This is a research paper I made on Prosocial Behaviour. This is a school project, and the main purpose of me showing this to the outside world is to get feedback from the outside world. If you could help me with that, that would be great!
This document provides an overview of key concepts in social psychology related to conformity and obedience. It discusses classic studies on conformity by Sherif and Asch, and on obedience by Milgram. Factors that influence conformity and obedience are explored, such as group size and unanimity. The document also examines theories to explain these behaviors, such as informational and normative influence, and the agentic shift proposed by Milgram to explain why people obey authority figures. Criticisms of classic studies and strategies for resisting social pressure are also summarized.
NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS PART - 1 - Copy.pptxSimarKaurMonga
This document discusses psychological tests and their use in clinical practice. It defines psychological tests as standardized scientific tools used to assess various psychological constructs. For a measure to be considered a valid psychological test, it must demonstrate reliability, validity, and norms. The document then describes different types of psychological tests, including objective, projective, individual and group tests. It provides examples of specific tests used to evaluate areas like intelligence, memory, perception and executive functions.
This document provides an introduction to experimental psychology. It discusses the goals of scientific psychology, which are to understand human and animal behavior through objective and systematic procedures. It emphasizes the importance of science and evidence-based research in psychology. The document then outlines several key research methods used in experimental psychology, including quantitative methods like experiments, surveys, and archival research, as well as qualitative methods like ethnography and naturalistic observation. It provides definitions and explanations of important concepts for each method. The overall aim is to teach students how to apply these research techniques and insights from psychology to investigate behaviors in real-world settings.
1. The document discusses minority influence and the role of consistency, commitment, and flexibility according to research by Moscovici and others.
2. Moscovici found in his blue/green slide study that a consistent minority were able to influence the majority to give incorrect answers. Later research by Clark also showed consistency was important for minority influence.
3. Commitment, where the minority appear principled and have made sacrifices for their views, also amplifies minority influence according to Hogg and Vaughan.
4. Flexibility in adapting arguments, as shown by Nemeth's jury study, allows the minority to be more persuasive through small concessions rather than rigid consistency alone.
Obedience is compliance with commands given by an authority figure. In the 1960s, the social psychologist Stanley Milgram did a famous research study called the obedience study.
It showed that people have a strong tendency to comply with authority figures.
Asch conducted experiments in the 1950s to study conformity where participants made judgments about the length of lines in presence of confederates who unanimously chose the wrong answer. He found that about one third of participants conformed to the incorrect majority. Further experiments showed conformity increased with larger group sizes but decreased when the task was difficult or when there was dissent within the group. However, the artificial nature of the tasks limits how applicable the findings are to real world situations.
This presentation is about social loafing. It also include the factors that influence the social loafing and some techniques to reduce social loafing.
This presentation is very helpful to psychology students and those who needs to know about social loafing.
Prosocial behavior refers to voluntary actions that benefit others or society, such as helping, sharing, and cooperating. It is central to healthy social groups and is motivated by empathy. Research on prosocial behavior originated with studies on bystander effects during crimes and emergencies. Current research examines biological, motivational, cognitive, and social factors influencing prosocial acts through theories like empathy-altruism, negative state relief, kin selection, and reciprocal altruism. Volunteering has been associated with benefits to happiness and health.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in social psychology related to conformity and obedience. It discusses classic studies on conformity by Sherif and Asch, and on obedience by Milgram. Factors that influence conformity and obedience are explored, such as group size and unanimity. The document also examines theories to explain these behaviors, such as informational and normative influence, and the agentic shift proposed by Milgram to explain why people obey authority figures. Criticisms of classic studies and strategies for resisting social pressure are also summarized.
NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS PART - 1 - Copy.pptxSimarKaurMonga
This document discusses psychological tests and their use in clinical practice. It defines psychological tests as standardized scientific tools used to assess various psychological constructs. For a measure to be considered a valid psychological test, it must demonstrate reliability, validity, and norms. The document then describes different types of psychological tests, including objective, projective, individual and group tests. It provides examples of specific tests used to evaluate areas like intelligence, memory, perception and executive functions.
This document provides an introduction to experimental psychology. It discusses the goals of scientific psychology, which are to understand human and animal behavior through objective and systematic procedures. It emphasizes the importance of science and evidence-based research in psychology. The document then outlines several key research methods used in experimental psychology, including quantitative methods like experiments, surveys, and archival research, as well as qualitative methods like ethnography and naturalistic observation. It provides definitions and explanations of important concepts for each method. The overall aim is to teach students how to apply these research techniques and insights from psychology to investigate behaviors in real-world settings.
1. The document discusses minority influence and the role of consistency, commitment, and flexibility according to research by Moscovici and others.
2. Moscovici found in his blue/green slide study that a consistent minority were able to influence the majority to give incorrect answers. Later research by Clark also showed consistency was important for minority influence.
3. Commitment, where the minority appear principled and have made sacrifices for their views, also amplifies minority influence according to Hogg and Vaughan.
4. Flexibility in adapting arguments, as shown by Nemeth's jury study, allows the minority to be more persuasive through small concessions rather than rigid consistency alone.
Obedience is compliance with commands given by an authority figure. In the 1960s, the social psychologist Stanley Milgram did a famous research study called the obedience study.
