
Wikipedia, source NASA
How fast do you need the data?
© TSI Incorporated
Do we evacuate or shelter?
U.S. Air Force photo/Master Sgt. Wally Bacio
https://www.flickr.com/photos/chucksimmins/285783
3739

REAL-TIME MONITORING
TIME
Diagnostic
Instruments find
problems

MONITORING INSTRUMENTS
+ Beta Attenuation Monitor (BAM)
+ Tapered Element Oscillating Microbalance (TEOM)
+ Differential Mobility Analyzer Spectrometer (DMS)
+ Aerodynamic Particle Sizer (APS)
+ Optical Particle Counters (OPC)
+ Condensation Particle Counters (CPC)
+ Nephelometer (photometer)

+ Beta rays are attenuated according to a
function of particulate mass
+ Blank tape is measured to establish baseline
+ Filter tape is exposed to air flow
+ Particulate matter deposited on the tape
+ Attenuation is measured through the collected
aerosol deposit and the particulate mass is
calculated
+ Used for ambient monitoring
of PM2.5, PM10 and TSP
+ Some approved by the EPA
and have FRM/FEM designations
BETA ATTENUATION MONITOR (BAM)
The schematic of a beta attenuation monitor (BAM).
1 – air inlet, 2 – cycling filter tape, 3 and 4 – beta
radiation sources; D1 and D2 – beta radiation
detectors, 5 – air pump
6 – air exhaust
Source: Wikipedia

+ Particle filter mounted on a glass
element
+ An electric field is applied which
oscillates the element
+ Air is drawn through and particles
collect on the filter and element
+ The resonant frequency of the element
decreases as mass accumulates on the
filter, directly measuring inertial mass
+ Typical averaging period is 5 minutes
+ Used for ambient monitoring of PM2.5,
PM10 and TSP
TAPERED ELEMENT OSCILLATING MICROBALANCE (TEOM)

+ Particles are classified
according to their mobility in
an electric field, which is a
function of their size
+ A condensation nuclei counter
then counts the population in a
size “bin.”
+ Range 1 nm - 1,000 nm
+ Applications include
• Nanotechnology research
• Atmospheric studies and
environmental monitoring
• Combustion and engine exhaust
studies
• Indoor air quality measurements
DIFFERENTIAL MOBILITY ANALYZER – SPECTROMETER (DMS)

+ Beta Attenuation Monitor (BAM)
+ Tapered Element Oscillating Microbalance (TEOM)
+ Differential Mobility Analyzer Spectrometer (DMS)
+Aerodynamic Particle Sizer (APS)
+Optical Particle Counters (OPC)
+Condensation Particle Counters (CPC)
+Nephelometer (photometer)

0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100
Inhalable
(Total dust)
TSP
Respirable
Thoracic
Photometer
CPC-alcohol
OPC
Diffusion Charger
CPC - Water
SMPS
Nanoparticle
0.1 to 15 µm
0.3 to 25 µm
0.02 to 1 µm
4
PARTICLE SIZE RANGE FOR AEROSOL INSTRUMENTS

+ Uses parallel laser beams to
measure the velocity lag of
particles suspended in
accelerating air flows.
+ Velocity lag is used to
determine size
+ Particle size range 0.5 to
20 µm
+ Applications include
• Inhalation toxicology
• Drug delivery studies
• Indoor air-quality testing
• Filter and air-cleaner testing
• Test-aerosol characterization
AERODYNAMIC PARTICLE SIZER (APS)

+ Light scattered by individual particles traversing a light
beam is detected at various angles
+ Signals are interpreted in terms of particle size via
calibrations
OPTICAL PARTICLE COUNTER (OPC)

Three Basic Components
• Optics:
- Each particle passes through a laser,
scattering light
- Each light scatter pulse is counted
• Condenser:
- Cooled to condense vapors onto
particles, particles grow
• Saturator:
- Heated to saturate sample with
isopropanol vapor
2
1
3
3
2
1
CONDENSATION PARTICLE COUNTER (CPC)

+ Aerosol focused through an optics chamber
+ Laser is shined at the particles
+ Optical sensor measures the intensity of the light scattered
+ Mass is calculated based on the reflected intensity of a known calibration
aerosol
INTEGRATING NEPHELOMETER

