1) The document discusses the use of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) to monitor environmental conditions in crop fields for precision agriculture. WSNs can collect data on soil moisture, temperature, and other parameters to help farmers optimize crop production.
2) It reviews the literature on WSN evolution and applications in agriculture such as environmental monitoring and irrigation management. WSNs offer benefits like low-cost, flexible deployment, and real-time data collection compared to traditional monitoring methods.
3) The document outlines the basic components and characteristics of WSNs, including sensor node structure, multi-hop data transmission, and connectivity options like Bluetooth, WiFi, and GPS. This information helps farmers implement effective WSNs for
A Survey on Wireless Sensor Network For Agriculturerahulmonikasharma
Wireless sensor Network is widely used in agriculture field. It provides a new direction of research in agricultural domain. WSN gives various benefits such as crop monitoring, crop management and water management. The aim of this paper to review the need of WSN in agriculture field such as real time data capturing from field, devices used etc. Farming is one of the major domain where WSN is used. It is very difficult to do the field management manually. With the help of WSN farmer can capture real time data from field and it will be beneficial for crop management.
A Survey on Agriculture Monitoring Using Wireless Sensor NetworkEditor IJCATR
Wireless sensor network is an autonomous network which consists of resource constraints sensor motes which are used
to capture various events of interest such as temperature, humidity and pressure. These networks are used in many areas like
agriculture monitoring, health care monitoring, forest fire monitoring, environmental monitoring etc. These networks are used to
monitor various agriculture products or various parameters in agriculture such as the quality of fruits, vegetables, the amount of
oxygen and nitrogen required. In this paper we aim to present the existence studies of wireless sensor networks which are used for
agriculture monitoring. We will explain in details the advantages and dis advantages of the existing studies and we present our own
analysis and conclusion.
Design and Development of a Warning System for Early Season Control of Powder...IOSRJEEE
The crop management system using Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is a kind of an autonomous solution to plant disease detection, an essential and critical operation which affects yield, cost and environmental protection against overusing of pesticide or fertilizer. Pesticides play an important role in pest control but their role is under criticism due to perceived excessive use and potentially harmful to the environment, humans and animals. Powdery Mildew, a fungal disease caused by species of fungi in the order Erysiphales, grows well in environments with high Humidity and moderate Temperature. A warning system is developed based on Low Power, Wireless Sensor Network for early season powdery mildew control based on (i) short term weather data, (ii) A model that simulates severity of disease infection and (iii) cell phone SMS warning system. Each sensor node wakes up from inactive mode by consuming less power and communicates to master or base station hourly basis in a day. This warning system is based on UC Davis Powdery Mildew Risk Index Model. It also warns disease severity through other environmental factors like humidity (50% to 85% ) and wind speed (≥2 Kmph). Use of the warning system reduces disease severity and also helps farmer to decide fungicide spray program, which results in reduction in pesticide cost and increase in yield by controlling plant disease ‘Powdery Mildew’. Therefore in this project we would like to propose system that will communicate and warn through SMS by analysing short term weather data.
A Review of Efficient Information Delivery and Clustering for Drip Irrigation Management using WSN.1
S. R. Boselin Prabhu, Dr. S. Sophia and A. Inigo Mathew
Dual Hybrid Algorithm for Job Shop Scheduling Problem ........................................................................ 14
Do Tuan Hanh, Vu Dinh Hoa and Nguyen Huu Mui
CThe Comparative Analysis of Power Optimization in Clustered Sleep Transistors................................ 25
M. Divya Sree, Y. Kranthi Kiran and Vijaya Vardhan Kancharla
Cyber Crimes Incidents in Financial Institutions of Tanzania ................................................................... 37
Edison Wazoel Lubua (PhD)
Wireless Sensors and Agriculture Parameter Monitoring: Experimental Investiga...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: In recent time, the wireless sensor network technology has found its implementation in precision agriculture as a result of the need for high productivity. Among the different technologies for crop monitoring, Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are recognized as a powerful one to collect and process data in the agricultural domain with low-cost and low-energy consumption. Agriculture and farming is one of the industries which have recently diverted their attention to WSN, seeking this cost effective technology to improve its production and enhance agriculture yield standard. The proposed system is hardware as well as software based which will automatically control the parameters of the soil. The data will be transferred over the Internet using the Wi-Fi modem. Such a system contains pair of sensors like temperature, Gas and humidity will be monitored, the data from the sensors are collected by the microcontroller. The scope of the project can be extended to varied areas ranging from greenhouse environment, power plants, chemical industry, and medical production to home automation, but for the time being system is just implemented for the soil parameters management.
The document proposes a method to enhance security in wireless sensor networks for agriculture by addressing the problem of network congestion. Sensors would be installed in agricultural fields to monitor soil conditions and other variables. One node would act as a sink node to receive data from other sensor nodes. Congestion could occur if sensor nodes send too much data, overwhelming the sink node. The proposed method would apply an AODV routing protocol to detect congestion and notify the user, allowing corrective action. It would also simulate data flow using NS2 to track packets over time and show how congestion impacts packet loss. Addressing congestion could improve network performance and benefit farmers' ability to increase crop yields.
Wireless sensor networks carry out cooperative activities due to limited resources and nowadays, the applications of these networks are copious, varied and the applications in agriculture are still budding. One interesting purpose is in environmental monitoring and greenhouse control, where the crop conditions such as weather and soil do not depend on natural agents. To control and observe the environmental factors, sensors and actuators are necessary. Under these conditions, these devices must be used to make a distributed measure, scattering sensors all over the greenhouse using distributed clustering mechanism. This paper reveals an initiative of environmental monitoring and greenhouse control using a sensor network.
AUTOMATED IRRIGATION SYSTEM USING ARM CONTROLLER & GPRS MODULEijiert bestjournal
This project probes into the design of the automa ted irrigation system based on ARM controller. This Embedded project is to design and develop a low cost feature which is based on embedded platform for water irrigation syst em. This project uses temperature and soil moisture sensors to detect the water quantity present in agriculture. The project uses ARM micro controller which is controller to process the information. The aim of our embedded project is to monitor status of the sensors on remote PC through a web page. The system has a Distributed wire less network of temperature and soil moisture sensors can be monitored on web page through Arm controller. In addition,a gatewa y unit handles sensor information,triggers actuators,and transmits data to a web applic ation. The web-servers connected to Internet. The system was pow ered by photovoltaic pane ls and had a duplex communication link based on a Cellular-Internet interface that allowed for data inspection and Irrigation scheduling to be programmed through a web page. The owner on the PC is also connected to same Internet. By typing the IP-a ddress on the web browser,the owner gets a web page on screen. This page contains all the informa tion about the status of the sensors or else the owner can also monitor the results through mobile if the mobile has internet facility. Because of its energy autonomy and low cost,the system has the potential to be us eful in water limited geographically isolated areas.
A Survey on Wireless Sensor Network For Agriculturerahulmonikasharma
Wireless sensor Network is widely used in agriculture field. It provides a new direction of research in agricultural domain. WSN gives various benefits such as crop monitoring, crop management and water management. The aim of this paper to review the need of WSN in agriculture field such as real time data capturing from field, devices used etc. Farming is one of the major domain where WSN is used. It is very difficult to do the field management manually. With the help of WSN farmer can capture real time data from field and it will be beneficial for crop management.
A Survey on Agriculture Monitoring Using Wireless Sensor NetworkEditor IJCATR
Wireless sensor network is an autonomous network which consists of resource constraints sensor motes which are used
to capture various events of interest such as temperature, humidity and pressure. These networks are used in many areas like
agriculture monitoring, health care monitoring, forest fire monitoring, environmental monitoring etc. These networks are used to
monitor various agriculture products or various parameters in agriculture such as the quality of fruits, vegetables, the amount of
oxygen and nitrogen required. In this paper we aim to present the existence studies of wireless sensor networks which are used for
agriculture monitoring. We will explain in details the advantages and dis advantages of the existing studies and we present our own
analysis and conclusion.
Design and Development of a Warning System for Early Season Control of Powder...IOSRJEEE
The crop management system using Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is a kind of an autonomous solution to plant disease detection, an essential and critical operation which affects yield, cost and environmental protection against overusing of pesticide or fertilizer. Pesticides play an important role in pest control but their role is under criticism due to perceived excessive use and potentially harmful to the environment, humans and animals. Powdery Mildew, a fungal disease caused by species of fungi in the order Erysiphales, grows well in environments with high Humidity and moderate Temperature. A warning system is developed based on Low Power, Wireless Sensor Network for early season powdery mildew control based on (i) short term weather data, (ii) A model that simulates severity of disease infection and (iii) cell phone SMS warning system. Each sensor node wakes up from inactive mode by consuming less power and communicates to master or base station hourly basis in a day. This warning system is based on UC Davis Powdery Mildew Risk Index Model. It also warns disease severity through other environmental factors like humidity (50% to 85% ) and wind speed (≥2 Kmph). Use of the warning system reduces disease severity and also helps farmer to decide fungicide spray program, which results in reduction in pesticide cost and increase in yield by controlling plant disease ‘Powdery Mildew’. Therefore in this project we would like to propose system that will communicate and warn through SMS by analysing short term weather data.
