In todays lifestyle oxygen concentrator is quite helpful for healthy living. In this slide know every things about Portable Oxygen Concentrator eg. how does it works, history of oxygen concentrator, developement and why we should use it.
The document discusses different types of breathing circuits used in anesthesia. It begins by describing the basic components and functions of a breathing circuit, which delivers oxygen and anesthetic gases to patients while removing carbon dioxide. Circuits are classified as open, semi-open, semi-closed, or closed based on how exhaust gases are handled. Several specific circuit types are then outlined in detail, including the Mapleson A, Bain, Ayres T-piece, and Jackson-Rees systems. Key features and uses of each system are provided. Semi-closed circuits are explained as using a carbon dioxide absorber to remove carbon dioxide from exhaled gases so they can be rebreathed, allowing for lower fresh gas flow rates than open systems
The document discusses the physiology of mechanical ventilation. It begins by describing the historical origins of mechanical ventilation in the 16th century. It then covers the basics of the respiratory system and how positive pressure ventilation works by forcing the lungs to expand during inspiration. The document discusses various pressures, volumes, compliances and resistances involved in spontaneous and mechanically assisted breathing. It covers indications for mechanical ventilation and the goals and potential effects of positive pressure ventilation. Monitoring of the patient on mechanical ventilation is also emphasized.
The document defines and describes breathing systems used in anesthesia. It discusses the purpose of breathing systems to deliver anesthetic gases and oxygen safely. The key components and requirements of breathing systems are explained, including minimizing resistance to gas flow. Different types of breathing systems are classified and their mechanisms and advantages/disadvantages are summarized.
Effects of anesthetics on control of respirationtulsimd
Here are the answers to the questions:
a. True
b. False (causes increased secretions)
c. True
d. True
e. True
b. True
c. True
d. False (would raise ETCO2)
e. True
a. False (stimulates ventilation)
b. True
c. True
d. True
e. False (reduces ventilation)
a. False (not always)
b. True
c. False (can be prevented)
d. True
e. False (worsens hypoxia)
a. False (FRC and blood are main reserves)
b. False (
Delivering only intended gases from the anaesthesia workstationDhritiman Chakrabarti
This document discusses various safety features of gas delivery equipment used in anesthesia to help ensure only the intended gas is delivered. It covers cylinder safety features like colour coding, labelling, valve connections, and pin index systems. It also discusses pipeline safety features to prevent misconnections, including the diameter index safety system (DISS) and quick connectors. Issues like cross-connections at supply manifolds and terminal units are addressed. User precautions are outlined to help avoid delivery of unintended gases.
Anesthestic Breathing Systems by Dr. Mohammad abdeljawad Mohammad Abdeljawad
The document discusses various types of anesthetic breathing systems and Mapleson circuits. It provides properties of an ideal breathing system and classifies systems as rebreathing systems with CO2 absorption, non-rebreathing systems, and systems without a gas reservoir. Details are given on components of Mapleson circuits like breathing tubes, the fresh gas inlet, adjustable pressure-limiting valve, and reservoir bag. The mechanisms and efficiencies of different Mapleson circuits (A, B, C, D, E, F) are explained. High fresh gas flows are required to reduce CO2 rebreathing without valves or an absorber.
The questions asked in the Anaesthesiology viva examination are presented in this presentation which will be useful for the post-graduates appearing for the M.D-Anaesthesia examination.
The document describes several Mapleson breathing systems used in anesthesia. It provides details on the Mapleson A, B, C, D systems as well as modifications like the Mapleson A-Lack system and the Bain circuit. The Bain circuit is highlighted as having advantages over other systems like being lightweight, causing minimal drag on the endotracheal tube, having low resistance, allowing for visualization of the inner tube, and facilitating both spontaneous and controlled ventilation with easier changeover between the two.
The document discusses different types of breathing circuits used in anesthesia. It begins by describing the basic components and functions of a breathing circuit, which delivers oxygen and anesthetic gases to patients while removing carbon dioxide. Circuits are classified as open, semi-open, semi-closed, or closed based on how exhaust gases are handled. Several specific circuit types are then outlined in detail, including the Mapleson A, Bain, Ayres T-piece, and Jackson-Rees systems. Key features and uses of each system are provided. Semi-closed circuits are explained as using a carbon dioxide absorber to remove carbon dioxide from exhaled gases so they can be rebreathed, allowing for lower fresh gas flow rates than open systems
The document discusses the physiology of mechanical ventilation. It begins by describing the historical origins of mechanical ventilation in the 16th century. It then covers the basics of the respiratory system and how positive pressure ventilation works by forcing the lungs to expand during inspiration. The document discusses various pressures, volumes, compliances and resistances involved in spontaneous and mechanically assisted breathing. It covers indications for mechanical ventilation and the goals and potential effects of positive pressure ventilation. Monitoring of the patient on mechanical ventilation is also emphasized.
