Four steering system is about the maneuvering of the wheel using all four wheel. Which allows the vehicle to take sharp turn at slow speed and decrease the rollover accident danger at higher speed.
Four-wheel steering (or all-wheel steering) is a system employed by some vehicles to improve steering response, increase vehicle stability while maneuvering at high speed, or to decrease turning radius at low speed.
Four-wheel steering (or all-wheel steering) is a system employed by some vehicles to improve steering response, increase vehicle stability while maneuvering at high speed, or to decrease turning radius at low speed.
Active suspension System of Automobiles.Mayank khare
An active suspension system,has the capability to adjust itself continuously to changing road conditions. It "artificially" extends the design parameters of the system by constantly monitoring and adjusting itself, thereby changing its character on an ongoing basis. It's schizophrenic, if you will, but with a purpose. With advanced sensors and microprocessors feeding it information all the time, its identity remains fluid, contextual, amorphous. By changing its character to respond to varying road conditions, active suspension offers superior handling, road feel, responsiveness and safety.
Active suspension system
An active suspension is a type of automotive suspension on a vehicle. It uses an onboard system to control the vertical movement of the vehicle's wheels relative to the chassis or vehicle body rather than the passive suspension provided by large springs where the movement is determined entirely by the road surface. So-called active suspensions are divided into two classes: real active suspensions, and adaptive or semi-active suspensions. While adaptive suspensions only very shock absorber firmness to match changing road or dynamic conditions, active suspensions use some type of actuator to raise and lower the chassis independently at each wheel.
Hill Start Assist is an automatic system that operates the brakes to stop your vehicle rolling back when it is starting on a steep hill. The DAC system assists engine braking to help improve directional control during descent on steep or slippery surfaces.
The suspension System of an automobile is one which separates the wheel/axle assembly from the body. The primary function of the suspension system is to isolate the vehicle structure from shocks & vibration due to irregularities of the road surface.
Transmission is a part of the car which connects the engine to the wheels. When car speeds up, the engine can not speed up in the same proportion, so there are gears involved which match the engine speed to the wheel speed so that we can drive faster or slower than the engine speed.
this is a type active suspension system. the presentation was 1st runner up for Mahindra automobiles india lmt. competition on solution to the better suspension system for sedans. few other types have also been discussed.
four wheel steering configurations with the types of four wheel steering. It also goes through zero turning radius, crab steering, low speed steering and high speed steering.
Active suspension System of Automobiles.Mayank khare
An active suspension system,has the capability to adjust itself continuously to changing road conditions. It "artificially" extends the design parameters of the system by constantly monitoring and adjusting itself, thereby changing its character on an ongoing basis. It's schizophrenic, if you will, but with a purpose. With advanced sensors and microprocessors feeding it information all the time, its identity remains fluid, contextual, amorphous. By changing its character to respond to varying road conditions, active suspension offers superior handling, road feel, responsiveness and safety.
Active suspension system
An active suspension is a type of automotive suspension on a vehicle. It uses an onboard system to control the vertical movement of the vehicle's wheels relative to the chassis or vehicle body rather than the passive suspension provided by large springs where the movement is determined entirely by the road surface. So-called active suspensions are divided into two classes: real active suspensions, and adaptive or semi-active suspensions. While adaptive suspensions only very shock absorber firmness to match changing road or dynamic conditions, active suspensions use some type of actuator to raise and lower the chassis independently at each wheel.
Hill Start Assist is an automatic system that operates the brakes to stop your vehicle rolling back when it is starting on a steep hill. The DAC system assists engine braking to help improve directional control during descent on steep or slippery surfaces.
The suspension System of an automobile is one which separates the wheel/axle assembly from the body. The primary function of the suspension system is to isolate the vehicle structure from shocks & vibration due to irregularities of the road surface.
Transmission is a part of the car which connects the engine to the wheels. When car speeds up, the engine can not speed up in the same proportion, so there are gears involved which match the engine speed to the wheel speed so that we can drive faster or slower than the engine speed.
this is a type active suspension system. the presentation was 1st runner up for Mahindra automobiles india lmt. competition on solution to the better suspension system for sedans. few other types have also been discussed.
four wheel steering configurations with the types of four wheel steering. It also goes through zero turning radius, crab steering, low speed steering and high speed steering.
