What Is Rack And Pinion Steering Mechanism? | How Rack And Pinion Steering System Works?
STEERING SYSTEM | WORKING and COMPONENTS
Working of Four Wheel Steering System in Hindi | Advantages, and Disadvantages of 4-Wheel Steering
How Power Steering System Works?
final year project report by mechanical engineering student of career point university kota. The Soft Car design proposal has swing 90 degrees. It can pull up alongside a parking space and drive in sideways.
Four Wheel Active Steering / Without VideosGoodarz Mehr
This presentation gives you more information about Four Wheel Steering systems, physical means to incorporate them and control methods used to determine rear steering angles. In the end, results of our various simulations using CarSim vehicle simulation software and MATLAB Simulink are presented.
An approach to parallel parking and zero turning radius in automobilesIjrdt Journal
Conventional steering mechanism involves either the use of Ackerman or Davis steering systems. The disadvantage associated with these systems is the minimum turning radius that is possible for the steering action. This difficulty that is associated with the conventional methods of steering is eliminated by employing a four wheel steering system. In this system, the wheels connected to the front axles are turned opposite to each other, and so are the wheels connected to the rear axle. The wheels on the on left half vehicle rotate in one direction and the ones on the right half of the vehicle rotate in the opposite direction. This arrangement of the wheels enables the vehicle to turn 360 degrees, without moving from the spot, i.e. the vehicle has zero turning radius. This helps in maneuvering the vehicle in tight spaces such as parking lots and within small compounds.
final year project report by mechanical engineering student of career point university kota. The Soft Car design proposal has swing 90 degrees. It can pull up alongside a parking space and drive in sideways.
Four Wheel Active Steering / Without VideosGoodarz Mehr
This presentation gives you more information about Four Wheel Steering systems, physical means to incorporate them and control methods used to determine rear steering angles. In the end, results of our various simulations using CarSim vehicle simulation software and MATLAB Simulink are presented.
An approach to parallel parking and zero turning radius in automobilesIjrdt Journal
Conventional steering mechanism involves either the use of Ackerman or Davis steering systems. The disadvantage associated with these systems is the minimum turning radius that is possible for the steering action. This difficulty that is associated with the conventional methods of steering is eliminated by employing a four wheel steering system. In this system, the wheels connected to the front axles are turned opposite to each other, and so are the wheels connected to the rear axle. The wheels on the on left half vehicle rotate in one direction and the ones on the right half of the vehicle rotate in the opposite direction. This arrangement of the wheels enables the vehicle to turn 360 degrees, without moving from the spot, i.e. the vehicle has zero turning radius. This helps in maneuvering the vehicle in tight spaces such as parking lots and within small compounds.
Different Modes in Four Wheel Steered Multi-Utility Vehiclesresearchinventy
Four wheel steering is the innovative technology in which research is going on. The front-to-rear wheel alignment plays a significant role in the directional stability of a vehicle in a good manner. Four wheel steering is the system that allows the rear wheels to turn for maneuvering, rather than just follow the front wheels. The system is employed by some vehicles to improve steering response, increase vehicle stability while maneuvering at high speed, or to decrease turning radius at low speed. In Four Wheel Steering System, the rear wheels do play an active role for steering, which can be guided at high as well as in low speeds. In this paper we made a four wheel steered vehicle for the analysis of four wheel steering systems (4WS). Apart from normal front wheel steered vehicle our designed model can work in all four modes of four wheel steering. The four modes include front wheel steering, 360 degree rotation of vehicle with in the position, parallel parking mode and shorter radius mode. 4WS is one of the devices which are used for the improvement of vehicle maneuverability and stability. Another significant finding is the effect of vehicle add-ons which showed how a multi utility vehicle can be made by giving a floor cleaning machine with it. We introduced Neodymium magnets to attract metal scraps, which helps us to clean the floor. It is expected that our different modes will be very beneficial to everyone who involved or interested in the automotive design, steering modes, analysis, performance assessment and applications of various types of four wheel steering systems.
Today parking a car on side of the road is major problem. Every time while parking and removing car from the parking space consumes fuel and space. Also we have to leave some space in the front and back side of car so that removing it outside would be easy. We also have to reverse car several time while parking and crashes occurs sometimes. So to overcome this problem we designed a prototype showing transverse car parking mechanism. The mechanism is attached with the car from the bottom side which will lift the car on four small sized wheels by means of pneumatic or hydraulic system and then it moves transversely. The four auxiliary wheels can flip inside so that when we are not using mechanism the ground clearance of the car will be unaffected. This type of mechanism can also use as in-built jack to replace damaged wheels. This type of mechanism will be very much useful for people in emergency cases like removing car from the road in case it’s not starting and this mechanism will work on the battery.
This is about the Electronic power steering operated without any hydraulic fluid and operated by the separate motor getting the power from the battery instead of power taken from the engine.
four wheel steering configurations with the types of four wheel steering. It also goes through zero turning radius, crab steering, low speed steering and high speed steering.