It showed that people have a strong tendency to comply with authority figures.
Asch conducted experiments in the 1950s to study conformity where participants made judgments about the length of lines in presence of confederates who unanimously chose the wrong answer. He found that about one third of participants conformed to the incorrect majority. Further experiments showed conformity increased with larger group sizes but decreased when the task was difficult or when there was dissent within the group. However, the artificial nature of the tasks limits how applicable the findings are to real world situations.
This presentation is about social loafing. It also include the factors that influence the social loafing and some techniques to reduce social loafing.
This presentation is very helpful to psychology students and those who needs to know about social loafing.
Prosocial behavior refers to voluntary actions that benefit others or society, such as helping, sharing, and cooperating. It is central to healthy social groups and is motivated by empathy. Research on prosocial behavior originated with studies on bystander effects during crimes and emergencies. Current research examines biological, motivational, cognitive, and social factors influencing prosocial acts through theories like empathy-altruism, negative state relief, kin selection, and reciprocal altruism. Volunteering has been associated with benefits to happiness and health.
Learn what your Strong Interest Inventory results mean. Discover how your interests reflect occupations and jobs that may interest you for further exploration. Whether you are: (1) in high school and are ready to make a choice about a field of academic study or trade, (2) in college and deciding on a major field of study, (3) employed and exploring other career options, or (4) preparing for retirement. Identify how your Strong Interest Inventory results can help you make some important life/career decisions.
The document summarizes two objective personality tests: the MMPI/MMPI-2 and the NEO-PI-R. It describes the development and components of each test, including their scales, norms, reliability, validity, applications, and limitations. The MMPI/MMPI-2 was developed using empirical criterion keying and assesses various symptoms of psychopathology. The NEO-PI-R measures the five factor model of personality and was developed using rational-empirical construction to emphasize construct validity. Both tests have demonstrated reliability and validity but also have limitations such as lack of validity scales for the NEO-PI-R.
Social psychologists consider a group to be composed of two or more people who interact and depend on each other in some way. Groups usually have the following features:
Norms that determine appropriate behavior (A)
Roles that are assigned to people that determine what behaviors and responsibilities people should take on(B)
A communication structure that determines who talks to whom within the group ( C)
A power structure that determines how much authority and influence group members have(D)
Pro-social behavior refers to voluntary acts that benefit others or society. It includes helping, sharing, cooperation, and acts of charity. Pro-social behavior is defined by a society's norms. Helping behavior is a subcategory that intentionally benefits another person or group in need. Determinants of helping include empathy, relieving negative feelings in others, enjoying the positive impact of helping, boosting status, helping genetic relatives, and defending one's social group. People are more likely to help those they like and less likely to help in darkness or if the victim is responsible for their situation. Being thanked encourages continued pro-social behavior by validating the helper's self-worth and competence. Some argue pro-social behavior may be
The document discusses several cognitive biases and heuristics that influence social judgments and perceptions. It describes how priming effects can subtly influence thoughts and behaviors without awareness. Belief perseverance is discussed, where people cling to initial beliefs even after evidence disproving them. Overconfidence is common in social judgments and predictions. Confirmation bias leads people to seek information confirming existing beliefs. Mental shortcuts like representativeness and availability heuristics enable efficient thinking. Illusions of correlation and control can also influence social perceptions.
conformity is a type of social influence that is very common in the society and it has the definitions and some experiments during the years done to prove this concept.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in social psychology. It defines social psychology as the scientific study of how individuals' thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by real, imagined, or implied social contexts. Some key topics covered include social influence, conformity, compliance, social norms, and research studies such as Asch's conformity experiments and Milgram's obedience studies. The document discusses how social factors like group pressure, authority, and reciprocity can influence individual attitudes and behaviors. In summary, it introduces social psychology concepts relating to how social environments and other people shape individual cognition, interaction, and performance.
The apa ethics code general standards 1 27Ashley Maria
This document outlines the General Standards section of the APA Ethics Code. It discusses 27 standards psychologists must follow regarding competency, relationships, discrimination, conflicts of interest, documentation, and more. The standards are meant to ensure psychologists provide services ethically and avoid harming clients. Key points include only practicing within one's competence, maintaining appropriate professional relationships, obtaining consent for services, avoiding discrimination, and properly documenting work.
Abnormal Psychology: Concepts of NormalityMackenzie
Notes for section 5.1 of my psych textbook for the option of "Abnormal Psychology" on the I.B. HL Psychology test. All about cultural norms, normal vs. abnormal, diagnosing processes,validity and whatnot.
Inductive reasoning involves drawing conclusions that are suggested but not definitely proven by the evidence or premises. It relies on observations to determine what is probably true rather than definitely true. The strength of an inductive argument depends on factors like the representativeness of observations, number of observations, and quality of evidence. People use heuristics and past experiences to guide decisions and behaviors through inductive reasoning without realizing it. However, heuristics can lead to biases like the availability heuristic and illusory correlations that form inaccurate stereotypes.