What is rack and pinion steering mechanismManish Nepal
What Is Rack And Pinion Steering Mechanism? | How Rack And Pinion Steering System Works?
STEERING SYSTEM | WORKING and COMPONENTS
Working of Four Wheel Steering System in Hindi | Advantages, and Disadvantages of 4-Wheel Steering
How Power Steering System Works?
A Four wheel steering system also known as Quadra steering system. In this paper, both front
wheel and rear wheels can be steered according to speed other vehicle and space available for
turning. Quadra steer gives full size vehicle greater ease while driving at low speed, improves
stability, handling and control at higher speed.
Production-built cars tend to under steer or, in few instances, overseer. If a car could
automatically compensate for an under steer overseer problem, the driver would enjoy nearly
neutral steering under varying conditions. Four wheel systems is a serious effort on the part of
automotive design engineers to provide near-neutral steering.
This system finds application in off-highway vehicles such as forklifts, agricultural and
construction equipment mining machinery also in Heavy Motor Vehicles. It is also useful in
passenger cars.
It improves handling and helps the vehicle make tighter turns. This system is used to minimize
the turning radius.
SELECTION OF GEAR BOX FOR VARIOUS MECHANICAL SYSTEMSANDIP THORAT
Automotive gearboxes are used to reduce load on the engine by manipulating torque and speed. They have the option to select one of several different gear ratios.
Once the engine has reached a number of revolutions per minute, it is advisable to increase the gear to reduce the engine rpm to reduce wear on the engine, allow more control, and greater speeds, better acceleration, and better fuel economy.
Automotive gearbox also have the provision to do the opposite ie provide an increase in output shaft speed with a reduction of torque.
Most gearboxes are used to increase torque & reduce the speed of a output shaft. This produces a mechanical advantage .
Automotive gearboxes are used to reduce load on the engine by manipulating torque and speed. They have the option to select one of several different gear ratios.
Once the engine has reached a number of revolutions per minute, it is advisable to increase the gear to reduce the engine rpm to reduce wear on the engine, allow more control, and greater speeds, better acceleration, and better fuel economy.
Automotive gearbox also have the provision to do the opposite ie provide an increase in output shaft speed with a reduction of torque.
Most gearboxes are used to increase torque & reduce the speed of a output shaft. This produces a mechanical advantage .
Automotive gearboxes are used to reduce load on the engine by manipulating torque and speed. They have the option to select one of several different gear ratios.
Once the engine has reached a number of revolutions per minute, it is advisable to increase the gear to reduce the engine rpm to reduce wear on the engine, allow more control, and greater speeds, better acceleration, and better fuel economy.
Automotive gearbox also have the provision to do the opposite ie provide an increase in output shaft speed with a reduction of torque.
Most gearboxes are used to increase torque & reduce the speed of a output shaft. This produces a mechanical advantage .
Different Modes in Four Wheel Steered Multi-Utility Vehiclesresearchinventy
Four wheel steering is the innovative technology in which research is going on. The front-to-rear wheel alignment plays a significant role in the directional stability of a vehicle in a good manner. Four wheel steering is the system that allows the rear wheels to turn for maneuvering, rather than just follow the front wheels. The system is employed by some vehicles to improve steering response, increase vehicle stability while maneuvering at high speed, or to decrease turning radius at low speed. In Four Wheel Steering System, the rear wheels do play an active role for steering, which can be guided at high as well as in low speeds. In this paper we made a four wheel steered vehicle for the analysis of four wheel steering systems (4WS). Apart from normal front wheel steered vehicle our designed model can work in all four modes of four wheel steering. The four modes include front wheel steering, 360 degree rotation of vehicle with in the position, parallel parking mode and shorter radius mode. 4WS is one of the devices which are used for the improvement of vehicle maneuverability and stability. Another significant finding is the effect of vehicle add-ons which showed how a multi utility vehicle can be made by giving a floor cleaning machine with it. We introduced Neodymium magnets to attract metal scraps, which helps us to clean the floor. It is expected that our different modes will be very beneficial to everyone who involved or interested in the automotive design, steering modes, analysis, performance assessment and applications of various types of four wheel steering systems.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
3. INTODUCTION TO STEERING:-
Steering is the collection of components, linkages, etc. which allow
a vehicle (car, motorcycle, bicycle) to follow the desired course. An
exception is the case of rail transport by which rail tracks combined
together with railroad switches (and also known as 'points' in British
English) provide the steering function.