The document defines and describes breathing systems used in anesthesia. It discusses the purpose of breathing systems to deliver anesthetic gases and oxygen safely. The key components and requirements of breathing systems are explained, including minimizing resistance to gas flow. Different types of breathing systems are classified and their mechanisms and advantages/disadvantages are summarized.
Effects of anesthetics on control of respirationtulsimd
Here are the answers to the questions:
a. True
b. False (causes increased secretions)
c. True
d. True
e. True
b. True
c. True
d. False (would raise ETCO2)
e. True
a. False (stimulates ventilation)
b. True
c. True
d. True
e. False (reduces ventilation)
a. False (not always)
b. True
c. False (can be prevented)
d. True
e. False (worsens hypoxia)
a. False (FRC and blood are main reserves)
b. False (
Delivering only intended gases from the anaesthesia workstationDhritiman Chakrabarti
This document discusses various safety features of gas delivery equipment used in anesthesia to help ensure only the intended gas is delivered. It covers cylinder safety features like colour coding, labelling, valve connections, and pin index systems. It also discusses pipeline safety features to prevent misconnections, including the diameter index safety system (DISS) and quick connectors. Issues like cross-connections at supply manifolds and terminal units are addressed. User precautions are outlined to help avoid delivery of unintended gases.
Anesthestic Breathing Systems by Dr. Mohammad abdeljawad Mohammad Abdeljawad
The document discusses various types of anesthetic breathing systems and Mapleson circuits. It provides properties of an ideal breathing system and classifies systems as rebreathing systems with CO2 absorption, non-rebreathing systems, and systems without a gas reservoir. Details are given on components of Mapleson circuits like breathing tubes, the fresh gas inlet, adjustable pressure-limiting valve, and reservoir bag. The mechanisms and efficiencies of different Mapleson circuits (A, B, C, D, E, F) are explained. High fresh gas flows are required to reduce CO2 rebreathing without valves or an absorber.
The questions asked in the Anaesthesiology viva examination are presented in this presentation which will be useful for the post-graduates appearing for the M.D-Anaesthesia examination.
The document describes several Mapleson breathing systems used in anesthesia. It provides details on the Mapleson A, B, C, D systems as well as modifications like the Mapleson A-Lack system and the Bain circuit. The Bain circuit is highlighted as having advantages over other systems like being lightweight, causing minimal drag on the endotracheal tube, having low resistance, allowing for visualization of the inner tube, and facilitating both spontaneous and controlled ventilation with easier changeover between the two.
The document discusses scavenging systems used to remove waste anesthetic gases from operating rooms. It describes the purpose of scavenging as protecting health and the environment by removing hazardous gases. Three types of scavenging systems are described - passive, semi-active, and active. A passive system relies on patient breathing and ventilation to remove gases, while an active system uses a fan or pump to generate suction. Safety features are important to prevent excessive pressures from developing. Regular maintenance and quality control checks help ensure scavenging systems function properly.
This document discusses vaporizers, which are devices used to convert liquid anesthetic agents into vapor for delivery to patients. It covers the basic principles of vaporization, factors that affect vaporizer output concentration, different types of vaporizers classified by their design and operating characteristics, and standards for vaporizer design. The key points are that vaporizers precisely regulate anesthetic vapor concentrations, multiple factors influence output, and designs vary in things like temperature compensation, agent specificity, and positioning within the breathing circuit.
Obesity presents unique challenges for anaesthesia. Obese patients have decreased lung volumes which increases the risk of hypoxemia during induction and intubation. Preoxygenation in a slightly head-up position can help reduce this risk. Intubation may be difficult due to obesity related anatomical changes. Regional anaesthesia can also be challenging due to obscured landmarks and extensive adipose tissue. Postoperatively, obese patients are at higher risk of respiratory failure, DVT, and wound infections requiring close monitoring. Careful consideration of dosing, positioning, and postoperative monitoring is needed to safely manage anaesthesia for obese patients.
This document discusses capnography, which is the measurement of carbon dioxide levels during respiration. It defines capnography and describes the four phases of a capnogram waveform. The document outlines the indications for capnography monitoring, including during general anesthesia, sedation, and to confirm endotracheal tube placement. Contraindications to capnography are also addressed. Overall, the document provides an overview of capnography, its clinical applications, and how to interpret capnogram waveforms.