Design & Synthesis of Four Wheel Steering MechanismIRJESJOURNAL
Abstract: The objective of this paper is to analyze the steering mechanism of an automobile for the purpose of making a mechanism which is capable of turning all the four wheels of the automobile simultaneously whether in same or different directions as per the requirement so as to utilize the steering mechanism of the automobile in an effective way and to reduce the efforts applied by the driver to park the vehicle in a limited space or to reverse the vehicle direction. The steering mechanism plays a vital role to balance all the four wheels of the automobile while a vehicles moves in a definite direction. In this paper an attempt has been made to develop such a mechanism which can turn all the four wheels of automobile simultaneously which could be beneficial to make an effective turn as well as can assist in parking the vehicles. The radius covered by the vehicle to reverse its direction by both two wheel and four wheel steering mechanism has been calculated as well as experimentally evaluated.
Four-wheel steering (or all-wheel steering) is a system employed by some vehicles to improve steering response, increase vehicle stability while maneuvering at high speed, or to decrease turning radius at low speed.
4-WHEEL STEERING SYSTEM MECHANISM USING DPDT SWITCHIAEME Publication
In standard 2 Wheel Steering System, the rear set of wheels are always directed forward and do not play an active role in controlling the steering, thus it results in increased turning radius. While in 4 Wheel Steering System, the rear wheels do play an active role for steering and helps to decrease the turning radius. Vehicle parking and driving in city conditions with heavy traffic in tight spaces, driving would be very difficult due to larger wheelbase and track width. Hence there is a need of a mechanism that can decrease the vehicle’s turning radius.
The basic knowledge about power steering's have been illustrated with animations. Why do we need it and how to improve the steering system has change the automobile industry.
Project presention on four wheels steering system by PARVIND GUPTAParvind Gupta
In this project there are participated four member at college SKYLINE INSTITUTE GREATER NOIDA
About the Project: With the help of this system all four wheels can be turned to any direction with the steering. This can controlled more effectively & also speed of vehicle can be increased & decreased as per requirements.
Different Modes in Four Wheel Steered Multi-Utility Vehiclesresearchinventy
Four wheel steering is the innovative technology in which research is going on. The front-to-rear wheel alignment plays a significant role in the directional stability of a vehicle in a good manner. Four wheel steering is the system that allows the rear wheels to turn for maneuvering, rather than just follow the front wheels. The system is employed by some vehicles to improve steering response, increase vehicle stability while maneuvering at high speed, or to decrease turning radius at low speed. In Four Wheel Steering System, the rear wheels do play an active role for steering, which can be guided at high as well as in low speeds. In this paper we made a four wheel steered vehicle for the analysis of four wheel steering systems (4WS). Apart from normal front wheel steered vehicle our designed model can work in all four modes of four wheel steering. The four modes include front wheel steering, 360 degree rotation of vehicle with in the position, parallel parking mode and shorter radius mode. 4WS is one of the devices which are used for the improvement of vehicle maneuverability and stability. Another significant finding is the effect of vehicle add-ons which showed how a multi utility vehicle can be made by giving a floor cleaning machine with it. We introduced Neodymium magnets to attract metal scraps, which helps us to clean the floor. It is expected that our different modes will be very beneficial to everyone who involved or interested in the automotive design, steering modes, analysis, performance assessment and applications of various types of four wheel steering systems.
Today parking a car on side of the road is major problem. Every time while parking and removing car from the parking space consumes fuel and space. Also we have to leave some space in the front and back side of car so that removing it outside would be easy. We also have to reverse car several time while parking and crashes occurs sometimes. So to overcome this problem we designed a prototype showing transverse car parking mechanism. The mechanism is attached with the car from the bottom side which will lift the car on four small sized wheels by means of pneumatic or hydraulic system and then it moves transversely. The four auxiliary wheels can flip inside so that when we are not using mechanism the ground clearance of the car will be unaffected. This type of mechanism can also use as in-built jack to replace damaged wheels. This type of mechanism will be very much useful for people in emergency cases like removing car from the road in case it’s not starting and this mechanism will work on the battery.
This is about the Electronic power steering operated without any hydraulic fluid and operated by the separate motor getting the power from the battery instead of power taken from the engine.
four wheel steering configurations with the types of four wheel steering. It also goes through zero turning radius, crab steering, low speed steering and high speed steering.
Design & Synthesis of Four Wheel Steering MechanismIRJESJOURNAL
Abstract: The objective of this paper is to analyze the steering mechanism of an automobile for the purpose of making a mechanism which is capable of turning all the four wheels of the automobile simultaneously whether in same or different directions as per the requirement so as to utilize the steering mechanism of the automobile in an effective way and to reduce the efforts applied by the driver to park the vehicle in a limited space or to reverse the vehicle direction. The steering mechanism plays a vital role to balance all the four wheels of the automobile while a vehicles moves in a definite direction. In this paper an attempt has been made to develop such a mechanism which can turn all the four wheels of automobile simultaneously which could be beneficial to make an effective turn as well as can assist in parking the vehicles. The radius covered by the vehicle to reverse its direction by both two wheel and four wheel steering mechanism has been calculated as well as experimentally evaluated.