DIRECT READING METHODS
+ Mass concentration (mg/m3)
+ Mass concentration with size
segregated fractions (mg/m3)
+ Number concentration
(pt/cm3)
+ Size distributions (pt/m3 or
pt/cm3)
+ Surface area concentration
(µm2/cm3)
VARIOUS MEASUREMENT METHODOLOGIES

AND INSTRUMENTS
+ Photometer

PHOTOMETER: THEORY OF
OPERATION
+ Particle counting is like counting the number
of rain drops or snow flakes that hits the
window
+ OPCs count the number of raindrops (or snow
flakes) hitting the windshield
+ CPCs count the number of ultrafine particles
+ Photometers measure the amount of light
scattered by the fog
+ Thicker fog is brighter, therefore higher
mass concentration
PARTICLE COUNTING VS. LIGHT SCATTERING

OPERATION
+ Photo detector is in line
with light source
+ Lenses focus forward
scatter into detector (10-80
degrees typical)
Photo Detector
Light Stop
Aerosol Inlet
Pump or Blower
Focusing Optics
Collecting Optics
Sheath Air
Pre-filter
Exhaust Filter
Light source
Exhaust
Time
Signal(V)
Signal processing
FORWARD SCATTER OPC

OPERATION
Photo Detector
Light Stop
Aerosol Inlet
Pump or Blower
Focusing Optics
Collecting Optics
Sheath Air
Pre-filter
Exhaust Filter
Light source
Exhaust
+ Photo detector is set at an
angle to light source
(typically 90 degrees)
+ Mirror focuses side scatter
into detector (30-120
degrees typical)
Signal processing
Time
Signal(V)
FORWARD SCATTER OPC

OPERATION
+ Intensity depends on
scattering angle
+ Shape of intensity plot
depends on particle size
and light wavelength
Light source
0°
45°
90°
135°
225°
270°
315°
dp = 0.9 µm, λ = 560 nm
MIE SCATTERING

OPERATION
+ A photometer ‘sees’ aerosols of all
shapes and sizes
+ The photometer measures the light
scattering of these particles as a
group.
+ Mass is calculated based on the
properties of the calibration
aerosol.
Fly ash – FHWA.dot.gov
AEROSOL SIZE DISTRIBUTION

OPERATION
SIGNAL VS. PARTICLE SIZE DP

OPERATION
Photo
Detector
Laser Diode
Light Trap
Aerosol Inlet
Sheath Air
Mirror
Gravimetric
Filter
Beam Shaping
Optics
Viewing
Volume
Optics
Chamber
Orifice
HEPA
Filter
Exhaust
Flowmeter
Pump
Protection
Filter
Dampening
Chamber
Laser
Beam
8533 DustTrak™ DRX

PROCESSES TO ENSURE
MAXIMUM ACCURACY
+ Photometers are calibrated to a test aerosol with known
properties
+ TSI – A1 Test Dust (ISO 12103-1)
+ A bucket of golf balls will not weight the same as a bucket of
ping pong balls
+ Precise instrument response to all aerosols
+ Response to aerosol similar to calibration aerosol will
more closely match actual gravimetric result
+ Use side-by-side gravimetric results to develop custom
calibration factors (K factors)
+ Calibration factors adjust the instrument response to the
difference between the sampled aerosol and the test aerosol:
Size, Shape, Density, Refractive Index, Size Distribution
CALIBRATED TO TEST AEROSOL
K factor =
(gravimetric mass)
(photometric measurement)

PROCESSES TO ENSURE
MAXIMUM ACCURACY
+ Aerosols swell as humidity levels increase
+ Photometric instrument readings will be
elevated in humid conditions
+ Inlet conditioners to reduce the effects of
humidity are added to photometric instruments
for long term environmental monitoring
HUMIDITY EFFECTS

PROCESSES TO ENSURE
MAXIMUM ACCURACY
+ High aerosol levels can result in contaminated
optics and measurement drift
+ Zeroing the instrument regularly helps correct
+ Use size selective inlet conditioners to sample
only small size fractions
CONTAMINATED OPTICS