A Review of Efficient Information Delivery and Clustering for Drip Irrigation Management using WSN.1
S. R. Boselin Prabhu, Dr. S. Sophia and A. Inigo Mathew
Dual Hybrid Algorithm for Job Shop Scheduling Problem ........................................................................ 14
Do Tuan Hanh, Vu Dinh Hoa and Nguyen Huu Mui
CThe Comparative Analysis of Power Optimization in Clustered Sleep Transistors................................ 25
M. Divya Sree, Y. Kranthi Kiran and Vijaya Vardhan Kancharla
Cyber Crimes Incidents in Financial Institutions of Tanzania ................................................................... 37
Edison Wazoel Lubua (PhD)
Wireless Sensors and Agriculture Parameter Monitoring: Experimental Investiga...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: In recent time, the wireless sensor network technology has found its implementation in precision agriculture as a result of the need for high productivity. Among the different technologies for crop monitoring, Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are recognized as a powerful one to collect and process data in the agricultural domain with low-cost and low-energy consumption. Agriculture and farming is one of the industries which have recently diverted their attention to WSN, seeking this cost effective technology to improve its production and enhance agriculture yield standard. The proposed system is hardware as well as software based which will automatically control the parameters of the soil. The data will be transferred over the Internet using the Wi-Fi modem. Such a system contains pair of sensors like temperature, Gas and humidity will be monitored, the data from the sensors are collected by the microcontroller. The scope of the project can be extended to varied areas ranging from greenhouse environment, power plants, chemical industry, and medical production to home automation, but for the time being system is just implemented for the soil parameters management.
The document proposes a method to enhance security in wireless sensor networks for agriculture by addressing the problem of network congestion. Sensors would be installed in agricultural fields to monitor soil conditions and other variables. One node would act as a sink node to receive data from other sensor nodes. Congestion could occur if sensor nodes send too much data, overwhelming the sink node. The proposed method would apply an AODV routing protocol to detect congestion and notify the user, allowing corrective action. It would also simulate data flow using NS2 to track packets over time and show how congestion impacts packet loss. Addressing congestion could improve network performance and benefit farmers' ability to increase crop yields.
Wireless sensor networks carry out cooperative activities due to limited resources and nowadays, the applications of these networks are copious, varied and the applications in agriculture are still budding. One interesting purpose is in environmental monitoring and greenhouse control, where the crop conditions such as weather and soil do not depend on natural agents. To control and observe the environmental factors, sensors and actuators are necessary. Under these conditions, these devices must be used to make a distributed measure, scattering sensors all over the greenhouse using distributed clustering mechanism. This paper reveals an initiative of environmental monitoring and greenhouse control using a sensor network.
AUTOMATED IRRIGATION SYSTEM USING ARM CONTROLLER & GPRS MODULEijiert bestjournal
This project probes into the design of the automa ted irrigation system based on ARM controller. This Embedded project is to design and develop a low cost feature which is based on embedded platform for water irrigation syst em. This project uses temperature and soil moisture sensors to detect the water quantity present in agriculture. The project uses ARM micro controller which is controller to process the information. The aim of our embedded project is to monitor status of the sensors on remote PC through a web page. The system has a Distributed wire less network of temperature and soil moisture sensors can be monitored on web page through Arm controller. In addition,a gatewa y unit handles sensor information,triggers actuators,and transmits data to a web applic ation. The web-servers connected to Internet. The system was pow ered by photovoltaic pane ls and had a duplex communication link based on a Cellular-Internet interface that allowed for data inspection and Irrigation scheduling to be programmed through a web page. The owner on the PC is also connected to same Internet. By typing the IP-a ddress on the web browser,the owner gets a web page on screen. This page contains all the informa tion about the status of the sensors or else the owner can also monitor the results through mobile if the mobile has internet facility. Because of its energy autonomy and low cost,the system has the potential to be us eful in water limited geographically isolated areas.
This document describes an IoT-based environmental monitoring system using a wireless sensor network. It discusses key components of the system including sensor nodes, a Raspberry Pi gateway, and an application server. The sensor nodes collect data from temperature, light, and moisture sensors. The Raspberry Pi processes and transmits the sensor data via a wireless network. An application server receives the data, stores it, and provides access to users and other IoT applications. The system aims to enable long-term, low-cost environmental monitoring for various IoT applications.
2021 Top Ten Cited Article - International Journal of Wireless & Mobile Netwo...ijwmn
This document summarizes a research article that compares the performance of three routing protocols (DSDV, AODV, and DSR) in mobile ad hoc networks. The article uses a network simulator (NS-2) to evaluate the protocols based on metrics like throughput, packet delivery ratio, and average end-to-end delay. The results show that reactive protocols (AODV and DSR) generally outperform the proactive protocol (DSDV) due to lower control overhead and better adaptation to high mobility. DSR achieves the best performance overall by minimizing the number of required floods.
This document reviews a proposed smart underground drainage water management system using wireless sensor networks and the Internet of Things. Key aspects of the system include:
1. Sensors would monitor parameters like water level, gas level, and manhole conditions in the drainage system.
2. The sensor data would be stored in the cloud and short messages about underground drainage conditions would be sent to the local municipality.
3. This system aims to detect blockages, locate them, and send alerts to clear blockages and prevent overflow or contamination of the water supply.
August 2021: Top Ten Cited Article - International Journal of Wireless & Mobi...ijwmn
The International Journal of Wireless & Mobile Networks (IJWMN) is a bi monthly open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of Wireless & Mobile Networks. The journal focuses on all technical and practical aspects of Wireless & Mobile Networks. The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on advanced wireless & mobile networking concepts and establishing new collaborations in these areas.
March 2021: Top Ten Cited Article for International Journal of Wireless & Mob...ijwmn
The International Journal of Wireless & Mobile Networks (IJWMN) is a bi monthly open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of Wireless & Mobile Networks. The journal focuses on all technical and practical aspects of Wireless & Mobile Networks. The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on advanced wireless & mobile networking concepts and establishing new collaborations in these areas.
Operation of Sensor Nodes for Smart Farming and Data Networking using Wireles...IRJET Journal
This document describes a proposed system for smart farming using wireless sensor networks. Key points:
- Sensor nodes would be deployed to monitor environmental parameters like temperature, humidity, and soil moisture.
- The sensor data would be transmitted wirelessly via technologies like Zigbee to a coordinator node.
- The coordinator node would convert the data to WiFi and send it to a web server where users could access it remotely via an online portal or mobile app.
- The system aims to automate irrigation and other farm operations based on sensor readings to optimize crop growth. This would reduce labor needs and allow remote monitoring of field conditions.
Automated Irrigation System using WSN and Wi-Fi ModuleIJERA Editor
The objective of the developed system is to encourage the efficient water management practices that optimize the usage of water by keeping the crop health and yield intact through the implementation of automated irrigation system. The microcontroller-based solution consists of distributed wireless network (WSN), base or control station and user interface. Each sensor node will have soil-moisture, temperature and humidity sensors placed in the farmland. These WSNs are powered by battery. Base station will collect the sensor information through the use of RF transceiver. An algorithm is developed to monitor soil-moisture and temperature to control the water volume depending upon the set threshold. Base station also sends the sensor information to remote database for logging through Wi-Fi interface. Web application is developed that enables the user for remote monitoring of data and control certain parameters like soil moisture threshold, manual override of water flow, etc.
Smart sensors represent the next generation of tools for monitoring the environment. They contain embedded processing capabilities that allow them to perform complex sensing, data interpretation from multiple sensors, and intelligent interaction with their surroundings. Large networks of interconnected smart sensors have potential applications in areas like environmental monitoring, transportation systems, health care, surveillance, and landmine detection. However, challenges remain in optimizing resources, addressing limitations in sensors, and managing network congestion in dense deployments.
Review on microcontroller based monitoring system for agricultureIRJET Journal
This document describes a microcontroller-based monitoring system for agriculture. It consists of sensors to measure soil moisture, temperature, and humidity. The sensor readings are sent to a microcontroller and displayed on an LCD. They are also transmitted wirelessly to a computer. If the soil moisture exceeds a threshold, the computer will activate a relay to turn on a water pump, thereby automatically irrigating the field. The system aims to remotely monitor environmental conditions and automate irrigation to improve crop yields in a low-cost and simple way.