Intellectual and Neuropsychological AssessmentMingMing Davis
Charles Spearman proposed the concept of general intelligence or the "G factor" after analyzing mental aptitude tests using factor analysis. He concluded that intelligence is a general cognitive ability that can be measured numerically. Howard Gardner proposed the theory of multiple intelligences consisting of eight separate kinds of intelligence. Robert Sternberg proposed a triarchic theory of intelligence consisting of analytical, creative, and practical abilities. Contemporary theories of intelligence include the CHC theory, PASS model, theory of multiple intelligences, theory of successful intelligence, and emotional intelligence. Intelligence tests like the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) and Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale are used to measure intelligence through subtests that evaluate verbal reasoning, quantitative reasoning, abstract/visual
This document provides an overview of social psychology. It discusses how social psychology studies how individual behaviors and thoughts are influenced by others. Key topics covered include cognitive processes, environmental variables, biological factors, and cultural values that shape social behaviors. Research methods in social psychology like observation, surveys, correlation analysis, and experiments are explained. The role of theory in social psychology and important ethical issues around deception and informed consent in research are also summarized.
Social psychological theories of aggression - SLT A2Jill Jan
Social learning theory proposes that aggression in children can be learned through observation and imitation of aggressive models such as family, peers, and media figures. According to this theory, children learn aggression through four processes: attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation. Children are more likely to imitate same-gender role models of high status. Observational learning of consequences, such as vicarious reinforcement or punishment of aggression, can also shape children's aggressive behavior according to social learning theory.
This document discusses key concepts in social psychology including attitudes, social perception, social influence, and group behavior. It defines social psychology and explores how attitudes are formed and changed. Factors that shape social perception like attribution theory and biases are addressed. Phenomena like conformity, obedience, deindividuation, and the bystander effect are examined in the context of social influence. Group processes such as social facilitation, decision making, and groupthink are also summarized.
1. Asch conducted an experiment where participants had to identify which of several lines on cards matched a target line. Most participants conformed to the incorrect answers of confederates at least once, showing the power of conformity.
2. Milgram's obedience experiment found that when an authority figure instructed participants to deliver electric shocks to another person, 65% administered the maximum shock level, even when the person was protesting in pain. Situational factors like the authority figure's presence and statements increased obedience.
3. Sherif demonstrated conformity through group discussions where estimations of a light's movement converged over time, showing people conform due to informational influence rather than normative pressure.
Biography
Basic Assumptions
Human Needs
Burden of Freedom
Character Orientations
Personality Disorders
Psychotherapy
Methods of Investigation
Critique of Fromm
Concept of Humanity
Individual tests are administered one-on-one and allow for close examination of examinee behavior, while group tests can assess large numbers simultaneously but provide less accurate information. Some key differences are that individual tests are more time consuming and require a trained examiner, while group tests have simplified administration, more objective scoring, and establish norms from large samples. Both have advantages and disadvantages depending on the testing needs and environment.
This document discusses different motivations for prosocial behavior. It defines prosocial behavior as helpful actions that benefit others without direct benefits to the person helping. Several hypotheses for motivations are described, including empathy-altruism, where helping makes one feel good; negative-state relief, where helping reduces one's own negative emotions; and empathetic joy, where helping brings positive emotions from making an impact. Genetic determinism is also discussed, where helping enhances passing on one's genes. The document concludes that people engage in prosocial behavior for both selfish and unselfish reasons, and different hypotheses try to explain these motivations, like reducing one's distress or feeling good from helping others.
Behavior modification focuses on changing specific behaviors rather than traits or characteristics. It targets behavioral excesses that need reducing and behavioral deficits that need increasing. Procedures are based on behavioral principles derived from experimental research. Behavior is measured before and after the modification to assess the effectiveness of the intervention. Common applications include developmental disabilities, mental illness, education, rehabilitation, and child management. Functional assessment identifies the triggers and consequences of problematic behaviors. Reinforcement strengthens behaviors by adding or removing stimuli.
Social Psychology (PSY30203)
Assignment 3 Final Presentation
Write-up report
by Ilhami Ibrahim, Darshiini Vig, Tan Wen Hao, Irynna Annuar, Karolina Bondarenko, Chong Ke Qun
Learn what your Strong Interest Inventory results mean. Discover how your interests reflect occupations and jobs that may interest you for further exploration. Whether you are: (1) in high school and are ready to make a choice about a field of academic study or trade, (2) in college and deciding on a major field of study, (3) employed and exploring other career options, or (4) preparing for retirement. Identify how your Strong Interest Inventory results can help you make some important life/career decisions.
The document summarizes two objective personality tests: the MMPI/MMPI-2 and the NEO-PI-R. It describes the development and components of each test, including their scales, norms, reliability, validity, applications, and limitations. The MMPI/MMPI-2 was developed using empirical criterion keying and assesses various symptoms of psychopathology. The NEO-PI-R measures the five factor model of personality and was developed using rational-empirical construction to emphasize construct validity. Both tests have demonstrated reliability and validity but also have limitations such as lack of validity scales for the NEO-PI-R.