Requirement of steering-
•It should multiply the turning effort applied on the steering wheel by
the driver.
•It should be to a certain degree irreversible so that the shocks of the
road surface encountered by the wheels are not transmitted to the
driver’s hand.
•The mechanism should have self –rightening effect so that when the
driver release the steering wheel after negotiating the turn , the wheel
should try to achieve straight ahead position.
5. FOUR WHEEL STEERING:-
• Four-wheel steering (or all wheel steering) is a system
employed by some vehicles to improve steering response,
increase vehicle stability while maneuvering at high
speed, or to decrease turning radius at low speed. A 4-
wheel steering system is superior to a 2- wheel steering
system. It reduces the turning radius as well as the space
required for turning. It also enables to change road lane
while driving even at high speed.
• At lower speeds, turning the rear wheels in the opposite
direction to the front wheels results in a smaller turning
radius and faster cornering responses. At high speeds,
turning all four wheels in concert improves high-speed
stability.
6. The Four Wheel steering system offers a 21% reduction in turning
radius. So if a vehicle is capable of making a U-turn in a 25-foot
space. It allows the driver to do it in about 20 feet. . A front wheel
active steering function was added to Rear Active Steer adopted
on the Fuga. By controlling the steering angle of all four wheels,
this active steering system helps improve stability and response at
high speed and helps reduce driver’s steering workload at low
speed. To achieve precise vehicle
• Vehicles move smoothly and are easy to drive both in the city
and on winding roads.
• Added stability means vehicles can be driven safely on
expressways and when changing lanes.
• Quick and responsive control system will allow gentle steering
operation.
7. TURNING RADIUS:-
The turning radius of a vehicle is the radius of the smallest circular turn
(i.e. U-turn) that the vehicle is capable of making. it refers to the tightest
turn a vehicle can make and is dependent on several factors. One obvious
one is the width of the wheel base — that is, how far apart the front tires
are. All other things being equal, a smaller wheel base can offer a tighter
radius, while a large wheel base, such as those on large trucks, will have a
larger radius, regardless of other factors.
8. 4-WS SYSTEM PARTS: -
• Rack and pinion front steering,
• hydraulically controlled
• Rear-steering shaft
• Vehicle speed sensors
• Steering-phase control unit
• Centering lock spring
• Solenoid valve
9.
10. At higher speeds, the rear wheels turn in the same direction of the
front wheels to increase stability by preventing oversteer and fish
tailing. And reduces the turning radius.
AT HIGH SPEED:-
4-WS DRIVE AT DIFFERENT SPEED
11. At lower speeds, the rear wheel turn in the opposite direction
from the front wheels. This will help in easy maneuverability
of the vehicle during parking and taking a tight curve. The
turning radius of a vehicle can be reduced by a minimum of
20% by having this mechanism, which is a significant benefit
for bigger cars and trucks.
AT LOW SPEED
12. ADVANTAGES OF 4WS
• Speed can be varied
Slow Medium Fast
• Improved maneuverability
14. MODERN CARS WITH ACTIVE FOUR WHEEL
STEERING: -
•Acura RLX (P-AWS)
•BMW 850CSi (only Euro spec models)
•BMW 7-Series (2009 onward, part of sport package)
•BMW 5-series (2011 onwards, Integral Active Steering option)
•Toyota Camry / Vista JDM 1988–1999 (Optional)
•Toyota Carina ED / Toyota Corona EXiV (world's first dual-mode switchable
2WS to 4WS)
•Toyota Celica (option on 5th and 6th generation, 1990–1993 ST183 and
1994–1997 ST203) (Dual-mode, high and low speed)
•Toyota Soarer (UZZ32)
15. CONCLUSION: -
An innovative feature of this steering linkage
design and its ability to drive all four (or two)
wheels using a single steering actuator makes it
more efficient than 2WS. Though it is expensive
now but by producing it at big level cost may be
decreased. Its successful implementation will
allow for the development of a four-wheel, steered
power base with maximum maneuverability,
uncompromised static stability, front- and rear-
wheel tracking, and optimum obstacle climbing
capability.