Four-wheel steering (or all-wheel steering) is a system employed by some vehicles to improve steering response, increase vehicle stability while maneuvering at high speed, or to decrease turning radius at low speed.
4-WHEEL STEERING SYSTEM MECHANISM USING DPDT SWITCHIAEME Publication
In standard 2 Wheel Steering System, the rear set of wheels are always directed forward and do not play an active role in controlling the steering, thus it results in increased turning radius. While in 4 Wheel Steering System, the rear wheels do play an active role for steering and helps to decrease the turning radius. Vehicle parking and driving in city conditions with heavy traffic in tight spaces, driving would be very difficult due to larger wheelbase and track width. Hence there is a need of a mechanism that can decrease the vehicle’s turning radius.
The basic knowledge about power steering's have been illustrated with animations. Why do we need it and how to improve the steering system has change the automobile industry.
Project presention on four wheels steering system by PARVIND GUPTAParvind Gupta
In this project there are participated four member at college SKYLINE INSTITUTE GREATER NOIDA
About the Project: With the help of this system all four wheels can be turned to any direction with the steering. This can controlled more effectively & also speed of vehicle can be increased & decreased as per requirements.
A Four wheel steering system also known as Quadra steering system. In this paper, both front
wheel and rear wheels can be steered according to speed other vehicle and space available for
turning. Quadra steer gives full size vehicle greater ease while driving at low speed, improves
stability, handling and control at higher speed.
Production-built cars tend to under steer or, in few instances, overseer. If a car could
automatically compensate for an under steer overseer problem, the driver would enjoy nearly
neutral steering under varying conditions. Four wheel systems is a serious effort on the part of
automotive design engineers to provide near-neutral steering.
This system finds application in off-highway vehicles such as forklifts, agricultural and
construction equipment mining machinery also in Heavy Motor Vehicles. It is also useful in
passenger cars.
It improves handling and helps the vehicle make tighter turns. This system is used to minimize
the turning radius.
Four steering system is about the maneuvering of the wheel using all four wheel. Which allows the vehicle to take sharp turn at slow speed and decrease the rollover accident danger at higher speed.
COMBUSTION CHAMBERS- SI Engines
The design of combustion chamber has an important influence upon the engine performance and its knock properties. The design of the combustion chamber involves the shape of the combustion chamber, the location of the sparking plug, and the disposition of inlet and exhaust valves. Because of the importance of combustion chamber design, it has been a subject of considerable amount of research and development in the last fifty years. It has resulted in raising the compression ratio from 4: 1 before the First World War period to 8: 1 to 11:1 in present times with special combustion Chamber designs and suitable anti-knock fuels
The basic requirements of a good combustion chamber are to provide:
High power output
High thermal efficiency and low specific fuel consumption
Smooth engine operation
Reduced exhaust pollutants.
DIFFERENT TYPES OF COMBUSTION CHAMBERS
A few representative types of combustion chambers of which there are many more
Variations are enumerated and discussed below:
1. T-head combustion chamber.
2. L-head combustion chamber.
3. I-head (or overhead valve) combustion chamber.
4. F-head combustion chamber.
It may be noted that these chambers are designed to obtain the objectives namely:
• A high combustion rate at the start.
• A high surface-to-volume ratio near the end of burning.
• A rather centrally located spark plug.
Project evaluation
This chapter sets out the principles and policies governing the evaluation of ILO-supported projects. It describes how the evaluation of project achievements improves decision-making, organizational learning, accountability and impact. The chapter clarifies roles and responsibilities and sets out the procedures for managing project evaluations.
Project evaluation is a systematic and objective assessment of an ongoing or completed project.1 The aim is to determine the relevance and level of achievement of project objectives, development effectiveness, efficiency, impact and sustainability. Evaluations also feed lessons learned into the decision-making process of the project stakeholders, including donors and national partners. Evaluation is also an important part of the ILO’s accountability to its donors and to the Governing Body.
This chapter provides information on:
♦♦♦♦♦
The concept and principles of project evaluation;
ILO policies for project evaluations and roles and responsibilities;
Preparing for an evaluation;
The implementation of project evaluation and evaluation report;
Follow-up, dissemination and knowledge sharing of evaluation outcomes.
Evaluating community projects
These guidelines were initially developed as part of the JRF Neighbourhood Programme. This programme is made up of 20 community or voluntary organisations all wanting to exercise a more strategic influence in their neighbourhood. The guidelines were originally written to help these organisations evaluate their work. They provide step-by-step advice on how to evaluate a community project which will be of interest to a wider audience.
What is evaluation?