Social psychologists consider a group to be composed of two or more people who interact and depend on each other in some way. Groups usually have the following features:
Norms that determine appropriate behavior (A)
Roles that are assigned to people that determine what behaviors and responsibilities people should take on(B)
A communication structure that determines who talks to whom within the group ( C)
A power structure that determines how much authority and influence group members have(D)
Pro-social behavior refers to voluntary acts that benefit others or society. It includes helping, sharing, cooperation, and acts of charity. Pro-social behavior is defined by a society's norms. Helping behavior is a subcategory that intentionally benefits another person or group in need. Determinants of helping include empathy, relieving negative feelings in others, enjoying the positive impact of helping, boosting status, helping genetic relatives, and defending one's social group. People are more likely to help those they like and less likely to help in darkness or if the victim is responsible for their situation. Being thanked encourages continued pro-social behavior by validating the helper's self-worth and competence. Some argue pro-social behavior may be
The document discusses several cognitive biases and heuristics that influence social judgments and perceptions. It describes how priming effects can subtly influence thoughts and behaviors without awareness. Belief perseverance is discussed, where people cling to initial beliefs even after evidence disproving them. Overconfidence is common in social judgments and predictions. Confirmation bias leads people to seek information confirming existing beliefs. Mental shortcuts like representativeness and availability heuristics enable efficient thinking. Illusions of correlation and control can also influence social perceptions.
conformity is a type of social influence that is very common in the society and it has the definitions and some experiments during the years done to prove this concept.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in social psychology. It defines social psychology as the scientific study of how individuals' thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by real, imagined, or implied social contexts. Some key topics covered include social influence, conformity, compliance, social norms, and research studies such as Asch's conformity experiments and Milgram's obedience studies. The document discusses how social factors like group pressure, authority, and reciprocity can influence individual attitudes and behaviors. In summary, it introduces social psychology concepts relating to how social environments and other people shape individual cognition, interaction, and performance.
The apa ethics code general standards 1 27Ashley Maria
This document outlines the General Standards section of the APA Ethics Code. It discusses 27 standards psychologists must follow regarding competency, relationships, discrimination, conflicts of interest, documentation, and more. The standards are meant to ensure psychologists provide services ethically and avoid harming clients. Key points include only practicing within one's competence, maintaining appropriate professional relationships, obtaining consent for services, avoiding discrimination, and properly documenting work.
Abnormal Psychology: Concepts of NormalityMackenzie
Notes for section 5.1 of my psych textbook for the option of "Abnormal Psychology" on the I.B. HL Psychology test. All about cultural norms, normal vs. abnormal, diagnosing processes,validity and whatnot.
Inductive reasoning involves drawing conclusions that are suggested but not definitely proven by the evidence or premises. It relies on observations to determine what is probably true rather than definitely true. The strength of an inductive argument depends on factors like the representativeness of observations, number of observations, and quality of evidence. People use heuristics and past experiences to guide decisions and behaviors through inductive reasoning without realizing it. However, heuristics can lead to biases like the availability heuristic and illusory correlations that form inaccurate stereotypes.
Intellectual and Neuropsychological AssessmentMingMing Davis
Charles Spearman proposed the concept of general intelligence or the "G factor" after analyzing mental aptitude tests using factor analysis. He concluded that intelligence is a general cognitive ability that can be measured numerically. Howard Gardner proposed the theory of multiple intelligences consisting of eight separate kinds of intelligence. Robert Sternberg proposed a triarchic theory of intelligence consisting of analytical, creative, and practical abilities. Contemporary theories of intelligence include the CHC theory, PASS model, theory of multiple intelligences, theory of successful intelligence, and emotional intelligence. Intelligence tests like the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) and Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale are used to measure intelligence through subtests that evaluate verbal reasoning, quantitative reasoning, abstract/visual
This document provides an overview of social psychology. It discusses how social psychology studies how individual behaviors and thoughts are influenced by others. Key topics covered include cognitive processes, environmental variables, biological factors, and cultural values that shape social behaviors. Research methods in social psychology like observation, surveys, correlation analysis, and experiments are explained. The role of theory in social psychology and important ethical issues around deception and informed consent in research are also summarized.
Social psychological theories of aggression - SLT A2Jill Jan
Social learning theory proposes that aggression in children can be learned through observation and imitation of aggressive models such as family, peers, and media figures. According to this theory, children learn aggression through four processes: attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation. Children are more likely to imitate same-gender role models of high status. Observational learning of consequences, such as vicarious reinforcement or punishment of aggression, can also shape children's aggressive behavior according to social learning theory.
This document discusses key concepts in social psychology including attitudes, social perception, social influence, and group behavior. It defines social psychology and explores how attitudes are formed and changed. Factors that shape social perception like attribution theory and biases are addressed. Phenomena like conformity, obedience, deindividuation, and the bystander effect are examined in the context of social influence. Group processes such as social facilitation, decision making, and groupthink are also summarized.
1. Asch conducted an experiment where participants had to identify which of several lines on cards matched a target line. Most participants conformed to the incorrect answers of confederates at least once, showing the power of conformity.
2. Milgram's obedience experiment found that when an authority figure instructed participants to deliver electric shocks to another person, 65% administered the maximum shock level, even when the person was protesting in pain. Situational factors like the authority figure's presence and statements increased obedience.
3. Sherif demonstrated conformity through group discussions where estimations of a light's movement converged over time, showing people conform due to informational influence rather than normative pressure.
