White blood cells (WBCs) or leukocytes help protect the body against infection and disease. There are two main groups of WBCs: granulocytes which contain granules and include neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils; and agranulocytes which do not contain granules and include lymphocytes and monocytes. WBCs are formed from stem cells in the bone marrow and lymph nodes and carry out important immune functions such as phagocytosis, antibody production, and attacking viruses and cancer cells. Diseases of WBCs include leukemias, where immature and non-functional blood cells accumulate in the bloodstream and bone marrow.

1. Presentation
On
WHITE BLOOD CELLS
-By Akanksha Lahase

2. OBJECTIVES
At the end of presentation group will be able to discuss:
1) Introduction of WBC
2) Classification of WBC
3) Production and formation of WBCs
4) Disease of WBC

4. LEUCOCYTES
 White blood cells or leucocytes are defined as a
white or colorless blood cells (corpuscle).
 They are capable of amoeboid movement
 Its chief functions is to protect the body against
micro organisms causing disease.

5. LEUCOCYTES
 Leucocytes are formed in the bone marrow from
myeloid stem cells and some being formed in the
lymph nodes from lymphoid stem cells.
 Leucocytes are the units of the body’s resistance to
infection, disease

6. CLASSIFCATION
 They are classified in two main groups which are
granular or agranular.
 This is dependent on whether they contain
conspicuous ( visible) chemical filled cytoplasmic
granules ( vesicles), that are made visible by
staining.

7. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN
AGRANULAR AND GRANULAR

8. CLASSIFICATION
 Lymphocytes
 Monocytes
Granular
 Basophils
 Neutrophils
 Eosinophils
Agranular

10. GRANULAR LEUCOCYTES

11. BASOPHILS
 Make up 0.5-1% of all white blood
cells.
 They are 8-10 micrometer in
diameter
 The nucleus contains 2 lobes
 When stained, large cytoplasmic
granules appear deep blue-purple.

12. BASOPHILS FUNCTION
Liberate heparin, histamine, and
serotonin in allergic reactions that
intensify the overall inflammatory
response.

13. NEUTROPHILS
 Make up 60%-70% of all white
blood cells.
 They are normally 10-12 micro
meters in diameter
 The nucleus contains 2-5 lobes
connected by thin
strand of chromatin
 The cytoplasm has very fine, pale
lilac granules

14. NEUTROPHILS FUNCTION
 Its functions as a phagocyte
 Destroy bacteria with lysozyme, defensins and
strong oxidocents such as superoxide anions,
hydrogen peroxide and hydrochlorite anion.

15. EOSINOPHILS
 Makes up 2-4% of all white blood
cells.
 They are 10-12 micrometer in
diameter
 Its nucleus has 2 or 3 lobes: large,
red-orange granules fill the
cytoplasm.

16. EOSINOPHILS FUNCTION
 Combat the effects of histamine in allergic
reactions,
 Phagocytize antigen-antibody complexes
 Destroy certain parasitic worms.

17. AGRANULAR LEUCOCYTES

18. MONOCYTES
They are 12-20 micrometer in
diameter
The nucleus is kidney
shaped or horseshoe
shaped
 Cytoplasm is blue-gray and has
foamy appearance.
Make up 3-8% of all white blood
cells.

19. MONOCYTES FUNCTION
 Phagocytosis this occurs after they transform into
fixed or wandering macrophages.

20. LYMPHOCYTES
 Lymphocytes are divided
in to three subtypes
⚫T Cells
⚫B cells
⚫Natural killer cells

21. LEUCOCYTES
Make up 20-25% of all white blood cells.
Small lymphocytes are 6-9 micrometer in
diameter
 large lymphocytes are 10-14 micrometer
in diameter

22. LYMPHOCYTES
 nucleus is round or slightly indented
 cytoplasm forms a rim around the nucleus
that looks sky blue
 the larger the cell, the more cytoplasm is
visible.

23. LEUCOCYTES FUNCTION
 Mediate immune responses, including antigen-
antibody reactions.
 B cells develop into plasma cell, which secrete
antibodies.
 T cells attack invading viruses, cancer cells and
transplanted tissue cells.
 Natural killer cells attack a wide variety of
infectious microbes and certain spontaneously
arising tumor cells.

24. Leukocytes Disorders:
Leukemia refers to cancerous
conditions involving white blood cells.
Leukemia are named according to
abnormal white blood cells involved.
Myelocytic leukemia- involves
myeloblasts
Lymphocytic leukemia- involves
lymphocytes
Acute leukemia involves blast- type
cells and primarily affects children
Chronic leukemia is more prevalent in
older people.

25. Leukemia
Immature white blood cells are found in the blood
stream in all leukemias
Bone marrow becomes totally occupied with cancerous
leukocytes
The white blood cells produced, through numerous,
are not functional.
Death is caused by internal hemorrhage and
overwhelming infections.
Treatments include irradication, antileukemic drugs,
and bone marrow transplants.

26. SUMMARY
White blood cells are part of the
body’s immune system. They help
the body fight infection and other
diseases. Types of white blood
cells are granulocytes(neutrophils,
eosinophils and basophils)
monocytes and lymphocytes(T
cells and B cells)
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27. CONCLUSION
WBCs exhibit specific and distinct functions that cooperate to form
the basis of the immune system. Together, they are able to provide a
quick, efficient, specefic and long lasting response to invading
pathogens

28. REFERENCE
1) N. Geetha, Textbook of physiology for
Nursing students, Edition 1,P.no 35 to 42
2) Wiley Blackwell, Fundamentals of
anatomy and physiology for nursing and
healthcare students, Edition 2,P.no 93 to
110
3) Dr. AK Jain, physiology for BSC
nursing, Edition 1,P.no 120 to 126
4) D. Venkatesh, Basis of Medical
physiology for nursing students, Edition
1,P.no 120 to 126
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