Put simply, evaluation by members of a project or organisation will help people to learn from their day-to-day work. It can be used by a group of people, or by individuals working alone. It assesses the effectiveness of a piece of work, a project or a programme. It can also highlight whether your project is moving steadily and successfully towards achieving what it set out to do, or whether it is moving in a different direction. You can then celebrate and build on successes as well as learn from what has not worked so well.
Why evaluate?
Although evaluation may seem like an unnecessary additional task if you are already short of time and resources, it can save you both time and resources by keeping participants focused on, and working towards, the ultimate goal of the project. If necessary, it can refocus activity away from unproductive or unnecessary work.
Service parts management is the main component of a complete strategic service management process that
companies use to ensure that right spare part and resources are at the right place (where the broken part is) at
the right time.
Spare parts, are extra parts that are available and in proximity to a functional item, such as an automobile,
boat, engine, for which they might be used for repair.
Economic considerations
Spare parts are sometimes considered uneconomical since:
the parts might never be used
the parts might not be stored properly, leading to defects
maintaining inventory of spare parts has associated costs
parts may not be available when needed from a supplier
But without the spare part on hand, a company's customer satisfaction levels could drop if a customer has to
wait too long for their item to be fixed. Therefore, companies need to plan and align their service parts
inventory and workforce resources to achieve optimal customer satisfaction levels with minimal costs.
Measures of effectiveness
The effectiveness of spares inventory can be measured by metrics such as fill rate and availability of the end
item.
Routine maintenance is most often oil and filter changes, tire rotations, and various inspections. After the length of your warranty, routine maintenance often becomes more involved and more expensive. Car owners usually become aware of the need for routine maintenance at certain mileage intervals.
Fuel Economy: There are a number of ways that regular maintenance can help ensure you're getting the most out of your vehicle's fuel economy. For instance, making sure your tire pressure is set to the right levels can help prevent your car from expending unnecessary energy and fuel while moving.
Check your oil regularly and change it at the recommended intervals. This is perhaps the single most important thing you can do to keep your engine running well. Also make certain you change the filter as needed or recommended. Check your owner's manual for the correct oil weight to use.
50,000 miles: Replace worn parts such as brake pads; install a new fuel filter; drain and replace the automatic transmission fuel and filter. The exhaust system, muffler, catalytic converter, and suspension components should also be inspected and worn parts should be swapped out.
Which car brand has the highest maintenance cost?
Toyota
Toyota has emerged as the most economical brand when it comes to vehicle maintenance costs for a period of 10 years, while BMW and Mercedes-Benz hold their position of the highest maintenance cost vehicles.
Why is routine maintenance important?
Routine maintenance is considered one of the most important things you can do for your vehicle. A vehicle that receives regular service will contribute less to pollution, will use less fuel, will run more efficiently, and will last longer in contrast to a vehicle that does not receive routine maintenance.
Steel is graded as a way of classification and is often categorized into four groups—Carbon, Alloy, Stainless, and Tool. Carbon Steels only contain trace amounts of elements besides carbon and iron. This group is the most common, accounting for 90% of steel production.
What is the hardest steel grade?
Type 440—a higher grade of cutlery steel, with more carbon, allowing for much better edge retention when properly heat-treated. It can be hardened to approximately Rockwell 58 hardness, making it one of the hardest stainless steels.
Different Types of Steel
Carbon Steel. Carbon steel is dull and matte in appearance and is vulnerable to corrosion
Alloy Steel. Alloy steels are a mixture of several metals, including nickel, copper, and aluminum
Stainless Steel
1. MOTORISED OBJECT LIFTING JACK
2. KEY CONTROLLED- FORK LIFTER:
3. MATERIAL HANDLING (X, Y, Z MOTION CONTROL):
4. STEPPER MOTOR CONTROL WITH SELECTED STEPS FOR CONVEYOR BELT:
5. OBJECT REJECTION & COUNTING MACHINE:
6. ROBOTIC ARM WITH GRIPPER:
7. PNEUMATIC/HYDRAULIC ROBO ARM:
8. PNEUMATIC/HYDRAULIC CRANE:
9. PNEUMATIC/HYDRAULIC JACK:
10. ROBOTIC CRANE :
11. ROBOTIC TROLLEY FOR MATERIAL HANDLING:
12. AUTOMATIC STAMPING AND SORTING MACHINE FOR POSTCARD:
13. WINDMILL:
14. SOLAR SUN SEEKER:
15. THERMAL POWER PLANT USING STEAM:
16. HYDEL POWER DAM:
17. ELECTRICAL ENERGY FROM AMUSEMENT PARK RIDES (SEA-SAW, SWING, SLIDE, ROLLER ETC.)
18. ELECTRICAL ENERGY FROM SPEED BREAKER:
19. PADDLE CONTROLLED MOBILE CHARGER [censored] EMERGENCY LIGHT:
Mechanical engineering important fluid mechanics mcq Manish Nepal
1) Shear stress in a turbulent flow is given by the formula
τ = η (du / dy)
Where η (eta) is,
a. eddy viscosity
b. apparent viscosity
c. virtual viscosity
d. all of the above
ANSWER: all of the above
2) Magnitude of eddy viscosity for laminar flow is
a. less than zero
b. zero
c. greater than zero
d. unpredictable
ANSWER: zero
3) Kinematic eddy viscosity (ε) is the ratio of
a. eddy viscosity (η) to dynamic viscosity (μ)
b. eddy viscosity (η) to kinematic viscosity (ν)
c. kinematic viscosity to eddy viscosity (η)
d. eddy viscosity (η) to mass density (ρ)
ANSWER: eddy viscosity (η) to mass density (ρ)
HANDLING
How well a vehicle moves on straightaways, around corners and over varying degrees of terrain.