Biography
Basic Assumptions
Human Needs
Burden of Freedom
Character Orientations
Personality Disorders
Psychotherapy
Methods of Investigation
Critique of Fromm
Concept of Humanity
Individual tests are administered one-on-one and allow for close examination of examinee behavior, while group tests can assess large numbers simultaneously but provide less accurate information. Some key differences are that individual tests are more time consuming and require a trained examiner, while group tests have simplified administration, more objective scoring, and establish norms from large samples. Both have advantages and disadvantages depending on the testing needs and environment.
This document discusses different motivations for prosocial behavior. It defines prosocial behavior as helpful actions that benefit others without direct benefits to the person helping. Several hypotheses for motivations are described, including empathy-altruism, where helping makes one feel good; negative-state relief, where helping reduces one's own negative emotions; and empathetic joy, where helping brings positive emotions from making an impact. Genetic determinism is also discussed, where helping enhances passing on one's genes. The document concludes that people engage in prosocial behavior for both selfish and unselfish reasons, and different hypotheses try to explain these motivations, like reducing one's distress or feeling good from helping others.
Behavior modification focuses on changing specific behaviors rather than traits or characteristics. It targets behavioral excesses that need reducing and behavioral deficits that need increasing. Procedures are based on behavioral principles derived from experimental research. Behavior is measured before and after the modification to assess the effectiveness of the intervention. Common applications include developmental disabilities, mental illness, education, rehabilitation, and child management. Functional assessment identifies the triggers and consequences of problematic behaviors. Reinforcement strengthens behaviors by adding or removing stimuli.
Social Psychology (PSY30203)
Assignment 3 Final Presentation
Write-up report
by Ilhami Ibrahim, Darshiini Vig, Tan Wen Hao, Irynna Annuar, Karolina Bondarenko, Chong Ke Qun
A student named Max wrote a letter to Dr. Greg Gray proposing putting advertisements on school lockers to raise money. Max suggests displaying ads for stores like Staples, Borders, and Barnes & Noble to generate funds for new school technology and make the plain blue lockers more interesting visually. Food ads would be avoided so as not to make students hungry.
1) The document discusses how university students today spend a significant amount of time (approximately 15 hours per week) working paid jobs while also attending school.
2) It reviews literature showing how one's experiences at work can influence or "spill over" into other life domains. Specifically, more positive work experiences are linked to better adjustment in personal life, while negative experiences may lead to increased stress.
3) The study presented aimed to examine if students' work experiences (positive or negative) were related to their adjustment to university life. It was hypothesized that more positive work experiences would correlate with better adjustment to university.
Prosocial behavior is defined as voluntary behavior intended to benefit another person. It includes helpful and altruistic acts according to social norms. Research on bystander intervention in emergencies found that the presence of other bystanders decreases the likelihood of any one person helping (the bystander effect). Latane and Darley identified five decision points people go through when deciding whether to help: noticing the emergency, defining it as such, taking responsibility, planning a response, and acting. Factors like ambiguity, mood, gender, attractiveness, and weather influence bystander intervention.
This document summarizes research on prosocial behavior and factors that influence helping others. It discusses key concepts like altruism, heroism, bystander effect, and diffusion of responsibility. Several studies are described that explore how the number of bystanders, mood, personality traits like empathy, and situational factors can impact whether someone helps in an emergency situation. The document also examines motivations for prosocial acts and long-term volunteering commitments from perspectives of empathy, self-interest, genetic determinism, and other theories.
1) The bystander effect occurs when the presence of others decreases the likelihood that an individual will help a victim. As the number of bystanders increases, any single person is less likely to notice the emergency, interpret it as such, or take responsibility to help.
2) People are more likely to help those they perceive as similar to themselves in attributes like age, nationality, appearance, or values. Similarity promotes liking and empathy.
3) Having less time available, as in a hurry, reduces the likelihood someone will help in an emergency situation.
This document discusses the importance of music education in schools and communities. It outlines some of the challenges facing music education, such as budget cuts reducing music programs and inconsistent requirements across grade levels. The document advocates for strengthening music education by providing daily lessons, consistent programs in middle school, and more support for high school programs. It provides examples of communities taking initiatives to support music education through programs that provide instruments and encourage community music-making. The document argues that music education improves academic and life skills while fostering creativity, and that stronger support is needed to allow music programs to thrive.
Social psychology is the scientific study of how individuals are influenced by and influence society through social interactions. It examines topics like conformity, obedience, and persuasion through experimental research methods. Unlike other fields of psychology, social psychology focuses on individuals rather than making broad generalizations. It seeks to understand how social and cultural systems shape human cognition and behavior. While sociology examines society on a large scale, social psychology analyzes how social groups and relationships impact individuals. Common research methods in social psychology include surveys, observations, and correlation research to better understand relationships between variables.
The SlideShare 101 is a quick start guide if you want to walk through the main features that the platform offers. This will keep getting updated as new features are launched.
The SlideShare 101 replaces the earlier "SlideShare Quick Tour".
This presentation was provided by Rebecca Benner, Ph.D., of the American Society of Anesthesiologists, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
How Barcodes Can Be Leveraged Within Odoo 17Celine George
In this presentation, we will explore how barcodes can be leveraged within Odoo 17 to streamline our manufacturing processes. We will cover the configuration steps, how to utilize barcodes in different manufacturing scenarios, and the overall benefits of implementing this technology.