AND INSTRUMENTS
+ Photometer

STRENGTHS AND VALUES
+ Consistent measurement
+ Real-time
+ Data logging
+ Alarms
+ Cost effective
+ High vs Low

STRENGTHS AND VALUES –
CONSISTENT MEASUREMENT
+ Strong correlation to reference instrument during
MCERTS testing
• European Reference Method Samplers PM10 and PM 2.5 SEQ
47/50 by Sven Leckel GmbH
• Testing was conducted during the time period of March 3rd to
June 14th, 2016 in Southwest London
+ The United Kingdom’s environmental agency Monitoring
Certification Scheme (MCERTS)
+ International and European emissions standards

6/2/2018
STRENGTHS AND VALUES –
CONSISTENT MEASUREMENT

STRENGTHS + VALUES – THE REAL-
TIME MONITORING ADVANTAGE
EXAMPLE 1: DUST MONITORING PROCESS WITH GRAVIMETRIC SAMPLE PUMPS
Collect
samples
1
Get lab
results
Take
corrective
action
Collect
samples
Get lab
results –
reference
data
2 3 4 5
Steps
i
8 Hours
8 hrs. for a
Representative
Sample of
Breathing Zone
5 Days
Wait …
¼ Day
No Trail of
Sample data
(Source, Time
or Activity of
workers is
UNKNOWN)
8 Hours
8 hrs. for a
Representative
Sample of
Breathing Zone
5 Days
More Waiting …
12+ Days in
Total
Repeat as Needed to Take Further
Action and Validate Results.
Do in hours or days what traditionally takes weeks!

EXAMPLE 1: DUST MONITORING PROCESS WITH GRAVIMETRIC SAMPLE PUMPS
Collect
samples
1
Get lab
results
Take
corrective
action
Collect
samples
Get lab
results –
reference
data
2 3 4 5
Steps
i
8 Hours
8 hrs. for a
Representative
Sample of
Breathing Zone
5 Days
Wait …
¼ Day
No Trail of
Sample data
(Source, Time
or Activity of
workers is
UNKNOWN)
8 Hours
8 hrs. for a
Representative
Sample of
Breathing Zone
5 Days
More Waiting …
12+ Days in
Total
Repeat as Needed to Take Further
Action and Validate Results.
Do in hours or days what traditionally takes weeks!
AM520 Real-Time Monitoring Cuts Through This Process
 Shorter Sampling Time – Representative measurements quickly
 Immediate data capture – No waiting for lab results!
 Alarms to take immediate ‘Corrective Action’ – Increase worker safety!
 Captures ‘Data Trail’ as basis for Engineering / Process Changes –
Immediate data access allows for pinpointing problem activities!
 Immediate Validation of ‘Corrective Actions’ – Know the corrective
actions have been effective!
 Perform Gravimetric Sampling with confidence for compliance
Wait for
gravimetric
lab results
with
confidence!

+ Reduced Set-up and Sample Collection Times. Immediately displays and logs representative
measurements in less time.
+ Fast Corrective Action. Achieve results in hours or days that typically takes weeks or even
months to complete using only gravimetric sampling.
ADVANTAGES OF REAL-TIME MONITORING FOR SILICA
+ Instant Alerts and Exposure Data. Immediate data to base decisions and take corrective
actions as well as to validate those actions for effectiveness so further adjustments can be
made.
+ Frequent, Affordable and Repetitive. Allows for efficient sampling that is required by several
sections of the OSHA silica standard.
+ Real-Time Data Logging. Provides exposure data trail silica exposure - data can be analyzed,
reviewed & graphed with easy report generation
+ Increased Confidence & Reduce Risk. Reduce risk to workers, reduce costs per sample and
reduce the risk to companies by way of real-time dust monitoring.