Disaster Debris Detection and Management System using WSN & IoTEswar Publications
Disasters like earthquake, landslide, flood etc. typically generate enormous amount of debris in the disaster struck area. As a result of these disasters, there will be destruction of properties like home, public infrastructure which results in insecurity, loss of life and property and also interrupts public services. Wireless Sensor Networks play a vital role in disaster debris detection and management. Debris flows usually occurs in mountain regions having steep front. They comprise a huge congregation of solid matter like mud, soil are other waste generated due to earthquake, landslide etc. in water that flows down in the form of a wave. Landslides, earthquake and floods generate debris. They are amongst the foremost vulnerable natural disasters in mountainous torrents. Different factors are attributable to quality of debris flow: firstly their potentiality of
transportation and deposition of enormous quantity of solid matters, which can additionally approach gigantic sizes, their sheer fronts, can attain huge meters of altitude and additionally their high speeds and depth of flow. To mitigate the effects of debris, a disaster debris management system is designed containing an different sensors, Nmote and an N-gateway to measure various parameters of debris flow and an alert is sent to the public and rescue team by using cloud services in advance so that there is less loss of life and property.
IoT Based Water Level Meter for Alerting Population about Floodsijtsrd
The most important thing before, during and after a disaster is the dissemination of information, the deployment of IoT enabled devices Internet of Things which can bring benefits in terms of providing people with the right decision making information in the face of this disaster. In this paper, we introduce a sensor for measuring water quality in rivers, lakes, ponds and streams. To prove our idea, weve developed a pilot project using a small scale model used for water based sensors based on an open circuit that meets water and is tested horizontally in a water container under a controlled environment. Ashwin Kumar V | Bharanidharan N | Bharanidharan S | Vanaja. C "IoT Based Water Level Meter for Alerting Population about Floods" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-6 , October 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31714.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/31714/iot-based-water-level-meter-for-alerting-population-about-floods/ashwin-kumar-v
This document describes a flood detection system that uses IoT technology. An ultrasonic sensor is used to detect water levels and send the data to a Node MCU controller. The controller then sends real-time flood height information via SMS to local authorities and residents. The system aims to help motorists and residents avoid flooded areas. It divides flood levels into four categories. The sensor and controller are powered by solar panels to allow continuous monitoring. When implemented, this system could help reduce traffic and warn people faster during flood events.
IoT-oriented software platform applied to sensors-based farming facility with...journalBEEI
This work describes the design of innovative IoT-oriented farm management system that employs low-cost WSN for detecting soil, environmental and crops parameters that properly processed, in combination with weather forecasts, are used to determine future farming activities based on agronomic models implemented in the software platform. Goals of carried out research activity are to guarantee production both qualitatively and quantitatively of cultivated crops, to increase company income and reduce environmental impacts; achieving these objectives is a prerequisite for implementing of sustainable agriculture. Connection between traditional cropping systems and innovative technologies is achieved through the utilization of low-cost wireless electronic modules for acquiring data from connected sensors. The fertigation system operation is supported by solar-powered low-cost WSN capable of constantly monitoring soil and environmental parameters; thanks to sensor nodes properly positioned in cultivated land or greenhouse, interest parameters of both air and soil are detected and transmitted to on-cloud database, to allow monitoring and remote control from enabled users (farmer or agronomist). For this aim, an application specifically realized and tested during the different fertigation system’s functional tests, allows users to visualize and eventually remotely intervene by using a smart-phone or tablet.
This document describes a project to develop an automatic inspection robot for agriculture using IoT. The robot would be capable of monitoring crops, inspecting soil moisture levels according to seed varieties, and informing farmers using sensors to check humidity levels. It discusses the need for agricultural automation and reviews previous related works involving wireless sensor networks. The proposed system would use an Arduino, sensors for temperature, humidity and soil moisture, a motor driver and RFID tags/reader. An Android app would allow remote control of the robot's movement. The goal is to help farmers easily monitor crop conditions and optimize water and fertilizer use.
Monitoring Green House Atmospheric Conditions using Distributed SensorsIRJET Journal
1) The document discusses the use of a wireless sensor network to monitor environmental conditions in a greenhouse. Sensors would measure temperature, humidity, light, and carbon dioxide levels throughout the greenhouse.
2) Using a distributed clustering mechanism, multiple sensor nodes would be placed around the greenhouse to make localized measurements and send data back to a central computer. This network provides more flexibility than wired systems and lowers costs.
3) The sensor nodes are designed to reliably collect environmental data from sensors while withstanding moisture and temperature fluctuations in the greenhouse. The data is transmitted via radio frequency to provide real-time monitoring of conditions important for optimal plant growth.
The internet of things in high andean wetland monitoring, historical review a...journalBEEI
This document presents a literature review on the use of the Internet of Things (IoT) for monitoring wetlands, specifically high Andean wetlands. It begins with background on wetlands and the importance of monitoring them. It then discusses the IoT and how its ability to obtain information from large remote areas with low-power systems makes it suitable for wetland telemetry.
The methodology section describes how the review was structured from broad areas like IoT applications to more specific areas like wetland monitoring. Search equations were developed to systematically search relevant literature.
The results found no published literature on using IoT specifically for monitoring high Andean wetlands. However, two papers were found applying wireless sensor networks for wetland monitoring
Implementation of soil energy harvesting system for agriculture parameters mo...IRJET Journal
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
A secured Smart home switching system based on wireless communication and sel...ROHIT89352
This paper presents a secured smart home switching system based on wireless communication and self-energy harvesting. The system has three sub-systems: 1) A photovoltaic and ultracapacitor energy system that harvests and stores energy for system components. 2) An access control system that controls the home's electricity distribution. 3) A smart hub and wireless nodes (smart switches, sensors, sockets) that allow remote control and monitoring of appliances. The system aims to provide independent and secure smart home control through distributed wireless devices powered by an on-site solar energy harvesting system.
The document discusses the feasibility of wireless sensor network projects from economic, technical, and operational standpoints. It then provides background concepts on wireless sensor networks, describing their components, applications including area monitoring and environmental monitoring, and challenges related to limited resources. Wireless sensor networks consist of distributed autonomous sensors that cooperatively monitor conditions like temperature, motion, and pollutants, and have applications in industries, civilian uses, and more.
This 3 sentence summary provides the high level and essential information from the document:
Sensor network technologies have advanced, enabling low-cost, low-power sensor nodes to collaborate over ad hoc wireless networks, collectively sensing their environment, processing and sharing data to actively create smart environments with anytime, anywhere access to information.
This document summarizes a survey paper on wireless sensor networks. It begins by defining a wireless sensor network as a collection of spatially distributed autonomous sensors that cooperatively monitor physical conditions like temperature, pressure, and pass data to a centralized point. The key components of a sensor node are then described as a sensing unit, processing unit, transceiver, and power source. Different types of wireless sensor networks are outlined, including terrestrial, underground, underwater, multimedia, and mobile networks. Characteristics and applications of wireless sensor networks in fields like military, environment, health, home automation, and commerce are also summarized.
Development in the technology of sensor such as Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS), wireless communications, embedded systems, distributed processing and wireless sensor applications have contributed a large transformation in Wireless
Sensor Network (WSN) recently. It assists and improves work performance both in the field of industry and our daily life. Wireless Sensor Network has been widely used in many areas especially for surveillance and monitoring in agriculture and habitat monitoring. Environment monitoring has become an important field of control and protection, providing real-time system and control communication
with the physical world. An intelligent and smart Wireless Sensor Network system can gather and process a large amount of data from the beginning of the monitoring and manage air quality, the conditions of traffic, to weather situations.
This document describes an IoT-based environmental monitoring system using a wireless sensor network. It discusses key components of the system including sensor nodes, a Raspberry Pi gateway, and an application server. The sensor nodes collect data from temperature, light, and moisture sensors. The Raspberry Pi processes and transmits the sensor data via a wireless network. An application server receives the data, stores it, and provides access to users and other IoT applications. The system aims to enable long-term, low-cost environmental monitoring for various IoT applications.
2021 Top Ten Cited Article - International Journal of Wireless & Mobile Netwo...ijwmn
This document summarizes a research article that compares the performance of three routing protocols (DSDV, AODV, and DSR) in mobile ad hoc networks. The article uses a network simulator (NS-2) to evaluate the protocols based on metrics like throughput, packet delivery ratio, and average end-to-end delay. The results show that reactive protocols (AODV and DSR) generally outperform the proactive protocol (DSDV) due to lower control overhead and better adaptation to high mobility. DSR achieves the best performance overall by minimizing the number of required floods.