Andreas Schleicher presents PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Thinking - 18 Jun...EduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher, Director of Education and Skills at the OECD presents at the launch of PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Minds, Creative Schools on 18 June 2024.
THE SACRIFICE HOW PRO-PALESTINE PROTESTS STUDENTS ARE SACRIFICING TO CHANGE T...indexPub
The recent surge in pro-Palestine student activism has prompted significant responses from universities, ranging from negotiations and divestment commitments to increased transparency about investments in companies supporting the war on Gaza. This activism has led to the cessation of student encampments but also highlighted the substantial sacrifices made by students, including academic disruptions and personal risks. The primary drivers of these protests are poor university administration, lack of transparency, and inadequate communication between officials and students. This study examines the profound emotional, psychological, and professional impacts on students engaged in pro-Palestine protests, focusing on Generation Z's (Gen-Z) activism dynamics. This paper explores the significant sacrifices made by these students and even the professors supporting the pro-Palestine movement, with a focus on recent global movements. Through an in-depth analysis of printed and electronic media, the study examines the impacts of these sacrifices on the academic and personal lives of those involved. The paper highlights examples from various universities, demonstrating student activism's long-term and short-term effects, including disciplinary actions, social backlash, and career implications. The researchers also explore the broader implications of student sacrifices. The findings reveal that these sacrifices are driven by a profound commitment to justice and human rights, and are influenced by the increasing availability of information, peer interactions, and personal convictions. The study also discusses the broader implications of this activism, comparing it to historical precedents and assessing its potential to influence policy and public opinion. The emotional and psychological toll on student activists is significant, but their sense of purpose and community support mitigates some of these challenges. However, the researchers call for acknowledging the broader Impact of these sacrifices on the future global movement of FreePalestine.
2. Victor Urud
Psychology
Prosocial Behaviour
This research paper has a tremendous amount of information on pro-social
behaviour, or in other words, this research paper is all based on pro-social behaviour.
Though this research paper may be based mostly upon pro-social behaviour and topics that
relate greatly to it, such as the bystander effect, this research paper is composed of a
research question that would then be completed by a set of target questions that would
help narrow down information that would be needed for the research question in debate.
My research question on the matter is, “Does the gender of a person influence the likelihood
of whether a person will help another in distress?” Going in depth with my research
question, I aim to see the relationship between the gender of a person and their willingness
to help a person in distress, and this is where the information on pro-social behaviour
comes in.
Prosocial behaviour, as defined by about.com
Prosocial behaviors are those intended to help other people. Prosocial behavior is
characterized by a concern about the rights, feelings and welfare of other people.
Behaviors that can be described as prosocial include feeling empathy and concern
for others and behaving in ways to help or benefit other people (about.com).
This means that prosocial behaviour is where any helpful actions that would benefit others,
without the intention of benefits given back to the helper. But what drives people to help
others? According to Wikipedia, empathy plays a big role in prosocial behaviour. Empathy,
as defined by google, “the ability to understand and share the feelings of another.” This is
where a person can put themselves in another person’s shoe. They understand what they’re
going through, may even been through what they’ve been through. This is one way a person
is influenced to help another person. Though this may not seem like it’s going to help with
3. Victor Urud
Psychology
my research question, it is important to know the backbone of this research, prosocial
behaviour, and what it is all about. (Wikipedia)
The bystander effect is a huge topic that is covered under the prosocial behaviour
topic. The bystander effect is where the more people are in an area, the less likely people
would help a person in distress. This is where the question raises on why the surroundings
of an area influence the decision of a person helping. As there are more people in an area,
one may feel less personally responsible to respond to an event. People will always assume
that someone else will help a person in distress. But with my research question, I wanted to
go in depth on whether the gender of a person influences their decision to help others.
There is a difference in gender obviously, and what affects their decision. As this is a
research paper, I have found that researches discovered that males are more helpful than
female when in public, and when in emergency (Baumeister). This could be due to the
dominance than the male species has throughout the aging of the world, men has been the
ones to do all the physical hard work, whilst women have worked along to support men.
Men have fought in wars, go through the evolution of it, discovered and invented new ways
to help them proceed in life. (Heroic Imagination Project)
A target question that I think that would help with the research question, “When in a
group, is there a dominant gender that would engage in the support for a person in
distress?” As I pointed out in the paragraph above, men are more helpful than women when
in public, and when in emergency situations. Is this due to the male dominance? Or are men
built to be this way? To prove where men have been the ones to be more helpful than
women in a given situation, the Carnegie Hero Fund Commission has been giving out a
“hero” award to “a civilian who voluntarily risks his or her own life, knowingly, to an
extraordinary degree while saving or attempting to save the life of another person”(Pg 275
Baumeister). I could either interpret this as people who involve themselves in situations like
this to give themselves a better image, or where they are real heroes that actually want to
help people. This hero award has been awarded to 90% of men, and this award has been
given out ever since 1904. This shows the dominance of men when in public, and in
emergencies. As men are the ones to be dominant when in helping, when in a group, they
would be the ones to be more dominant, as of my research question.