INITIAL ASSESSMENT USING GRAVIMETRIC SAMPLING:
SIGNIFICANT TIME AND MONEY TO CAPTURE AND PROCESS LAB SAMPLES.
Initial
Gravimetric
Reference
Assessment
Final
Reference
Sample
Measure Measure Measure to
validate
Adjust Controls Adjust Controls
Gravimetric Sampling and Action Points
to Reach Silica Exposure Compliance
Perform Intermediate
Measurements and Actions faster
with Real-time monitoring

RE-ASSESSMENT OF A TASK USING REAL-TIME MONITORING:
SIGNIFICANTLY COMPRESSES THE TIME AND COSTS NEEDED TO MAINTAIN COMPLIANCE.
Unless change
has occurred –
no need to
repeat initial
Gravimetric
reference
New
Gravimetric
Reference
Sample to show
compliance
Measure in Real-time Measure in Real-time Measure in Real-time
Adjust Controls Adjust Controls

STRENGTHS + VALUES –
DATA LOGGING
Avg = 0.176 mg/m3
Max = 1.11 mg/m3
Customer data
What caused this spike?
PEAKS

STRENGTHS + VALUES –
DATA LOGGING
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
mg/m3
Days
Daily average dust levels
HISTORICAL TRENDS

THINGS WE COVERED
+ Gravimetric Sampling – equipment and process
+ Real-time monitoring – methodology and instruments
+ Photometer
• Theory of Operation
• Processes to ensure maximum accuracy
• Strenghts and values of photometers

QUESTIONS?

Health and Safety
Executive
© Crown Copyright, HSE 2018
Dust and the selection and
use of RPE
31 May 2018
Nick Baxter with a guest appearance
from FFRED

Who is HSL?:
• Commercial arm of the Health and Safety
Executive, HSE
• Deliver high quality science to meet the
needs of industry and government in the UK
and overseas
• State-of-the- art scientific laboratory in
Buxton, as well as analytical expertise from
other parts of HSE’s science base
• Government scientific laboratory / Civil
Service
• Deliver solutions: Safety; Health;
Productivity

• ~£40M turnover
• 550 acres (220 hectares)
• Widest science base of any
equivalent European laboratory
• Technical disciplines:
 Fire & explosion
 Process safety & risk assessment
 Mathematical sciences
 Mechanical engineering & materials
 Electrical & control engineering
HSL: the dimensions
 Analytical chemistry
 Occupational hygiene
 Medicine
 Human factors &
psychology
 Personal safety

Overview of PPE activities
• Input to HSE guidance & advice
• Incident investigations
• Research and testing:
– Measuring PPE performance
• Laboratory, simulated and workplace conditions
– Assessing PPE impact on wearer
• PPE training
• Technical input to PPE Standards

Training at HSL
• Over 50 courses
• Health and wellbeing, human factors, major
hazards and process safety
• PPE and RPE essentials
• Knowledge, understanding, legal
requirements, selection, PPE/RPE programme
• RPE fit testing
• Introduction, advanced, technical and practical
skills

What types of dust are most
hazardous?
• Some dusts are more harmful than others
• Can develop health problems and
occupational disease
– Asbestos
– Flour
– Grain
– Wood
– Silica

Respirable crystalline silica (RCS)
• Exposure to RCS occurs in many industries
such as
– Construction and demolition
– Quarrying
– Foundries
– Concrete product manufacturing
– Grit and abrasive blasting

What is silica dust
Approximate crystalline silica content of different
materials
Sandstone 70-90%
Concrete, mortar 25-70%
Tile 30-45%
Granite 20-45%
Slate 20-40%
Brick Up to 30%
Limestone 2%
Marble 2%

How can RCS harm your health?
• Silicosis
– Irreversible lung disease
– Difficulty breathing
• Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
– Chronic bronchitis, emphysema with coughing
and phlegm
– Breathlessness, chest tightness
• Lung cancer
– Silicosis increases the risk

Respiratory problems
• Exacerbations of underlying lung disease
• Irritant bronchitis
• Occupational asthma and rhinitis
• Extrinsic allergic alveolitis
• COPD
• Pneumoconiosis (silicosos, mixed dust
siderosis)
• Lung cancer
Weeks
Months
Years
Decades

Should your employer protect you?
• Employers must comply with COSHH Regs
2002
– Assess the risks
– Prevent or control exposures
– Substitute
– Communicate risks
– Records

Regulations specific to RPE
• Be adequate and provide the wearer with
effective protection
• Be suitable for the intended use
• Be ‘CE’ marked
• Be selected, used and maintained by trained
people
• Be correctly stored
The law says that RPE used at work must:

Adequate RPE
• RPE that is right for the hazard and reduces
exposure to the level required to protect the
wearer’s health
– WEL not exceeded
– Asthmagen or carcinogen ALARP
• If it can provide the necessary level of
protection against the hazard so as to comply
with the law

Adequate RPE for Stone cutting?