This document reviews a proposed smart underground drainage water management system using wireless sensor networks and the Internet of Things. Key aspects of the system include:
1. Sensors would monitor parameters like water level, gas level, and manhole conditions in the drainage system.
2. The sensor data would be stored in the cloud and short messages about underground drainage conditions would be sent to the local municipality.
3. This system aims to detect blockages, locate them, and send alerts to clear blockages and prevent overflow or contamination of the water supply.
August 2021: Top Ten Cited Article - International Journal of Wireless & Mobi...ijwmn
The International Journal of Wireless & Mobile Networks (IJWMN) is a bi monthly open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of Wireless & Mobile Networks. The journal focuses on all technical and practical aspects of Wireless & Mobile Networks. The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on advanced wireless & mobile networking concepts and establishing new collaborations in these areas.
March 2021: Top Ten Cited Article for International Journal of Wireless & Mob...ijwmn
The International Journal of Wireless & Mobile Networks (IJWMN) is a bi monthly open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of Wireless & Mobile Networks. The journal focuses on all technical and practical aspects of Wireless & Mobile Networks. The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on advanced wireless & mobile networking concepts and establishing new collaborations in these areas.
Operation of Sensor Nodes for Smart Farming and Data Networking using Wireles...IRJET Journal
This document describes a proposed system for smart farming using wireless sensor networks. Key points:
- Sensor nodes would be deployed to monitor environmental parameters like temperature, humidity, and soil moisture.
- The sensor data would be transmitted wirelessly via technologies like Zigbee to a coordinator node.
- The coordinator node would convert the data to WiFi and send it to a web server where users could access it remotely via an online portal or mobile app.
- The system aims to automate irrigation and other farm operations based on sensor readings to optimize crop growth. This would reduce labor needs and allow remote monitoring of field conditions.
Automated Irrigation System using WSN and Wi-Fi ModuleIJERA Editor
The objective of the developed system is to encourage the efficient water management practices that optimize the usage of water by keeping the crop health and yield intact through the implementation of automated irrigation system. The microcontroller-based solution consists of distributed wireless network (WSN), base or control station and user interface. Each sensor node will have soil-moisture, temperature and humidity sensors placed in the farmland. These WSNs are powered by battery. Base station will collect the sensor information through the use of RF transceiver. An algorithm is developed to monitor soil-moisture and temperature to control the water volume depending upon the set threshold. Base station also sends the sensor information to remote database for logging through Wi-Fi interface. Web application is developed that enables the user for remote monitoring of data and control certain parameters like soil moisture threshold, manual override of water flow, etc.
Smart sensors represent the next generation of tools for monitoring the environment. They contain embedded processing capabilities that allow them to perform complex sensing, data interpretation from multiple sensors, and intelligent interaction with their surroundings. Large networks of interconnected smart sensors have potential applications in areas like environmental monitoring, transportation systems, health care, surveillance, and landmine detection. However, challenges remain in optimizing resources, addressing limitations in sensors, and managing network congestion in dense deployments.
Review on microcontroller based monitoring system for agricultureIRJET Journal
This document describes a microcontroller-based monitoring system for agriculture. It consists of sensors to measure soil moisture, temperature, and humidity. The sensor readings are sent to a microcontroller and displayed on an LCD. They are also transmitted wirelessly to a computer. If the soil moisture exceeds a threshold, the computer will activate a relay to turn on a water pump, thereby automatically irrigating the field. The system aims to remotely monitor environmental conditions and automate irrigation to improve crop yields in a low-cost and simple way.
Disaster Debris Detection and Management System using WSN & IoTEswar Publications
Disasters like earthquake, landslide, flood etc. typically generate enormous amount of debris in the disaster struck area. As a result of these disasters, there will be destruction of properties like home, public infrastructure which results in insecurity, loss of life and property and also interrupts public services. Wireless Sensor Networks play a vital role in disaster debris detection and management. Debris flows usually occurs in mountain regions having steep front. They comprise a huge congregation of solid matter like mud, soil are other waste generated due to earthquake, landslide etc. in water that flows down in the form of a wave. Landslides, earthquake and floods generate debris. They are amongst the foremost vulnerable natural disasters in mountainous torrents. Different factors are attributable to quality of debris flow: firstly their potentiality of
transportation and deposition of enormous quantity of solid matters, which can additionally approach gigantic sizes, their sheer fronts, can attain huge meters of altitude and additionally their high speeds and depth of flow. To mitigate the effects of debris, a disaster debris management system is designed containing an different sensors, Nmote and an N-gateway to measure various parameters of debris flow and an alert is sent to the public and rescue team by using cloud services in advance so that there is less loss of life and property.
IoT Based Water Level Meter for Alerting Population about Floodsijtsrd
The most important thing before, during and after a disaster is the dissemination of information, the deployment of IoT enabled devices Internet of Things which can bring benefits in terms of providing people with the right decision making information in the face of this disaster. In this paper, we introduce a sensor for measuring water quality in rivers, lakes, ponds and streams. To prove our idea, weve developed a pilot project using a small scale model used for water based sensors based on an open circuit that meets water and is tested horizontally in a water container under a controlled environment. Ashwin Kumar V | Bharanidharan N | Bharanidharan S | Vanaja. C "IoT Based Water Level Meter for Alerting Population about Floods" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-6 , October 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31714.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/31714/iot-based-water-level-meter-for-alerting-population-about-floods/ashwin-kumar-v
This document describes a flood detection system that uses IoT technology. An ultrasonic sensor is used to detect water levels and send the data to a Node MCU controller. The controller then sends real-time flood height information via SMS to local authorities and residents. The system aims to help motorists and residents avoid flooded areas. It divides flood levels into four categories. The sensor and controller are powered by solar panels to allow continuous monitoring. When implemented, this system could help reduce traffic and warn people faster during flood events.
IoT-oriented software platform applied to sensors-based farming facility with...journalBEEI
This work describes the design of innovative IoT-oriented farm management system that employs low-cost WSN for detecting soil, environmental and crops parameters that properly processed, in combination with weather forecasts, are used to determine future farming activities based on agronomic models implemented in the software platform. Goals of carried out research activity are to guarantee production both qualitatively and quantitatively of cultivated crops, to increase company income and reduce environmental impacts; achieving these objectives is a prerequisite for implementing of sustainable agriculture. Connection between traditional cropping systems and innovative technologies is achieved through the utilization of low-cost wireless electronic modules for acquiring data from connected sensors. The fertigation system operation is supported by solar-powered low-cost WSN capable of constantly monitoring soil and environmental parameters; thanks to sensor nodes properly positioned in cultivated land or greenhouse, interest parameters of both air and soil are detected and transmitted to on-cloud database, to allow monitoring and remote control from enabled users (farmer or agronomist). For this aim, an application specifically realized and tested during the different fertigation system’s functional tests, allows users to visualize and eventually remotely intervene by using a smart-phone or tablet.
This document describes a project to develop an automatic inspection robot for agriculture using IoT. The robot would be capable of monitoring crops, inspecting soil moisture levels according to seed varieties, and informing farmers using sensors to check humidity levels. It discusses the need for agricultural automation and reviews previous related works involving wireless sensor networks. The proposed system would use an Arduino, sensors for temperature, humidity and soil moisture, a motor driver and RFID tags/reader. An Android app would allow remote control of the robot's movement. The goal is to help farmers easily monitor crop conditions and optimize water and fertilizer use.
Monitoring Green House Atmospheric Conditions using Distributed SensorsIRJET Journal
1) The document discusses the use of a wireless sensor network to monitor environmental conditions in a greenhouse. Sensors would measure temperature, humidity, light, and carbon dioxide levels throughout the greenhouse.
2) Using a distributed clustering mechanism, multiple sensor nodes would be placed around the greenhouse to make localized measurements and send data back to a central computer. This network provides more flexibility than wired systems and lowers costs.
3) The sensor nodes are designed to reliably collect environmental data from sensors while withstanding moisture and temperature fluctuations in the greenhouse. The data is transmitted via radio frequency to provide real-time monitoring of conditions important for optimal plant growth.
The internet of things in high andean wetland monitoring, historical review a...journalBEEI
This document presents a literature review on the use of the Internet of Things (IoT) for monitoring wetlands, specifically high Andean wetlands. It begins with background on wetlands and the importance of monitoring them. It then discusses the IoT and how its ability to obtain information from large remote areas with low-power systems makes it suitable for wetland telemetry.
The methodology section describes how the review was structured from broad areas like IoT applications to more specific areas like wetland monitoring. Search equations were developed to systematically search relevant literature.