HORSEPOWER
A unit of measurement equal to 550 foot pounds per second used to describe the power of a vehicle’s engine. Higher numbers mean more power and the ability to push a car to faster speeds.
IGNITION SYSTEM
The system that generates a spark and controls the timing of the spark that is necessary to ignite the fuel-air mixture and start fuel combustion inside the engine.
JUMP START
An emergency starting procedure used to get a car running when the battery is dead. Jumper cables are attached to the battery of a working vehicle and run to the failed battery to provide a jolt of power.
KEYLESS ENTRY
A modern entry system that unlocks doors via a battery-powered remote or key fob instead of requiring you to physically put the key into the lock.
OIL
Lubricant that reduces wear and tear on an engine’s moving parts, prevents overheating and delays the process of corrosion.
POWERTRAIN
This system consists of the combination of the engine and transmission and is often protected by a manufacturer warranty.
CHASSIS
A blanket description of the base frame of a vehicle and the mechanical parts that are attached to it, including the power train and suspension.
CLIMATE CONTROL
The term used to refer to the heater, air conditioner and defrosting mechanisms in a car. Some vehicles have advanced systems that detect outdoor temperatures and can be adjusted accordingly.
COOLANT
Also called antifreeze, this combination of ethylene glycol and water protects the climate control system by dispersing excess heat and preventing parts from freezing.
Automotive electrical circuits and wiring book Manish Nepal
Automotive electrical circuits and wiring
We will be identifying these items when we look at Automotive Circuits a little later in this book. There are three basic types of circuits: series, parallel, and series-parallel. The type of circuit is determined by how the power source, conductors, loads, and control or protective devices are connected.
Are cars wired in series or parallel?
A very simple car circuit diagram. ... The ignition circuit is an example of wiring in series. This means that all components receive the same amount of current. Car lights are always wired in parallel circuits.
Mechanical engineering interview questions with answersManish Nepal
1. What is the difference between scavenging and supercharging?
Ans: Scavenging is a process of flushing out burnt gases from the engine cylinder by introducing fresh air in the
cylinder before exhaust stroke ends. Supercharging is the process of supplying a higher mass of air by compressing
the atmospheric air.
2. What are the names given to constant temperature, constant pressure, constant volume, constant internal
energy, constant enthalpy, and constant entropy processes.
Ans: Isothermal, isochronic, isobaric, free expression, throttling, and adiabatic processes respectively.
3. In a Rankine cycle if maximum steam pressure is increased keeping steam temperature and condenser pressure
the same, what will happen to dryness fraction of steam after expansion? Ans: It will decrease.
4. Why entropy change for a reversible adiabatic process is zero?
Ans: Because there is no heat transfer in this process.
5. What are the two essential conditions of perfect gas?
Ans: It satisfies the equation of state and its specific heats are constant.
6. Enthalpy and entropy are functions of one single parameter. Which is that?
Ans: Temperature.
7. Why the rate of condensation is higher on a polished surface compared to the rusty surface?
Ans: Polished surface promotes dropwise condensation and does not wet the surface.
8. How much resistance is offered to heat flow by drop wise condensation?
Ans: Nil
How are these questions – please do add comments and if you like them please do share this post on Facebook,
Linkedin, twitter, and google plus.
9. What is the relationship between the COP of heating and cooling?
Ans: COP of heating is one(unity) more than COP of cooling.
10. How much is the work done in the isochoric process?
Ans: Zero.
11. When the maximum discharge is obtained in nozzle?
Ans: At the critical pressure ratio.
12. Under what condition the work is done in the reciprocating compressor will be least?
Ans: It is least when the compression process approaches isothermal. For this purpose, attempts are made to cool the
air during compression.
In engineering, a mechanism is a device that transforms input forces and movement into a desired set of output forces and movement. Mechanisms generally consist of moving components that can include:
Gears and gear trains
Belt and chain drives
Cam and followers
Linkage
Friction devices, such as brakes and clutches
Structural components such as a frame, fasteners, bearings, springs, lubricants
Various machine elements, such as splines, pins, and keys.
The German scientist Reuleaux provides the definition "a machine is a combination of resistant bodies so arranged that by their means the mechanical forces of nature can be compelled to do work accompanied by certain determinate motion." In this context, his use of machine is generally interpreted to mean mechanism.