Suitable RPE
• RPE that is right for the wearer, task and environment,
such that the wearer can work freely and without
additional risks due to the RPE
• Considers:
– Wearer
• Fit testing, vision, breathing resistance
– Work-task
• Work-rate, vision requirements, other PPE
– Work environment
• Communication, temperature, space to move
– Minimum user impediment
• Weight, heat burden, restricted mobility
– No additional risks
• e.g. trailing hoses, masking of alarms

Suitable RPE for stone cutting?

‘CE’ - mark
“Product” Directive designed to eliminate barriers to trade
within Europe, while safeguarding health and safety
Identifier of Notified
Body responsible for
ongoing quality of
product (Cat III only)
PPE satisfies the Basic Health and Safety Requirements
of the Directive
European Mark of
Conformity

RPE – Use
• Use of control measures
• COSHH Reg 8/CAR Reg 12/IRR Reg 8/PPE@W Reg 9/10/11
• Employer: Ensure correct use
– Training
– Compatibility of PPE
– Observation/supervision
– Remedial actions
• Employee: Correctly use the RPE
– As trained/intended
– Return & stored properly
– Report defects

RPE – Use

RPE – Maintenance
• Maintenance, examination and testing of
control measures
• COSHH Reg 9/CAR Reg 13/IRR Reg 10/PPE@W Reg 7
• Employer
– Maintained in an efficient state, in good working
order, in good repair and in a clean condition
– Examined & tested at suitable intervals
– Records
Effectively in a condition where it is capable
of providing the level of protection expected

RPE – Maintenance

Adequate Storage?

Fit Testing
Tight-fitting
facepieces

Why do you need to fit test ?
• People have different size
and shape of face
• Unlikely that one single
design & size of facepiece
will fit all users within a
workforce
• No respirator is 100%
leak proof
!! poor fit is a major contributor to reduced
protection

Aims of fit testing
• To match the facepiece to the wearer
• By selecting the right size and model for the
wearer
– helps to achieve a good fit
– helps to select a comfortable mask
• Leads to enhanced protection hence reduced
ill health

When to fit test ?
• Initial selection of RPE
• Facepiece not tested previously
• RPE change
• Facial characteristics change
• H&S policy requires it

Fit Testing Methods
HSE 282/28 – validated methods
Two basic types:
• Qualitative - provides a simple pass/fail based on
the wearer’s subjective assessment
– wearer decides whether it fits or not based on
taste/smell
– an assumed fit factor of 100 is applied to a pass
• Quantitative - provides an independent
objective measure of the fit of the RPE
– a numerical fit factor is generated by the fit testing
device

Qualitative Fit Testing
Bitrex or Saccharine test agent
Head

Quantitative Fit Testing
- employs the
ambient air
particles as the
challenge
- fit factors
calculated from
the measured
particle
concentration
TSI PortaCount

Key objectives of the Fit2Fit scheme…
 Set minimum standards for fit testing
 Increase the quality of fit testing
 Provide independent assessment of individual RPD fit testers
 To promote competent fit testing
 Allow competent fit testers to be identified by employers
 A method of assured compliance to the regulations
The Fit2Fit Scheme

FFRED
FaceFit REspirator Demonstrator

QUESTIONS?
nicholas.baxter@hsl.gsi.gov.uk

FIELDS OF USE AND
APPLICATIONS
Nick Brown
Senior Regional Sales Manager UK & Ireland

AGENDA
+ Monitoring methods
+ Fields of use
• Personal monitoring
• Workplace monitoring
• Environmental monitoring

MONITORING METHODS
Occupational health monitoring
Personal exposure
monitoring
Workplace monitoring
Environmental
monitoring
Absorbent tubes (gases)
Gravimetric
Real-time
DustTrak, P-Trak, AeroTrak
Photo Ionisation Detection
Environmental DustTrak
TEOM
BAM
HOW DO I KNOW I HAVE A PROBLEM?