The results found no published literature on using IoT specifically for monitoring high Andean wetlands. However, two papers were found applying wireless sensor networks for wetland monitoring
Implementation of soil energy harvesting system for agriculture parameters mo...IRJET Journal
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
A secured Smart home switching system based on wireless communication and sel...ROHIT89352
This paper presents a secured smart home switching system based on wireless communication and self-energy harvesting. The system has three sub-systems: 1) A photovoltaic and ultracapacitor energy system that harvests and stores energy for system components. 2) An access control system that controls the home's electricity distribution. 3) A smart hub and wireless nodes (smart switches, sensors, sockets) that allow remote control and monitoring of appliances. The system aims to provide independent and secure smart home control through distributed wireless devices powered by an on-site solar energy harvesting system.
The document discusses the feasibility of wireless sensor network projects from economic, technical, and operational standpoints. It then provides background concepts on wireless sensor networks, describing their components, applications including area monitoring and environmental monitoring, and challenges related to limited resources. Wireless sensor networks consist of distributed autonomous sensors that cooperatively monitor conditions like temperature, motion, and pollutants, and have applications in industries, civilian uses, and more.
This 3 sentence summary provides the high level and essential information from the document:
Sensor network technologies have advanced, enabling low-cost, low-power sensor nodes to collaborate over ad hoc wireless networks, collectively sensing their environment, processing and sharing data to actively create smart environments with anytime, anywhere access to information.
This document summarizes a survey paper on wireless sensor networks. It begins by defining a wireless sensor network as a collection of spatially distributed autonomous sensors that cooperatively monitor physical conditions like temperature, pressure, and pass data to a centralized point. The key components of a sensor node are then described as a sensing unit, processing unit, transceiver, and power source. Different types of wireless sensor networks are outlined, including terrestrial, underground, underwater, multimedia, and mobile networks. Characteristics and applications of wireless sensor networks in fields like military, environment, health, home automation, and commerce are also summarized.
Development in the technology of sensor such as Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS), wireless communications, embedded systems, distributed processing and wireless sensor applications have contributed a large transformation in Wireless
Sensor Network (WSN) recently. It assists and improves work performance both in the field of industry and our daily life. Wireless Sensor Network has been widely used in many areas especially for surveillance and monitoring in agriculture and habitat monitoring. Environment monitoring has become an important field of control and protection, providing real-time system and control communication
with the physical world. An intelligent and smart Wireless Sensor Network system can gather and process a large amount of data from the beginning of the monitoring and manage air quality, the conditions of traffic, to weather situations.
Precision Agriculture Based on Wireless Sensor NetworkIJLT EMAS
Satellite farming or precision agriculture is a concept
based on measurement, observations and response to the inter
and intra farm variations in the crops. The growth and
advancements in wireless sensor network (WSN) technology has
directed agriculture sector into a new trend of smart agriculture.
WSN technology provides processing of real time data from field.
This is obtained through the sensors which are physically
deployed into the fields. These smart agriculture approaches by
the help of WSN reduces wastage of resources in farming unlike
the conventional practice, and contribute in effectively utilizing
the necessary resources resulting in increased crop yields. In this
paper wireless agriculture and environment sensing system for
crop monitoring is presented. The system test is implemented
using the real time agricultural data and from the historical data.
The system precisely acquires data and the information from the
environment.
Research advancements in ocean environmental monitoring systems using wireles...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The ocean environment monitoring system is of great significance to the researchers because the ocean is the storehouse of natural resources. It is critical to comprehend and assess the ocean’s environmental conditions. Several studies have been conducted over the last several decades that use sophisticated information and communication techniques to ensure the ocean ecosystem. Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are a promising technology to monitor the ocean environment, which delivers significant benefits such as enhanced accuracy and real-time observations. The advancements in sensor technology such as micro electromechanical systems (MEMS), integrated systems, distributed processing, wireless communications, and wireless sensor applications have contributed to the development of WSNs. This paper describes the utilization of WSN and analyzes the previous and existing project works and technologies used for ocean environment monitoring through WSNs, and also includes the MEMS sensor technology used for monitoring various ocean parameters such as ocean wave monitoring, water conductivity, temperature, and depth of ocean.
The document discusses wireless sensor networks (WSNs), which are spatially distributed autonomous sensors that monitor environmental conditions like temperature, sound, and pressure. WSNs consist of sensor nodes that communicate wirelessly and pass data to a main location. They are used in applications like industrial monitoring, healthcare monitoring, environmental monitoring, and more. The document outlines the components of sensor network nodes, characteristics of WSNs, platforms used including hardware and software, simulation methods, and concepts like distributed sensor networks and in-network processing.
This research looks about a counsel structure that uses degree-supervised snitch to consider allocated sensor networks. Level managed snitch is a proposed process that combines evening out and invading together. This
strategy reduces the number of possible messages by delivering them via the base station mechanism, hence increasing the sensor neighborhood’s
presence time. The sensor district, which contains numerous sensor centers,
is dynamically assigned into phases of extended clear by the use of various energy ranges at the base station. The game design divides the entire sensor
neighborhood into distinct concentric zones based on distance from the base station, with the group being routed from high-capacity center to center locations within the lower-capacity zone. The transmission of information
proximity of the forest fire to the base station will increase the opportunity. The primary benefit of the display is that it sends a basic event with a higher probability while also conserving the presence time of the neighborhood destiny noticing.
Vlite node – new sensors solution for farmingKarel Charvat
The document describes a new wireless sensor network technology called VLITE NODE that is being developed for use in agriculture. The technology uses long-range RFID sensors to create a wireless sensor network that can monitor agricultural fields and weather conditions over a large area. Existing wireless sensor network solutions have short working ranges of only a few tens of meters, making them expensive to implement over large fields. The VLITE NODE technology aims to address this issue by utilizing long-range RFID sensors that can communicate over greater distances and allow cost-effective monitoring of wide agricultural areas.
A survey on bandwidth allocation schemes in wsns using tdma based mac protocoleSAT Journals
This document summarizes a survey on bandwidth allocation schemes in wireless sensor networks using TDMA-based MAC protocols. It discusses how TDMA-based MAC protocols divide time into frames and time slots to allow nodes to transmit without interference. This avoids collisions and improves energy efficiency compared to contention-based protocols. The document reviews different MAC protocols and bandwidth allocation techniques for wireless sensor networks, focusing on the advantages of using TDMA, such as guaranteed delays, bandwidth efficiency and avoiding wasted energy from collisions. It also notes some limitations of TDMA including the need for time synchronization and limited adaptability to network changes.
Wireless Sensor Network – Theoretical Findings and ApplicationsAshishDPatel1
Wireless sensor networks (WSN) consist of tiny sensor nodes scattered on a relatively large geographical area. The nodes are cooperative in nature, that is, they can communication with one another or to a central control unit. The work of each such node is to collect the information from surrounding like pressure, temperature, humidity, magnetic fields, optical fields etc [2]. Actually they are ad hoc network with some additional constraints. The node should be capable enough for power consumption, collection of data, self healing, mobility, self configuration to name a few. These features of WSN node differentiate it from conventional ad hoc networks [14]. This survey paper aims at reporting wireless sensor network, its design, networking of nodes, and security in system. In this paper, fundamentals of wireless sensor network are discussed. Different component like sensor, microcontroller, battery require for sensor networks are explained in detail. We have tried to include all the aspects of WSN. The Protocols, Operating Systems, tools require for WSN node programming and some security issues are also discussed.
IRJET- Node Deployment for Improving Coverage Area in Wireless Sensor NetworkIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper on node deployment strategies to improve coverage area in wireless sensor networks. It discusses how node deployment is a key design issue that affects network performance metrics like coverage, connectivity, lifetime and robustness. There are two main types of node deployment - manual and random. Manual deployment precisely positions nodes but is not feasible for large-scale networks. Random deployment using techniques like aerial dropping can achieve wide coverage but results may not be optimal. The paper then reviews several node deployment algorithms proposed in other research to optimize coverage through approaches like virtual force-based mobility and bee colony optimization algorithms. It concludes node deployment is important for wireless sensor network effectiveness.
A Comparative Performance Analysis of Centralized and Distributed Hierarchica...IRJET Journal
This document discusses and compares centralized and distributed hierarchical routing protocols in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). It analyzes the performance of several hierarchical routing protocols (LEACH, LEACH-C, MOD LEACH, HEED, EAMMH, EAMRP) with respect to parameters like throughput, alive nodes, energy consumption, dead nodes, and scalability. Hierarchical clustering protocols are among the most energy efficient routing techniques for WSNs. The document also discusses the importance of environmental monitoring using WSNs given the increasing impacts of climate-related disasters.
Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are emerging as an enabling technology for many new communication technologies. The document reviews several WSN-based technologies including cognitive radio sensor networks, the Internet of things, cloud computing, smart grids, and vehicular sensor networks. It discusses the role of WSNs in monitoring physical environments and infrastructure as well as how WSNs provide a platform for technologies like IoT due to their low-cost, small-size, and intelligent sensing capabilities.