The combination of force and movement defines power, and a mechanism manages power to achieve a desired set of forces and movement.
A mechanism is usually a piece of a larger process or mechanical system. Sometimes an entire machine may be referred to as a mechanism. Examples are the steering mechanism in a car, or the winding mechanism of a wristwatch. Multiple mechanisms are machines.
What Are the Different Types of Steel?
Carbon Steels.
Alloy Steels.
Stainless Steels.
Tool Steels.
What is the most common type of steel?
The 3 Most Commonly used Types of Steel
Tool Steel. As the name suggests, tool steel is often used in the construction of tools. ...
Alloy Steel. Alloy steel is called such because it has small amounts of multiple alloying elements within it. ...
Carbon Steel.
How are the steel classified?
Steel is graded as a way of classification and is often categorized into four groups—Carbon, Alloy, Stainless, and Tool. Carbon Steels only contain trace amounts of elements besides carbon and iron. .Alloy steels contain alloying elements like nickel, copper, chromium, and/or aluminum
What is 350-grade steel?
Grade 350 Mild Steel is a medium strength structural steel plate product with a nominal yield strength of 350 MPa. Typical uses include General Fabrication.
What is the softest metal?
Cesium
Cesium is considered the softest metal, Lead is also considered among the softest metals. Answer 3: Mercury is liquid (molten) at room temperature. Gallium, while solid (if soft) at room temperature, is liquid at body temperature.
What are the examples of alloys?
Alloy. An alloy is a mixture of two or more metals. Some familiar examples of alloys include brass, bronze, pewter, cast and wrought iron, steel, coin metals, and solder (pronounced SOD-der; a substance used to join other metallic surfaces together).
What is the alloying of steel?
Alloy steels are made by combining carbon steel with one or several alloying elements, such as manganese, silicon, nickel, titanium, copper, chromium, and aluminum. These metals are added to produce specific properties that are not found in regular carbon steel.
What is the 500w TMT bar?
TMT 500W is a reinforcement bar that possesses yield strength of 500 Mega pascals. 'W' means this bar is weldable. TMT means Thermo Mechanically Treated. This is a new generation of high strength steel having superior properties.
Structures of Solids
The components can be arranged in a regular repeating three-dimensional array (a crystal lattice), which results in a crystalline solid, or more or less randomly to produce an amorphous solid. Crystalline solids have well-defined edges and faces, diffract x-rays, and tend to have sharp melting points
What are the different types of solids?
There are four different types of crystalline solids: molecular solids, network solids, ionic solids, and metallic solids. A solid's atomic-level structure and composition determine many of its macroscopic properties, including, for example, electrical and heat conductivity, density, and solubility.
What makes a solid a solid?
Solids can hold their shape because their molecules are tightly packed together. ... Atoms and molecules in liquids and gases are bouncing and floating around, free to move where they want. The molecules in a solid are stuck in a specific structure or arrangement of atoms.
What are the 2 types of solids?
Solids can be classified into two types: crystalline and amorphous. Crystalline solids are the most common type of solid. They are characterized by a regular crystalline organization of atoms that confer a long-range order.
What are the examples of solids?
Examples of Solids
Gold.
Wood.
Sand.
Steel.
Brick.
Rock.
Copper.
Brass.
What are the 3 characteristics of solids?
A solid has definite volume and shape, a liquid has a definite volume but no definite shape and gas has neither a definite volume nor shape.
...
Solids
Definite shape (rigid)
Definite volume.
Particles vibrate around fixed axes.
How do you describe solids?
A solid is a sample of matter that retains its shape and density when not confined. The adjective solid describes the state, or condition, of matter having this property. The atom s or molecule s of matter in the solid-state are generally compressed as tightly as the repulsive forces among them will allow.
What is the structure of a solid?
In a solid, molecules are packed together, and it keeps its shape. The matter is the "stuff" of the universe, the atoms, molecules, and ions that make up all physical substances. In a solid, these particles are packed closely together and are not free to move about within the substance
What are some properties of solids?
Explanation:
A solid has a definite shape and volume.
Solids, in general, have a higher density.
In solids, intermolecular forces are strong.
The diffusion of a solid into another solid is extremely slow.
Solids have high melting points.
What are the 4 types of structures?
There are four types of structures;
Frame: made of separate members (usually thin pieces) put together.
Shell: encloses or contains its contents.
Solid (mass): made almost entirely of matter.
liquid (fluid): braking fluid making the brakes.
Alloys are combinations or mixtures of elements.
Metals are alloyed to improve on properties of pure metals such as hardness, strength, corrosion resistance, etc.
Ex.:- Instead of pure aluminum an alloy of aluminum having a combination of Al –Zn –Mg – Cu – Mn(A five-element alloy ) is used to construct the aircraft body.
Alloys may behave differently when combined, some mix easily while others will only be soluble to a limited extent.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
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1. What Is Rack And Pinion Steering
Mechanism? | How Rack And Pinion
Steering System Works?