MONITORING METHODS
Reference
stations
Citizen science
Cost:
Data quality: ?
Number of units
Price
HighLow
HighLow
Near-reference
supplementary
stations
Cost:
Data quality:
£ £ £ £
Reference
stations
Cost:
Data quality:
Indicative
monitors
Cost:
Data quality:
£
£ £
£ £ £ £
£ £ £ £
Emerging strategiesExisting strategy
COMPARISON OF STANDARDS

MONITORING METHODS
NEAR REFERENCE
INDICATIVE REFERENCENEAR REFERENCE
1 2 3 4
LOWER £ HIGHER £ £ £
Hot Spot Identification
<30% Error
Supplemental
Monitoring
<20% Error
Personal
Exposure
<30% Error
Regulatory
Monitoring
<10% Error
DUSTTRAK DRX
AEROSOL MONITOR
DUSTTRAK DRX /
ENVIRONMENTAL
AEROSOL MONITORS
ENVIRONMENTAL
PARTICLE COUNTER
ENVIRONMENTAL
DUSTTRAK
AEROSOL MONITORS
Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Air Sensor Guidebook

MONITORING METHODS
+ ‘Sick building Syndrome’
• Dust Monitor for particulate analysis
• Personal Aerosol Monitor for personal
monitoring
• Ultrafine Particle Counter for
nanoparticle count (diesel exhaust)
• Indoor Air Quality Meter for
measurement of
temp/humidity/C02/CO/VOC
INDOOR AIR QUALITY SURVEY TOOLS

FIELDS OF USE AND
APPLICATIONS
6/2/2018
10
+ Fields of use

PERSONAL MONITORING
30 cm Sphere around
the nose and mouth
MUST be taken in
the Breathing Zone
+ Laboratory identifies Amount of Hazard
Collected (mg)
+ Amount of Air Pumped is identified by
the Pump (m3)
+ Occupational Hygienist can Calculate
mg/m3
+ If amount is too high – Corrective Action
is mandatory!
But what happened?
Was it over the limit all of the time?
Or were there Peaks during the 8 hour sample?

PERSONAL MONITORING
+ e.g. TSI SidePak AM520
• Wear like a Sampling Pump
• Particle sizes 1.0, 2.5, 4.0 & 10 µm
• Static & personal monitor
• TrakPro software
PERSONAL AEROSOL MONITOR
Applications for Personal Aerosol Monitors
+ Personal Exposure monitoring/OH studies
+ Ambient/work area monitoring
+ Trending/screening
+ Engineering studies
+ Environmental sampling – e.g. local authorities London
+ Research work – e.g. Homes in London

PERSONAL MONITORING
Mining
+ Organization has characterized
site aerosol exposures and
developed custom calibration
factors for silica
+ Miners wear personal aerosol
monitors on a regular basis to
track silica exposure levels
EXAMPLE

FIELDS OF USE AND
APPLICATIONS
6/2/2018
10
+ Fields of use

APPLICATIONS
+ Industrial/occupational hygiene
surveys
+ Indoor air quality investigations
+ Baseline trending and screening
+ Point source monitoring
+ Engineering control evaluations
+ Remote monitoring
+ Emissions monitoring
+ Aerosol research studies
+ Environmental (non-regulatory)
monitoring
• Fugitive emissions
• Site perimeter
• Fenceline
• Dust control operations
• Environmental research studies
+ Process monitoring
• Mining industry
• Metal working/machining fluid
monitoring inside enclosures
• Combustion aerosol monitoring with
and without dilution tunnels
• Paper mills
• Grain mills
• Foundry process monitoring
• Paint spray booths
• Paint stripping processes