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Another target question as of that would help my research question, “Does the
gender of a victim influence the likelihood of a person to help the victim, acknowledging the
gender of the helper?” What I am trying find out from this target question is that if the
gender of the helper would be influenced by the gender of the victim. From what we know
of the previous target question, we know that men are found to be more helpful than
women in public, where this may be due to their physiques, the pride of men, or just to be
helpful. But does the gender of the victim affects the decision of the helper to help them?
As why I have this as a research question, the attractiveness of a person can certainly
influence the willingness for the helper to help. We live in a world where socialisation is one
of the important things in our lives, and to interact with others is how we socialize. As we
know that men are the ones who are more likely to help others, I think that this target
question is more focused towards men than women, but it does not change the fact that
the attractiveness of a victim would surely influence the willingness of a person to help.
People are more likely to help attractive victims, rather than unattractive victims. An
experiment has been done to research this matter (Benson, Karabenick, & Lerner,
1976)(Baumeister). In this experiment, application forms, the address of the applicant, and a
photograph of the applicant is put into a phone booth in an airport, where a wanderer or
the “victim” of the experiment would walk into the phone booth where they would discover
the applicant form. Now the photograph of the applicant changes now and then, so in this
trial the photograph of the applicant is an attractive person. Most people who entered the
phone booth and discovered the applicant was more likely to mail the application form to
the attractive applicant. It wasn’t the same story for the other trial where the photograph of
the applicant was an unattractive person. People were more likely to mail the application
form to the attractive applicant, rather than the unattractive applicant. This may have not
answered my target question, but as men are the ones who are most likely to help, and if
the gender of the victim is the opposite gender, and they are attractive, it would increase
the likelihood for the helper to help. To answer this target question, it may work sometimes,
it may not, but depending on the helper, the gender of the victim may or may not affect the
willingness of the helper.
I decided to conduct an experiment on this matter, with the help from a number of
my peers. This experiment is mainly focused on the bystander effect, where we would have
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a person walk with a box of writing utensils, and drop it in the view of a wanderer and start
picking up the pencils. Video cameras are set up to record the actions of the test subjects.
The lab report of the experiment is found below.
Prosocial Behavior Lab
Introduction
In this experiment, I would like to determine whether people who witnessed another
person in need of help, would choose to help or not to. A box of writing utensils is needed in
this experiment, where a ‘victim’ of a situation would drop the box of writing utensils and
‘test subjects’ that would wonder around and come across this victim, and their decision
would be recorded of where they decide to help the victim or not. Cameras are set up
around to record every action of the test subject. This method of dropping the box of
writing utensils could happen anywhere in the real world and is a feasible method as it is a
situation that is most likely to occur in areas such as school.
Purpose
The purpose of this experiment is to determine whether people who witnessed
another person in need of help, would react in a positive way by helping them, or would just
walk off as if nothing happens. As of my research question, “Does the gender of a person
influences the likelihood of whether a person will help another in distress?”, gender would
be the independent variable. The experiment would be conducted on a number of subjects,
with their genders being varied.
Hypothesis
My hypothesis is that men would be the ones more helpful than women because of the
dominance of the male gender, and with some research made on the two genders, the male
gender are the ones that are more likely to help.
Variables
Independent
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Dependent
Constant
Box and writing utensils
Data Table
Gender
of
Subject
Is Subject Alone? Does Subject
Help?
Is Subject in
a group? (If
not alone)
Observation
Male Yes Yes Subject was caught by surprise,
acknowledging that he witnessed
another person in distress. Seems to
hesitate at first, but was picking
pencils that fell far away
Male No No No Subject in effect of Bystander Effect.
He wasn’t alone but didn’t know
anyone around him. Continued as if
nothing happened
Female Yes No Subject greeted “Victim” but did not
help, acknowledging another person
in distress.
Male No No Yes Subject in a group with subject
below, both acknowledge the victim
in distress but continued to talk to
each other while standing in front of
person in distress. Possibly in
Bystander Effect
Male No No Yes
Male Yes Yes Subject saw victim, helped victim.
Female Yes No
Female Yes No Subject saw victim but continued to
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walk past victim.
Male Yes Yes Helps victim, but may be influenced
by fact that subject knows victim
Female No No No Subject was alone but people were
around. May be in effect of
Bystander Effect. Acknowledge that
victim needed help
Male No Yes No Helps victim, but may be influenced
by fact that subject knows victim
Female No Yes No Subject alone but with people
around. The only one to help out of
the others, where they walked
passed victim. Others in Bystander
Effect.
Male Yes No Subject seem to be in a rush,
acknowledge victim needed help.
Female Yes Yes Subject is school principle, decision
to help may be to keep good image,
or her own intention to help.