The Rack and Pinion is a type of steering mechanism with a pair of gears which convert the rotary motion into the
linear motion.This system consists ofa circular gear called pinion engages with the teeth on the linear gear shaft
called the rack. The rotary motion applied to the pinion causes itto turn while it moves rack sideways.
This mechanism is simple and driver-friendly.It is the mosteffective and hence; widelyused steering system bycar
manufacturers around the world.It is universallyaccepted that it is the bestsystem to use.The mechanism consists
of a pinion at the end of the steering column thatmeshes with the rack. The pinion is fixed to the steeri ng column at
its end. It meshes with the rack which moves either to the left or the right side depending upon the movementofthe
pinion.In this steering mechanism,rack acts as the center section of the three piece rod. The rack has ball joints at
each end that allow the up & down movementof the wheels.Also,there is a spring loaded pad underside the rack
which reduces the backlash between the gears.The rack engages with the pinion mounted on the steering shaft.
Furthermore,the ball joints further connect to the stub axles thru' tie rods.The rotary motion ofthe steering wheel
directly conveys to the wheels thru'the sideways movementofthe rack. In case of mostof the steering gears,on a
right-hand drive car, the far-side wheel is steered directlywhile the near side wheel is driven thru’ the linkage.In case
of light sports cars,this type of steering gear has significantlylower gear reduction.The rack always connects to
either side of the steering wheel arms.The moving rack moves the wheel in either one or other way. The movements
are usuallypartof a simple mechanism.The rotation of the steering shaft,thru' either hand or by a motor, converts
rotary motion into linear motion.The load of the rack is usuallyminimal.However,it requires some torque because
the gear ratio is low.
STEERING SYSTEM | WORKING and
COMPONENTS
The steering system converts the rotation of the steering wheel into a swivelling movementofthe road wheels in such
a way that the steering-wheel rim turns a long way to move the road wheels a shortway. The system allows a driver
to use only light forces to steer a heavy car. The rim of a 15 in. (380 mm) diameter steering wheel moving four turns
from full left lock to full right lock travels nearly 16 ft (5 m), while the edge of a road wheel moves a distance of only
slightlymore than 12 in. (300 mm).If the driver swivelled the road wheel directly, he or she would have to push nearly
16 times as hard.The steering effort passes to the wheels through a system ofpivoted joints.These are designed to
allow the wheels to move up and down with the suspension withoutchanging the steering angle.They also ensure
that when cornering,the inner front wheel - which has to travel round a tighter curve than the outer one - becomes
more sharplyangled.The joints mustbe adjusted very precisely,and even a little looseness in them makes the
steering dangerouslysloppyand inaccurate.There are two steering systems in common use - the rack and pinion
and the steering box. On large cars, either system maybe power assisted to reduce further the effort needed to move
it, especiallywhen the car is moving slowly.
2. Working of Four Wheel Steering System in
Hindi | Advantages and Disadvantages of 4-
Wheel Steering
A four-wheel steering system (or all wheel steering) allows the driver to turn the rear wheels leftor right along with the
front wheels.Do not confuse a four-wheel steering system with a four-wheel drive vehicle because they’re two
different things.Four-wheel drive simplymeans that all four wheels are getting power from the engine.A four-wheel
steering system means you can actually turn all four wheels with the steering wheel.Here we are going to focus on
the pros and cons of the rear wheel steering system.The main purpose ofall-wheel steering is to increase the agility
and stability of a vehicle. At low speeds (usuallyunder 30 or 40 MPH), the rear wheels turn slightlyin the opposite
direction as the front wheels.This is known as “counter-phase steering” and allows the vehicle to have a smaller
turning radius for better agility. At higher speeds (usuallyover 30 or 40 MPH), the rear wheel turn slightlyin the same
direction as the front wheels.This is known as “in-phase steering and allows the vehicle to be more stable during high
speed corning.The vehicle actually leans less in and outof a corner since both axles share the turning forces instead
of justthe front. Top 5 Advantages of Four-Wheel Steering :
1) Smaller Turning Radius Afour-wheel steering system gives you the ability to make tighter turns in a smaller radius
because the rear wheels are able to turn in a different direction than the front wheels.This makes iteasier for you to
maneuver your vehicle in a tight parking,parallel park,or complete u-turns in areas some cars can’t.
2) Better Stability If you want a smooth driving experience,then it always helps to have stabilityin your vehicle. A
four-wheel steering system makes iteasier for you to control your vehicle and keep it stable,especiallywhen you’re
traveling at higher speeds with lots ofturns.
3) Quicker Steering Response There is nothing worse than a steering wheel thatdoesn’trespond immediatelyto the
turns that you make with it. A four-wheel steering system gives your steering wheel a much fas ter response than a
standard two-wheel steering system.You’ll be able to be more precise in the direction that you’re traveling in.
4) Faster Lane Changes If you’re someone who regularlydrives on the freeway and you constantlyfind yourself
changing lanes or passing other vehicles,then a four-wheel steering system will help you do this fastand efficiently.