WORKPLACE MONITORING
+ Mass Concentration: Indicative measurement in mg/m3
+ Graphical representation
+ Instantaneous readings
+ Ideal for long-term surveys and walkthrough surveys
(dependent on model)
DANGER ZONE
oil fume/mist
airborne dust
virusses colour pigment pollen
bacteria hairs
tobacco smoke coal dust
carbon black cement dust
milled flour
0 0,01 µm 0,1 µm 1 µm 10 µm 100 µm
(0,1 mm)
visible by electron microscope visible by microscope visible by eye
DUST MONITOR

Collection plate
Flow
Nozzle Diameter Dj
Jet to plate distance
Jet velocity U
+ PM10 – Particles less than 10um
+ PM 2.5 – Particles less than 2.5um
+ PM1.0 – Particles less than 1.0um
Built-in Pump allows use of size-
selective inlet conditioners
IMPACTOR NOZZLES
The addition of a
Cyclone enables the
Respirable fraction
(4.0um @ 50%) to be
measured

+ Application examples:
• Used in warehouse to test LEV system
installed
• Used in paint manufacturer – prevent spoilage
of product
• Used in hospital by construction company
• Used in indoor office spaces to check no dust
from neighbouring production area
Handheld models
+ Walk through surveys in
industry - construction
+ Identify “hotspots” – company
where you have different jobs e.g.
welding, grinding etc
+ Find the problem – ? Filter problem
+ Demonstrate filters – sales tool
+ Indoor air quality surveys
• Installed on car manufacturer production
line – oil mist
• Used in veterinary school – research on
animal exposures
APPLICATION EXAMPLES FOR DUST MONITORING
Desktop models
+ Continuous monitoring in
industry (after using
handheld)
+ Petrochem industry
+ Environmental monitoring

Risks of particles/dusts/mists from:
+ Welding – dust from gouging and
abrasive blasting
+ Engineering – dusts from
mechanical cutting, shaping and
abrasive blasting
+ Metal working – mists in metal
working fluids, lubricant oil mists,
machining fluids
+ Vehicle/object paint spraying
+ Paint stripping processes
INDUSTRY

Risk of exposure to
+ Hardwood and softwood
dusts
+ Dusts from hardboard,
MDF, Plywood
+ Adhesives, paints,
varnishes
WOODWORKING

ULTRAFINE PARTICLE COUNTER
Features:
+ New concept for air monitoring
Condensation particle counter
+ Particles size range 20nm – 1micron
+ Measured in particles / cc
+ Ultrafine and Nanoparticles
line – oil mist
animal exposures
Users:
+ Anyone working with nanoparticles
+ Cutting/grinding of nanomaterials
+ Indoor air quality surveys – diesel
exhaust
+ Environmental monitoring –
ultrafine particles
+ Finding “hotspots”
You can’t solve a problem you can’t find!!

+ Not only looking for dusts
in this environment
+ Temperature
+ Humidity
+ CO2
+ CO
+ Nanoparticles
INDOOR AIR QUALITY

INDOOR AIR QUALITY METER
Features:
+ Monitors levels of temp / humidity
/ CO / CO2 / VOC / Velocity
+ Plug and play system
+ Battery operated
+ 39 days worth of data storage
line – oil mist
animal exposures
Users:
+ IAQ investigations
+ Industrial hygiene surveys
+ Baseline trending and screening
+ Building commissioning
+ Tracking down emissions to their
source (point source location)

FIELDS OF USE AND
APPLICATIONS
6/2/2018
11
+ Fields of use

ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING
+ Carried out by local
authorities/research
groups/local communities
+ Perform real time monitoring –
results uploaded to central
network via modem link
+ Use environmental accessories
such as enclosures/heated inlet
to achieve accurate results

+ Outdoor construction Sites
+ Remote monitoring
+ Agriculture
+ Mining / quarries
• Worker exposure
• Community exposure
• Baseline trending and screening
• Point source monitoring
• Engineering control evaluations
+ Environmental (non-regulatory)
monitoring
• Fugitive emissions
• Site perimeter
• Fence-line
• Dust control operations
• Hazardous waste sites
• Remediation Sites
• Forest Fires
+ Process monitoring
• Mining industry
• Paper mills
• Grain mills
• Foundry process monitoring
MARKET SEGMENTS & APPLICATIONS

