White patches on the tonsils can have several potential causes, including infections like strep throat, diphtheria, and mononucleosis. Other possible causes include conditions like agranulocytosis, leukemia, aphthous ulcers, and tonsil cancer. A thorough examination and tests are needed to determine the specific cause, which may involve a throat swab culture, blood tests, or biopsy of the affected area. Differential diagnosis requires considering both infectious and non-infectious potential etiologies.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
4. ANATOMY OF THE PALATINE
TONSILS
Occupies the
tonsillar sinus or
fossa between the
palatoglossal and the
palatopharyngeal
arches.
Two surfaces:
medial and lateral
Two borders:
anterior and
posterior
Two poles: upper
and lower
5. Anatomy contd....
Anterior border: Palatoglossal arch
Posterior border: Palatolpharyngeal arch
Plica triangularis: Vestigial fold of mucous
membrane covering the anteroinferior part
of the tonsil.
Plica semilunaris: semilunar fold that may
cross the upper part of the tonsil.
Intratonsillar cleft: Largest crypt of the
tonsil.
8. Histology
Oral aspect is
covered by
stratified non
keratinized
epithelium which
dips into the
underlying tissue
to form crypts.
The lymphocytes
lie on the sides of
the crypt in the
form of nodules.
10. Functions of the Tonsil
▪ Act as sentinels to
guard against foreign
intruders.
▪ Two mechanisms:
1. Providing local
immunity.
2. Providing a
surveillance
mechanism so that
the entire body is
prepared for
11.
12. WHITE PATCH ON THE TONSIL
Membranous tonsillitis
Diphtheria
Vincent’s angina
Infectious mononucleosis
Agranulocytosis
Leukemia
Aphthous ulcer
Malignancy tonsil
Traumatic ulcer
Candidal infection of
tonsil
13. Membranous tonsillitis
o Acute membranous
tonsillitis. It is a stage
ahead of acute
follicular tonsillitis when
exudation from the
crypts coalesces to
form a membrane on
the surface
of tonsil.
o It occurs due to
pyogenic organisms. An
exudative membrane
forms over the medial
surface of the tonsils,
along with the features
of acute tonsillitis, like
red and swollen tonsils
with marked hyperaemia
of the pillars, uvula and
soft palate.
14. Diphtheria
o Diphtheria is
an infection caused by
the bacterium Corynebacteri
um diphtheriae.
o Unlike acute tonsillitis
which is abrupt in onset,
diphtheria is slower in onset
with less local discomfort.
the membrane in diphtheria
extends beyond the tonsils,
on to the soft palate and is
dirty grey in colour. It is
adherent and its removal
reveals a bleeding surface.
Urine may show albumin.
Smear and culture of throat
swab will reveal
15. Vincent’s Angina
o Vincent's Angina is an acute
necrotizing infection of the
pharynx caused by a
combination of fusiform bacilli
(Fusiformis fusiformis - a Gram
-ve bacillus) and spirochetes
(Borrelia vincentii )
o It is insidious in onset with less
fever and less discomfort in
throat. Membrane, which
usually forms over one tonsil,
can be asily removed, revealing
an irregular ulcer on the tonsil.
Throat swab will show both the
organisms typical of the
disease, namely fusiform bacilli
and spirochaetes.
16. Infectious mononucleosis
o Infectious
mononucleosis (IM), also
known as glandular
fever, is an infection
commonly caused by
the Epstein–Barr
virus (EBV)
o This often attacks young
adults. Both tonsils are
very much enlarged,
congested and covered
with membrane. Local
discomfort is marked.
Lymph nodes are enlarged
in the posterior triangle
of the neck along with
splenomegaly. Blood
smear may show more
than 50% lymphocytes,
of which about 10% are
17. Agranulocytosis
o Agranulocytosis, also known as agranulosis
or granulopenia, is an acute condition
involving a severe and dangerous
leukopenia (lowered white blood cell
count), most commonly of neutrophils
causing a neutropenia in the circulating
blood. It is a severe lack of one major
class of infection-fighting white blood
cells.
o It presents with ulcerative necrotic
lesions not only on the tonsils but
elsewhere in the oropharynx. Patient is
severely ill.
18. Leukaemia
o Leukemia, s a group of cancers that usually begin
in the bone marrow and result in high numbers of
abnormal white blood cells
o Because leukemia prevents the immune system
from working normally, some patients experience
frequent infection, ranging from
infected tonsils, sores in the mouth,
or diarrhea to life-
threatening pneumonia or opportunistic infections.
o In children, 75% of the leukaemias are acute
lymphoblastic and 25% acute myelogenous or
chronic, while in adults, only 20 % of the
leukaemias are lymphocytic and the remaining 80%
non-lymphocytic. Peripheral blood shows
TLC>100,000 per cu. mm. It may be normal or
less than normal. Anaemia is always present and
may be progressive. Blast cells are seen on
examination of the bone marrow.
19. Aphthous ulcers
o Aphthous ulcers are
typically recurrent round
or oval sores or ulcers
inside the mouth on areas
where the skin is not
tightly bound to the
underlying bone, such as
on the inside of the lips
and cheeks or underneath
the tongue.
o Sometimes, it is solitary
and may involve the
tonsils and pillars. It may
be small or quite large
and may be alarming.
20. Malignancy tonsil
o The tonsil is the most common
site of squamous cell carcinoma
in the oropharynx.
o Main risk factors of developing
carcinoma tonsil include
tobacco smoking and regular
intake of high amount of
alcohol. It has also been
linked to a virus called Human
Papilloma Virus (HPV type
HPV16).[
o Persistent sore throat,
difficulty in swallowing, pain in
the ear or lump in the neck
are the presenting symptoms.
Palpation of tonsillar area is
done to determine the extent
21. Traumatic ulcer
o Traumatic injuries
involving the oral
cavity may typically
lead to the formation
of surface ulcerations.
The injuries may
result from events
such as accidentally
biting oneself while
talking, sleeping, or
secondary to
mastication. Other
forms of mechanical
trauma, as well
as chemical, electrical
, or thermal insults,
may also be involved.
o Membrane appears