This document summarizes a chapter from a book on wireless sensor networks. It discusses wireless sensor networks and their applications in monitoring various environmental parameters in greenhouses. It describes the components of a wireless sensor network including sensor nodes that collect data and multi-hop gateway nodes that transmit data to a central location. It also discusses some challenges with wireless sensor networks including hardware limitations and issues with power consumption and software. Finally, it provides examples of platforms and databases that enable online collaboration of sensor data.
Wireless sensor network plays vital role in today’s life, it is a collection of sensors that are scattered in different directions which are further used to control and measure the physical conditions of environment as well as to organize to the data somewhere at centre location. As in context of greenhouse we can measure various parameters such as temperature, humidity, water level, insect monitoring and light intensity.
Chapter 1 of insect monitoring using wsn sensornehasharma12345
This document summarizes a chapter about wireless sensor networks that includes:
1) Wireless sensor networks allow for monitoring various environmental parameters like temperature, humidity, and light intensity using scattered sensor nodes.
2) Sensor nodes are connected through sensors to other nodes to transmit data to a central location using multi-hop routing techniques.
3) Challenges for collaborative sensor data platforms include organizing conflicting or contradictory information from different sensors and users.
Wireless sensor network based monitoring system for precision agriculture in ...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The last decades the WSN technology has been adopted by more and more scientific fields for accurate and effective monitoring of climate phenomena like air pollution, destruction phenomena like landslides, etc. It has been widely used in agriculture for field monitoring. WSN is an emerging technology, which through the research in the labs and the real deployments has been proved to be a significant and valuable tool for scientists to explore another world which is behind the various environmental phenomena using tiny sensor nodes In this article, "Expert Advisory System" was developed to improve the productivity of farmers, save their time and improve the efficiency of the crops. The system monitors real-time crop fields using wireless sensor networks and provides the necessary information to farmers via the Internet. The farmer will be required to undertake the necessary remedial action on the basis of the information received. It’s also provided that the simulation of WSN in Contiki Simulator tool. Moreover, the queing model for WSN to also considered in this work.
IRJET- A Comprehensive Study of Energy Efficient Algorithms in WSNIRJET Journal
This document provides an overview of energy efficient algorithms in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). It discusses how WSNs work, including how sensor nodes communicate wirelessly to monitor environments. To reduce energy consumption, WSNs often use clustering techniques where nodes are organized into clusters with a cluster head that aggregates data from nodes in its cluster. The document reviews several common energy efficient routing algorithms for WSNs that utilize clustering, including LEACH, TEEN, SEP, DEEC, and others. It also discusses challenges for WSNs like limited energy resources, security, scalability, and fault tolerance.
Conceptual Design and Implementation of Simulated Version of Context Aware Ag...Editor IJMTER
It is very tedious and difficult for Farmers to monitor and track every event happening in
the farming land. In order to overcome the difficulties facing by Farmers and hence to improve the
comfort level of Farmer it has become inevitable to go for technology assisted context aware
precision agriculture. In order to realize the context aware precision agriculture the various
technologies like WIFI, Bluetooth, Sensors, GPS, GPRS, Mobile Computing, Cloud Computing,
Distributed Computing has to be integrated along with Artificial Intelligence techniques. The context
aware computing technology can be used to provide farming land context based services to farmer.
The research work presented in this paper proposes a conceptual design and implementation of
simulation version of context aware agricultural land monitoring system. The proposed system sends
a mobile and web based notifications related to normal and abnormal status that prevails in the
farming land.
Design Issues and Applications of Wireless Sensor Networkijtsrd
Efficient design and implementation of wireless sensor networks has become a hot area of research in recent years, due to the vast potential of sensor networks to enable applications that connect the physical world to the virtual world. By networking large numbers of tiny sensor nodes, it is possible to obtain data about physical phenomena that was difficult or impossible to obtain in more conventional ways. In future as advances in micro-fabrication technology allow the cost of manufacturing sensor nodes to continue to drop, increasing deployments of wireless sensor networks are expected, with the networks eventually growing to large numbers of nodes.Potential applications for such large-scale wireless sensor networks exist in a variety of fields, including medical monitoring, environmental monitoring, surveillance, home security, military operations, and industrial machine monitoring etc. G. Swarnalatha | R. Srilalitha"Design Issues and Applications of Wireless Sensor Network" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-6 , October 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd4688.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/computer-engineering/4688/design-issues-and-applications-of-wireless-sensor-network/g-swarnalatha
This document provides an overview of energy harvesting technologies for sustainable wireless sensor networks. It discusses how wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are being used in applications like structural health monitoring and battlefield surveillance. WSNs allow for distributed sensing and processing but face challenges around limited energy resources. The document reviews different energy harvesting technologies that could provide sustainable power sources for sensor nodes, like solar, thermal, and kinetic energy harvesting. It examines how these technologies work and their potential to enable long-term operation of energy-constrained wireless sensor networks.
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Comparative Simulation Study Of LEACH-Like And HEED-Like Protocols Deployed I...IOSRJECE
WSNs represents one of the most interesting research areas with deep impact on technological development because of their potential usage in a wide variety of applications such as fire monitoring, border surveillance medical care, and highway traffic coordination. Therefore, WSNs researchers have defined many routing protocols for this type of network. In this paper, we have implemented and analyzed different clustering protocols, namely LEACH, LEACH-C, LEACH-1R, and HEED using MATLAB environment. These routing protocols are compared in different terms such as residual energy, data delivery to the base station, number of rounds and live nodes
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The binary adder is the critical element in most digital circuit designs including the digital signal processors (DSP) and microprocessor data unit path. As such as extensive research continues to be focused on improving the power, delay, improvement of the adder. The design and analysis of the parallel prefix adders (carry select adders) is to be implemented by using Verilog. In VLSI implementations, parallel prefix adders are very high speed performance. Binary adders are one of the most essential logic elements within a digital system. Therefore, binary addition is essential that any improvement in binary addition can result in a performance boost for any computing system and hence, help improve the performance of the entire system. Parallel-prefix adders (also known as carry-tree adders) are known to have the best performance in VLSI designs. This paper investigates (the Kogge-Stone, sparse Kogge-Stone, Ladner fischer adder, Brent-Kung adder) and compares them to the simple Ripple Carry Adder (RCA) for high number of binary bits.
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Road accidents are a human tragedy. This involves high human suffering and pecuniary costs in terms of untimely sudden death, injuries and loss of inherent income. In this paper, a system is proposed where the main objective is to detect road signs from a moving vehicle and also enables intelligent detection of an accident at any place and reports about the accident on predefined numbers of dear one .The system will use one signal transmitter in each and every symbol or message board at road side and whenever any vehicle passes from that symbol the receiver situated inside the vehicle i.e. In-Car System will receive the signals and display proper message or the symbol details on display connected in car. Road Traffic Sign Detection is a technology by which a vehicle is able to recognize the traffic signs which are on the road e.g. ”speed limit” or ”school” or ”turn ahead”. This infrastructure is expected to deliver multiple road safety and driving assistance applications
This document evaluates the performance of different techniques for implementing a full adder circuit, including CMOS, transmission gate (TG), complementary pass-transistor logic (CPL), gate diffusion input (GDI), and FinFET techniques. Spice simulation results show that the FinFET technique provides the best performance with lower power consumption, higher speed, and lower power-delay product compared to the other techniques. The FinFET full adder circuit is also compared to adders designed using CMOS, TG, CPL, and GDI techniques. In conclusion, the FinFET technique is determined to be the best approach for implementing low power full adders.
A Plasma Tweeter is an audio device which uses a pair of electrodes as a source of sound. It has a clear reproduction and Omni directional radiation pattern. A plasma tweeter has a better frequency response than a conventional speaker and does not involve any moving part (diaphragm) and thus has less reverberation and no wear and tear. Plasma tweeters invented earlier were very expensive. This paper presents a plasma audio system which is making the regular audio system more efficient because of the use of the latest plasma tweeter. Here the objective is to create a low cost and more efficient version of the most speakers invented till now with the complete audio system.
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In digital logic and computing, a counter is a device which stores the number of times a particular event or process has occurred, often in relationship to a clock signal. CMOS devices are designed for high noise immunity and low static power consumption. CMOS accomplishes current reduction by complementing every nMOSFET with a pMOSFET and connecting both gates and both drains together. A high voltage on the gates will cause the nMOSFET to conduct and the pMOSFET to not conduct, while a low voltage on the gate causes the reverse. This arrangement greatly reduces power consumption and heat generation .Finally we proposed counter using SRAM model, provides the best resolution, high output current and good output-input current linearity.