+ Environmental Dust Monitor (e.g.
Environmental DustTrak):
• provides near reference quality PM data
• Multi Pollutant Platform (VOC, Noise, WS/WD)
• reliable (i.e., up all the time; 24/7)
• provides real-time data quickly to decision
makers
• easy to set up and operate ( <45min vs. 4 hours)
• Built in heated inlet (mitigate humidity effects)
• Automatic zeroing
• Field replaceable longer life pump
• cloud based data management system
EQUIPMENT

+ Industrial Fence-line / Industry (outdoor but also indoor)
• Real time monitoring allows immediate response
• Demonstrate impact on local receptors / compliance
• Corporate Social Responsibility
+ Air Quality Consultants / Engineering Offices
• Tools for deployment on multiple client projects
• Increased temporal and spatial analysis
• Baseline EIA studies
+ Municipal Networks
• Supplement or extend the existing reference network
• Mobile and hot spot monitoring
• Special purpose / location monitoring
+ Universities and Research
• Introduce practicalities of air quality cost effectively
• Advance epidemiological research through higher temporal and
spatial resolution
MAIN TARGET CUSTOMER FOCUS

Risk of exposure to:
+ Silica dust – created when working on
silica-containing materials like concrete,
mortar and sandstone (also known as
respirable crystalline silica or RCS)
+ Wood dust
+ Lower toxicity dusts
+ Used for OH reasons but also to prove dust
from job is not affecting nearby areas such
as school/hospital etc.
CONSTRUCTION

+ Problem: Construction Site – Dust produced by heavy vehicles
on main route past office buildings
+ Project: Long term monitoring project, during construction of
Biomass site
+ Instrument: Environmental DustTrak
+ Greatest benefit: Unmanned monitoring with cloud access
• Staff on site feel happier, knowing that any potential issues can be
recognized and resolved
EXAMPLE: CONSTRUCTION – ASHINGTON CONSTRUCTION, UNITED KINGDOM

+ Application: Measuring dust during the construction of a hospital
+ Problem: Time vs cost. If they had bought a portable instrument, it
had cost half the price of a stand-alone instrument but a person had
to measure every day.
+ Instrument: Environmental DustTrak
+ Project: They used the instrument to measure dust that arises from
building and hospital for one hour per day.
The instrument was able to fulfil their requirements on measuring
PM10, so they are very happy with the solution.
+ Greatest benefit: Web Access with Environet
EXAMPLE: CONSTRUCTION – BOUYGUES CONSTRUCTION, FRANCE

+ Monitor around a company’s perimeter
+ Real time continuous monitoring
+ Construction sites
+ Environmental pollution (e.g. power stations)
FENCELINE MONITORING & FUGITIVE EMISSIONS

+ Most sites will require multiple
monitoring stations
+ Wind speed and direction
+ Wireless / Cloud connectivity
• Real time data
• Quicker decisions
• Saves time
• Saves money
Mine Operation Monitoring Example
X = Operations Office
1 – 8 = monitoring locations
EXAMPLE: FENCELINE MONITORING

TSI
DustTraks
DUST MONITORING INSTRUMENTS
DustTrak DRX 8533 / 8534
2008
DustTrak 8520
1994
DustTrak II 8532
2008
Environmental Enclosure 8534
2011
Environmental Enclosure 8537
2015
LONG & SUCCESSFUL HISTORY OF TSI DUSTTRAKS

DUST MONITORING INSTRUMENTS
CURRENT LINE-UP
Dust
Monitoring
Instruments
Outdoor Dust
Monitoring
Instruments
DustTrak DRX 8533 /
8534
DustTrak II 8530 /
8532
SidePak AM520
Environmental
DustTrak 8540/8543
Environmental
Enclosure 8534
Environmental
Enclosure 8537
Environmental
DustTrak

THINGS WE COVERED
+ Different fields of use:
• Personal Monitoring
• Workplace Monitoring
• Environmental Monitoring

QUESTIONS?

Workplace and Environmental Dust Monitoring seminar BSRIA and TSI HSE presentations 31-5-18

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Workplace and Environmental Dust Monitoring seminar BSRIA and TSI HSE presentations 31-5-18