You’ll be able to move into and out of another lane quicker and smoother than mostother vehicles.
5) Better Safety Not every car “rides on rails” like a Mazda Miata or Chevy Corvette. If you ever find yourselfgo too
fast for a corner that you misjudged,rear-wheel steering will cause less bodyroll and may justsave you from going
off the road or into another vehicle. Top 2 Disadvantages ofFour-Wheel Steering :
1) Higher Risk of Malfunction A four-wheel steering system is comprised ofmanyelectronic components and parts.
All it would take is for one componentto malfunction and then the entire system would malfunction.As a result,you
will likely need to perform additional maintenance on a four-wheel steering system justto keep it operational for use.
This not only means spending more time and moneyon it, but it also means thatyou’re more at risk of experiencing
problems with the system as you’re driving too.
2) Pricey A car that has a four-wheel steering system is going to costa lot more moneythan a car with justa two-
wheel steering system.This is due to the four-wheel steering system being more expensive to manufacture and
develop, since itcontains more sophisticated components than a two-wheel steering system.All-wheel steering is
often a standard feature with manyhigh end sports cars butmanyother vehicles,it’s simplyan optional feature so
you at leasthave the choice of deciding whether the extra costis worth it.
3. How Power Steering System Works?
A steering system ofan automobile is an integral partof vehicle dynamics of a vehicle in which a series of
mechanical components having certain importantangles comes together to steer the front wheels ofthe vehicle
according to inputprovided by the driver through steering wheel.The power steering system is the advanced steering
system in which the effort required to steer the front wheels ofthe vehicle side to side is reduced by using
intermediate electric or hydraulic devices that multiplies the force applied by the driver through steering wheel in order
to achieve smooth and quick directional change ofthe vehicle. ImportantComponents ofPower Steering System -
1. Steering mechanism- Usuallyrack and pinion steering mechanism is used in power steering in which the rotational
motion of the steering wheel is converted into the transverse motion ofthe wheels by a setof constantlymeshed
worm gears called rack that provide transverse motion and a pinion that provides rotational motion.
2. Linkages – They are the mechanical constraints thatprovide relative motion between 2 components,the type of
linkages used in power steering is the tie-roads thatconnects the rack to the knuckle of the wheel in order to transfer
the transverse motion ofthe rack to the wheels.
3. Power device- A force multiplying device (either hydraulic or hybrid or electric) is used to multiplythe steering
wheel force in order to reduce steering efforts.This device is attached with the pinion of the rack and pinio n
mechanism.
4. Steering wheel- A round steering wheel is used inside a cockpit(operated by the driver) that provides the
rotational steering inputto the further steering devices in order to steer the vehicle. Working of Power Steering
System:
1. Hydraulic Power Steering System In this type of power steering system,the hydraulic force is used to multiplythe
steering inputforce in order to smoothen the steering ofthe front wheels,this hydraulic force is generated by a series
of components thatincludes hydraulic cylinder,rotator hydraulic pump,hydraulic lines,highlycompressed hydraulic
fluid and a coupling mechanism thatcan couple this hydraulic system with rack of the steering system.When the
driver provides inputby rotating the steering wheel,the hydraulic pump driven by the engine starts pumping the
highly compressed hydraulic fluid through lines.The hydraulic pressure produced bythe pump enters the hydraulic
cylinder which in turn applies pressure over the cylinder’s piston.The piston which is under high pressure starts
moving from one end to the another which in turn pushes the further fluid through lines,with this movementof piston
the inputforce applied by the driver is multiplied several times.This high pressure fluid sentby the hydraulic cylinder
then applies the pressure to the attached pinion through the coupling mechanism which in turn applies high force to
the rack gear and the steering action in the front wheels takes place.
2. Hybrid or Semi Hydraulic Power Steering System In this type of power steering system the hydraulic pump driven
by the engine from the hydraulic power steering system is replaced with electric pump which makes itmore reliable,
this is the only modification made restthe working of this system is same as the hydraulic power steering system
mentioned above.
3. Electric Power Steering System This system is latestof all the steering system mentioned above in this type of
steering system as we have already discussed the force multiplication is the function ofthe electric motor instead of
hydraulic fluid and the working of this system is as follows - When the driver gives inputthrough the steering wheel the
electronic sensors attached to the steering column reads the inputand sentthem to the electric control unit of the
vehicle. The ECU of the vehicle analyses these inputs and sentthe voltage signal to the electric motor placed at the
end of the steering column whose gear is in constantmesh with the pinion gear.Due to these voltage signals se ntby
the ECU the motor which is driven by the battery of the vehicle starts and provides the particular torque according to
the value of the voltage signals received After the motor starts the gear which is in constantmesh with the pinion gear
starts transmitting the multiplied torque to the pinion gear which in turn applies this torque to the rack through which it
is attached. With this torque applied by the pinion over rack , rack moves which in turn steer the front wheels (with the
help of the tie rods attached) as per the requirement.