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Evaluation
My experiment satisfied the aim of this experiment, to determine whether people
who witnessed another person in need of help, would react in a positive way by helping
them, or would just walk off as if nothing happens. But the data may not be as accurate as
we want it to. First of all, since this is a school, almost everyone here knows each other, and
this is a factor that would affect the data. If a test subject knows who the ‘victim’ is, it would
surely affect the decision of the test subject on helping the victim, depending on their
relationship. In our case, our test subjects were students, teachers, and parents of the
school. For example, in a trial where I was the victim, I dropped the box full of pencil and a
teacher walked by and just looked at me and smiled. If the subject was a total stranger, the
data would be much accurate because most prosocial behaviour occurs in public and the
chances of you knowing another person is really small. So the relationship between the
subject and the victim would affect the data. Another factor that would affect our data is in
which way we wanted help from the test subject. Having a box on pencil all over the ground
and picking it up, to most people this is not something that would be in ‘need’ of help with.
A way that we could test our experiment to the limit is to change the method of our need in
help by having it in a more ‘emergent’ situation, like having a guy lying down on the ground.
By doing so, we could really see the true decision of a test subject where they have to
decide if the person needs help or not.
4
2
4 4
Male Female
Gender vs Willingness to Help
Yes No
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Conclusion
My hypothesis was that men would be the ones more helpful than women, and
according to my data, the number of men who helped versus the number of women who
helped differed. Men had the better number on helping rather than the opposite gender.
But there was one factor that prevented both genders from helping the victim, the
Bystander Effect, when not alone in the same situation. The Bystander Effect is where the
more number of people in an area, the less likely that people are to help another in distress.
An observation I made, when in a group, people may have been busy up in a conversation
with each other and not wanting to be the one to break the conversation, no one from the
group helped the victim. Another observation I made is that one test subject hesitated to
help a victim when the victim was seen already being helped by another person. The
Bystander Effect plays a big role on whether a person would help another in distress.
Though this may not connect on the gender roles, it affects the data of where a person may
help while being in the Bystander Effect. Looking at the chart graph, we could see that men
are more likely to help rather than women, with factors to affect it. But an observation I
made whilst performing the experiment, men were not just helped, they intended on
helping with a smile on their face, while the opposite gender would walk slowly past the
victim and not help them. This observation is key as it surely would discuss why men are the
ones who are more likely to help others in distress.
With the given conclusion from the lab, I stated my hypothesis is that men would be
the ones who are more likely to help others in distress. Concluding the experiment, my
hypothesis would be right with the observations given, that men are more likely to help
others rather than women. In the research that I have conducted, it also supports my
hypothesis in my lab. One key thing that would help my research question, in the
experiment I conducted, the victim of the experiment is a girl in most of the trials. This
would relate with my target question which states, “Does the gender of a victim influence
the likelihood of a person to help the victim, acknowledging the gender of the helper?” With
men having the ones to help the most in my experiment, the answer to this target question
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would be; yes, the gender of a victim influences the likelihood of a person to help the victim.
An observation I did as mentioned in my lab, was that the men who helped the victim with
the box of writing utensils, did it with their own, happy intention. They didn’t help because
they had to; they helped because they wanted to. We could connect this to the Benson,
Karabenick, & Lerner experiment. Gender did influence their decision on helping, where this
may be due to the socializing world. Since men are the ones who are most likely to help, and
especially if it is the opposite gender that needs help, this would help with the research
question of where the gender of a person influences the likelihood of the person to help
another in distress.
One factor that is not connected to my research question, but is connected to the
whole topic is the Bystander Effect. The Bystander Effect as we know it effect is where the
more people are in an area, the less likely people would help a person in distress. This
occurred in the experiment I conducted as if the subject was surrounded with people, they
were less likely to help the victim. In this matter, it disabled me from collecting data that
would show the decision made by different genders as for some people to be in the
Bystander Effect, it would affect their decision to help. But in all the trials I made with
people being in the Bystander Effect, one lady helped the victim with the box of pencils,
whilst at the same time, a person of the opposite gender hesitated to help with others being
around. This would answer one of my target questions, “When in a group, is there a
dominant gender that would engage in the support for a person in distress?” No one in a
group, acknowledging the genders, helped the victim. The Bystander Effect plays a role in a
group decisions, but I propose that it varies on the level of the emergence. If it is something
as small as picking up pencils, you wouldn’t need a group to help you out. But if it is
something of high level of emergence, it would influence the decision making. The greater
the need for help, the more likely people in a group will help.
With the experiment conducted and the research being made, I can conclude that
yes, the gender of a person influences the likelihood of whether a person will help another
in distress. Men are more likely to help others in oppose of the opposite gender. Though the
experiment conducted may have factors that would show some inaccuracy in data, it still
supported my hypothesis and my research question. There is no dominant gender that
would help when in a group, but that is out of our context of the how much help is needed
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by the victim. Despite the Bystander Effect playing a role in the experiment, it still narrows
the conclusion that yes, the gender of a person influences the likelihood of whether a
person would help another in distress, and that gender would be the male gender.
Works Cited
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"Bystander Effect and Diffusion of Responsibility." Heroic Imagination Project RSS. N.p., n.d.
Web. 27 Apr. 2014.
Baumeister, Roy F., and Brad J. Bushman. Social Psychology and Human Nature. Belmont,
CA: Thomson Higher Education, 2008. Print.
"Prosocial Behavior." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 04 Oct. 2014. Web. 28 Apr. 2014.
"Prosocial Behavior - Psychology - About.com." About.com Psychology. N.p., n.d. Web. 28
Apr. 2014.