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Wireless Sensor Network and Monitoring of Crop Field
1. IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering (IOSR-JECE)
e-ISSN: 2278-2834,p- ISSN: 2278-8735.Volume 12, Issue 1, Ver. II (Jan.-Feb. 2017), PP 23-28
www.iosrjournals.org
DOI: 10.9790/2834-1201022328 www.iosrjournals.org 23 | Page
Wireless Sensor Network and Monitoring of Crop Field
Joshi P P1
, Dr.Kanade S S2
, Dr.Joshi S P3
1
(Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering, TPCT’s College of Engineering, Osmanabad, India)
2
(Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering, TPCT’s College of Engineering, Osmanabad, India)
3
(Mechanical Engineering, JSPM’s ICOER, Pune, India)
Abstract : This paper focuses on literature of the development of a wireless sensor network on agricultural
environment to monitor environmental conditions and deduce the appropriate environmental parameters
required for the high yield of crop production on a given farmland. Among the different technologies for crop
monitoring, Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are recognized as a powerful one to collect and process data in
the agricultural domain with low-cost and low-energy consumption. Agriculture and farming is one of the
industries which have recently diverted their attention to WSN, seeking this cost effective technology to improve
its production and enhance agriculture yield standard. Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have attracted much
attention in recent years.
Keywords: Wireless Sensor Network, Precision Agriculture, Environmental Monitoring
I. Introduction
Sensor networks are used for collecting, storing and sharing the sensed data. They can also be defined
as a system comprised of a set of sensor nodes and a communication system that allows automatic data
collection and sharing. They allow monitoring remote, hazardous, dangerous or unwired areas. Factors such as
the diversity of conditions which vary depending on location combined with the inability to predict the future
characteristics of the environment during the different seasons over time complicate the decision making
process and require specialized knowledge. Automation in agriculture brings about a fundamental contribution
to what is now known as precision agriculture (or precision farming). In recent time, the wireless sensor network
technology has found its implementation in precision agriculture as a result of the need for high productivity A
definition of precision agriculture may be the following: the technique of applying the right amount of input
(water, fertilizer, pesticide, etc.) at the right location and at the right time to enhance production and improve
quality, while protecting the environment. This paper focuses on the development of a wireless sensor network
on agricultural environment to monitor environmental conditions and deduce the appropriate environmental
parameters required for the high yield of crop production on a given agriculture land. It is expected that such
decisions will benefit both farming and irrigation by saving time and resources [1, 2, 3].
II. Literature Review
Literature review is vital to have an in depth knowledge of one’s intended research area and to learn
more about subject matter. Importance of carry out a literature review is to identify research area, review state of
the art and learn the area that needs further investigation or contribution. Purpose of this literature review is to
know more about the study area of the topic which we are going to research and to learn from previous works
done by other researchers in the area.
2.1 Evolution of Wireless Sensor Networks
Sensor networks were developed by the United States during the Cold War to detect and track Soviet
submarines. A system of acoustic sensors called the Sound Surveillance System (SOSUS) was placed at
strategic locations on the bottom of the ocean. Around the same time the United States also deployed a network
of radars for air defense. These sensor networks had a hierarchical architecture and they were in fact wired
sensor networks. They were not fully automated, human operators played an important role in maintaining the
network. A wireless sensor network was introduced by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
(DARPA) in the early 1980's. It was called the Distributed Sensor Net- works (DSN) program where many low-
cost sensing nodes were spatially distributed and they processed data collaboratively [4, 5]. By the mid 1980's
the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) started developing a DSN to track low-ying aircrafts. Acoustic
sensors such as microphones were arranged in the form of an array and were used for sensing. Mobile vehicles
used as nodes processed the acoustic signals. It consisted of a single computer running on three processors
which was powered by a quite generator mounted on the back of the vehicle. The nodes used microwave radios
for communication [2, 5, 6, 7].
2. Wireless Sensor Network and Monitoring of Crop Field
DOI: 10.9790/2834-1201022328 www.iosrjournals.org 24 | Page
A wireless sensor network (WSN) consists of spatially distributed autonomous sensors to monitor
physical or environmental conditions, such as temperature, sound, vibration, pressure, humidity, motion or
pollutants and to cooperatively pass their data through the network to a main location. A wireless sensor
network (WSN) is a network formed by a large number of sensor nodes where each node is equipped with a
sensor to detect physical phenomena such as light, heat, pressure, etc. WSNs are regarded as a revolutionary
information gathering method to build the information and communication system which will greatly improve
the reliability and efficiency of infrastructure systems [5, 8, 9, 10].
2.2 Use of WSN in Agriculture
Wireless Sensor networks can be used for monitoring spatio-temporal changes in climate, hydrology,
pressure, motion, soil moisture, plant eco-physiology, pests and reporting best options to the agriculturist.
Having such information at regularly would be a big boon for him. In order to ward of the adverse conditions
which challenge the agriculturists, automatic actuated devices can be used to control irrigation, fertigation and
pest control. Irrigation management is also one of the important activities in precision agriculture. Microplitis
Croceipes, a tiny parasitoid wasp, locates caterpillars attacking cotton plants by keying on a complex volatile
organic cocktail emitted from the plant when attacked. Thus sensors capable of detecting this cocktail would
result in early detection and mitigation of these attacks by highly selective pesticide applications or wasp
introductions [5, 6, 11]
In precision agriculture (PA), various parameters including soil type and temperature vary dramatically
from one region to the other; consequently, any irrigation system must be flexible to adapt to such variations.
Off-the-shelf irrigation controllers are usually expensive and not effective in managing scarce water resources.
On the other hand, an irrigation management system (IMS) based on wireless sensor networks (WSNs) can
accept any desired irrigation scheduling strategy to meet specific environmental requirements. However, WSNs
are still under a developmental stage; as such, they are at times unreliable, fragile, and power hungry and can
easily lose communication especially when deployed in a harsh environment like an agricultural field [6, 12,
13]. Crop field monitoring is a crucial practice in agriculture to reduce resource waste and to increase yield in
activities like irrigation and fertilization, because it allows farmers to access to solid information on the
environmental, soil, and plant conditions and variations of their crops and make decisions from there. Although
crop field monitoring have been made traditionally with human resources, single-point agrometeorological
stations, and sensor wired networks, this topic immerse in precision agriculture demand a high density and
flexible deployment of instrumentations to collect data in real time. WSNs have emerged to offer low-cost,
flexible, easy-deployment, and high-accuracy advantages for crop monitoring in real time [8, 13].
2.3 Structure of WSN
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) emerged from advancements in the areas of micro-electro-
mechanical system (MEMS) technology, wireless communication, and digital electronics. WSNs devices are
small in size, low cost, and require low power to work. The basic structure of WSN sensor nodes is shown
below (Figure 1). There are four main components that make up a sensor node. The parts are namely: a sensing
unit, a processing unit, a transmission unit and a power unit. Depending on the type of application a sensor node
may have additional parts such as a position finding system, mobilize and a power generator. Sensing unit
usually takes the burden of sensing and gathering sensor data and then passes the data to the processing unit.
The processing unit receives the sensed data and processes it according to a set procedure or program. A
transmission unit connects the sensor not with a network. The power unit supplies power required to run a
sensor node [1, 2, 17].
Figure 1 WSN Sensor Nodes General Structure
3. Wireless Sensor Network and Monitoring of Crop Field
DOI: 10.9790/2834-1201022328 www.iosrjournals.org 25 | Page
2.4 Characteristic Features of WSNs
A WSN can generally be described as a network of nodes that cooperatively sense and control the
environment, enabling interaction between persons or computers and the surrounding environment. WSNs
nowadays usually include sensor nodes, actuator nodes, gateways and clients. A large number of sensor nodes
deployed randomly inside of or near the monitoring area (sensor field), form networks through self-
organization. Sensor nodes monitor the collected data to transmit along to other sensor nodes by hopping.
During the process of transmission, monitored data may be handled by multiple nodes to get to gateway node
after multihop routing, and finally reach the management node through the internet or satellite. It is the user who
configures and manages the WSN with the management node, publish monitoring missions and collection of the
monitored data [8, 14, 18].
2.5 WSN and Communication Technologies
The term wireless refers to the communication or transmission of information over a distance without
requiring wires, cables or any other electrical conductors. Wireless communication is one of the important
mediums of transmission of data or information to other devices. In recent days, the wireless communication
technology has become an integral part of several types of communication devices as it allows users to
communicate even from remote areas. The devices used for wireless communication are cordless telephones,
mobiles, GPS units, ZigBee technology, wireless computer parts, and satellite television, etc. A WSN is
composed of several sensor nodes that have the capacity of sensing and gathering data. The sensor nodes can
sense varying types of parameters and send it to a central gateway. WSN sensor and processing boards have the
capability of working with various communication technologies. WSN can be linked to external servers or
services both with wires or wirelessly (see Table 1: Connectivity options). Amongst others some of connection
options could be using Ethernet connection, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, or GSM-GPRS [15, 16, 17, 18].
Table 1 Connectivity Options
Communication ways Communication distance coverage
Bluetooth 30-100m
GPS-GPRS Network carrier coverage (km)
Wi-Fi 100-300m
ZigBee 1-100m
2.6 Precision Agriculture
Precision agriculture can be defined as the art and science of using advanced technology to enhance
crop production. The term “precision agriculture” refers to a contemporary approach of applying new
technologies utilizing sensors in order to optimize the agricultural cultivation processes. Wireless sensor
network is a major technology that drives the development of precision agriculture. A precision agriculture
method is where the amount of inputs (like seed, fertilizer, pesticides, water etc.) given to a specific farm field is
important to control and monitor the condition of the farm to determine the amount of the crop output. The
application of WSN in precision agriculture is one possible way to determine and control the inputs by
monitoring the farm field for an improved and efficient precision irrigation. Sensor networks are used for
integrating spatiotemporal patterns or trends in climate, hydrology, pressure, motion, soil moisture, metric
potential, plant ecophysiology, pests, and reporting best management options to the agricultural manager [5, 18,
19, 20]. In Precision-Agriculture field variations are monitored, stored for managing and maintaining the
precious resources using technologies to manage and improve production or yield. This can be the tool at the
hands of agriculturists for management with goal of optimizing return on investments while preserving natural
resources. Precision Agriculture deals and takes care of viz. three branches of science
1. Crop Science: Understanding needs of crops according to weather and managing resources like fertilizers.
2. Environmental Protection: Precision agriculture helps to reduce Carbon, Nitrogen and Methane emissions.
3. Using WSN in agriculture can help reduce wastage, preserve resources, and utilize them effectively
resulting in improved efficiency, reduced efforts and boost economy [13, 18, 21, 22]
Precision Agriculture model consist of, Wireless sensors to assist for spatial data collection, irrigation
control model, Arrangement for supplying information to farmers, Variable-rate technology model and Green
house parameter control system. In spatial data collection, a mobile field data acquisition system is available to
collect useful data for crop management. The system is consisted of, a data collection instrument, a manager
vehicle, data collection and control systems on farm machines. This system can handle local field survey and
collects data of soil water availability, biomass yield, soil compaction, soil fertility, leaf area index, leaf
temperature, leaf chlorophyll content, local climate data, insect-disease-weed infestation, plant water status, and
yield of grain etc. Precision agriculture-based system design principles are increasingly used in research projects
and commercial products to provide solutions for crop status monitoring, water supply regulation for irrigation,
fertilizer management, pest control, and automated harvesting. Such systems benefit the complete process by
4. Wireless Sensor Network and Monitoring of Crop Field
DOI: 10.9790/2834-1201022328 www.iosrjournals.org 26 | Page
reducing cost through automation and saving time. Another significant feature that precision agriculture
provides to farmers is the ability to prevent hazardous incidents and to proactively monitor their crops and the
local environmental conditions. The effectiveness of precision agriculture is based on the analysis of accurate
sets of measurements in soft real-time. Parameters such as the soil condition and humidity are aggregated and
analyzed, in order to extract useful information that a farmer can use as a recommendation or guidance; or even
to apply fully automated procedures to the crop cultivation process chain [13, 17, 23, 24].
2.7 WSN Applications in Agriculture
It mainly includes environmental monitoring, agriculture water management and pest control
2.71 Environmental Monitoring
It describes the processes and activities that need to take place to characterize and monitor the quality
of the environment. The foundation of EM is the collection of data, which enables a better understanding of our
natural surroundings to be gained by means of observation. Environmental Monitoring is not limited to the
understanding of environments, but also includes monitoring for preservation reasons. The environmental
parameters, such as temperature, humidity, water seepage of ground, etc. are the key factors of substations in
electric networks. The manual inspection is still used in many substations in India. Such traditional method
exposes evident disadvantages:
1) Time-consuming since the wide distribution of substations;
2) No timeliness of failure discovery;
3) Carelessness of inspectors [8, 13, 17].
EM plays a key-role to show the effects of human behavior on the environment and to disclose its
limits. Typical applications, in addition to purely environmental science purposes, include the protection of
water supplies, radioactive waste treatment, air pollution monitoring, natural resource protection, weather
forecasting and enumeration and monitoring of species. Environmental Monitoring strives to determine the
status of a changing environment by analyzing a representative sample of the environment. As such, data
acquisition forms a major part of EM. The data acquisition system in use has to allow for the collection of
representative samples, which includes concerns such as the intrusiveness of the measurement system itself,
sampling accuracy or sample storage. In the last few years, the occurrences of natural Changes in atmosphere is
a have been becoming the cause for the Fungus, Bacterial attacks on the agricultural. If such changes are not
aware in time to us the precautions cannot be taken and there will be bad affect on the agricultural production.
Thus it is necessary to monitor parameters like Humidity, Soil moisture, water level of land [17, 18, 25].
2.72 Agricultural Water Management
Water consumption around the globe has increased seven times in the course of the last century. The
level of ground water is declining. It is know that 1.1 billion people across the world live without satisfactory
access to clean water. This results in the death of roughly 2 million people per year due to lack of water related
diseases. Political stability itself is at risk, as experts predict that upcoming conflicts are most probably about
water resources. As water supplies became scarcer, there is the need to manage water consumption. Water
consumption has increased dramatically in the past decade [3]. Water is a precious resource, it is also considered
as a source of conflict among nations. World water commission reports estimates that water us-age will increase
by one half over the next 25 years. The application of wireless sensor network (WSN) for a water irrigation
control monitoring is composed of a number of sensor nodes with a networking capability that can be deployed
for an ad hoc and continuous monitoring purpose. The parameters involved in the water reservation control such
as the water level and motor movement of the gate controlling the flow of water will be measured in the real
time by the sensors that send the data to the base station or control/ monitoring room. Precision irrigation is an
important practice in water- saving agriculture cropping system, which allows producers to maximize their
productivity while saving water.While the accurate irrigation amount is difficult to obtain as the impact factor
was too much [6, 8, 13, 25].
The fresh water management is crucial for human being to survive the increased population which
paves the high demand for food. Agriculture is the one which utilizes most of the fresh water, must be optimized
in a best way to avoid the draining of natural resource. Many strategies are employed to save water such as drip;
sprinkler irrigations. Irrigation is the application of water to the land soil. Agriculture is an industry that uses a
lot of water. Water seems abundant on our planet; however, less than 1% of the world’s liquid freshwater is
available for human use and about 70% of it is used for irrigation. So it is important to minimize water loss. This
has motivated studies on control of irrigation channels where water losses can be large. Automation in irrigation
system generally consists of soil moisture sensor or water level sensor, a control system and irrigation system
components. There are also several researches on soil moisture sensor based irrigation system. Water level
sensors have application in irrigation water distribution and delivery system [1, 8, 13].
5. Wireless Sensor Network and Monitoring of Crop Field
DOI: 10.9790/2834-1201022328 www.iosrjournals.org 27 | Page
2.73 Pest Management
Pest detection and control is at least as old as agriculture because there has always been a need to keep
crops free from pests. A number of techniques so far proposed for pest control in agriculture using wireless
sensor network. Since agriculture is considered as one of the oldest occupational activity, pest management and
control is then born. Farm people usually need to keep their crops free from harmful pests as possible for these
creatures may damage their yields resulting to a poor harvest and poor food quality. So far, there are many
feasible techniques proposed for pest control in agriculture using wireless sensor network. One of these
techniques may include pest identification through physical characteristic detection. The system has a stored
data regarding the physical attributes of pests, when such pest is detected, the system can easily know what type
of pest it is and immediately suggest possible ways on how to manage the farm situation [1, 8, 16, 17].
Aside from the reduced yields mentioned lately, pests and diseases can also cause great economic loss to
farmers through increased costs of pesticides and other control measures, thus if they are engaged in a for-profit
agricultural business they will be having lower net income. Pest control can be classified as technological, non-
technological or an integrated solution [17, 18, 24, 25]
III. Conclusion
A sensor network is an emerging field with increasing applications day by day. This paper presents a
crop monitoring system based on wireless sensor network. IOT has important significance in promoting
agricultural informationization. Wireless monitoring of field not only allows user to reduce the human power,
but it also allows user to see accurate changes in it. It is cheaper in cost and consumes less power. In present day
precision agriculture, more number of the parameters are required to monitor and control because of the large
varieties of the crop at the same time. Use of is increasing day by day because of the development in WSN
technology and its adaption by agriculture technology. In this situation, the wireless sensor network with
additional hardware and software is an efficient solution for Precision Agriculture.
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