The document discusses various scoring systems used to assess trauma severity and predict patient outcomes. It describes several commonly used scoring systems including:
1. The Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) which grades injuries from 1-6 based on severity.
2. The Injury Severity Score (ISS) which uses the AIS to allocate injuries to body regions and provides an overall score.
3. The Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) which grades impairment of consciousness from 3-15.
4. The Trauma Score and Revised Trauma Score which assess physiological parameters to aid triage of patients.
5. The CRAMS scale which measures 5 components to triage patients needing
This document discusses humidification in the respiratory tract. It defines various humidity terms and describes how the upper airways normally warm and humidify inspired gases. When intubated, dry medical gases can damage the respiratory tract. Methods to add humidity include heat and moisture exchangers (HMEs), heated humidifiers, and nebulizers. HMEs are efficient but provide moderate humidity. Heated humidifiers can deliver saturated gases but require more maintenance. Nebulizers deliver medication directly but require high gas flows. Proper humidification is important to prevent respiratory complications.
Humidifier Moisture Exchange (HME) filters help humidify gases delivered to patients. They contain materials like ceramic fiber or silica gel that absorb moisture from exhaled gases and release it to inhaled gases. This process humidifies the gases and helps maintain mucosal integrity and ciliary function in the lungs. HME filters also act as microbial filters, reducing transmission of bacteria and viruses through the breathing circuit with over 99.99% efficiency. While easy to use and disposable, HME filters need replacing every 24 hours and can increase resistance to gas flow.
Hypothermia is defined as a core body temperature below 36°C and can be classified as mild (35-32°C), moderate (32-28°C), or severe (<28°C). It carries significant risks such as cardiovascular instability, coagulopathy, and impaired drug metabolism. Prevention techniques include warming intravenous fluids and the operating room. Treatment involves initially allowing passive rewarming, but active internal rewarming may be necessary for more severe hypothermia using methods like warmed intravenous or intraperitoneal fluids. Pharmacological agents that can treat shivering include meperidine, nalbuphine, tramadol, clonidine, and opioids like morphine.
This document discusses temperature and humidity. It begins by defining temperature and explaining different methods of temperature measurement, including mercury thermometers, resistance thermometers, and thermistors. It then discusses measuring body temperature, factors that influence body temperature, and methods of heat transfer from the body. The document also covers thermoregulation, causes of hyperthermia, temperature changes during surgery, effects of hypothermia, and methods for preventing hypothermia, including through the use of humidity.
1. Perform regular oral and airway suctioning
2. Monitor for signs of gastric regurgitation and place in reverse Trendelenburg position if needed
3. Reposition limbs every 2 hours to prevent pressure injuries and joint stiffness
This document discusses anaesthesia considerations for EHPVO (extrahepatic portal venous obstruction) and meso-Rex shunt surgery. EHPVO is a non-cirrhotic cause of portal hypertension most common in children, while IPH (idiopathic portal hypertension) typically affects adults. Key differences are noted. Meso-Rex shunt restores hepatic blood flow more physiologically than non-physiological shunts. Anaesthesia must consider issues like malnutrition, anemia, ascites, and potential for bleeding or thrombosis. Careful monitoring is needed due to fluid shifts and potential liver or cardiac dysfunction.
This document discusses options for lung isolation during surgery, including double lumen tubes (DLTs) and bronchial blockers. It provides details on:
1) The history and development of DLTs from the 1950s onward, including specific DLT designs like the Carlens tube.
2) Guidance on proper DLT placement using bronchoscopy to position the endobronchial cuff below the carina in the left or right bronchus.
3) Both advantages and disadvantages of DLTs and bronchial blockers for lung isolation are outlined. Positioning DLTs requires bronchoscopy while blockers can be placed through a standard endotracheal tube but dislodge
The document discusses the components and functioning of an anaesthesia work station's high pressure system. It describes the key components including gas cylinders, hanger yokes, cylinder pressure indicators, and pressure regulators. Gas cylinders contain medical gases at high pressure and have valves, handles, pressure relief devices, and markings. Hanger yokes orient and secure cylinders, providing a gas-tight seal. Cylinder pressure indicators display the pressure level in cylinders. Pressure regulators reduce the high cylinder pressure to a lower, constant pressure suitable for use in the anaesthesia machine.
Delayed recovery from anesthesia can have multiple contributing factors and causes. It is important to consider potential drug interactions, metabolic abnormalities, and organic causes that may cause prolonged unconsciousness and have serious health implications. Signs and symptoms of metabolic issues may not present normally in an anesthetized patient. The Glasgow Coma Scale provides an objective measure of conscious state regardless of cause.
This document discusses anaesthesia considerations for obese patients. It covers physiological disturbances in obese patients that impact anaesthesia like reduced lung volumes, cardiac strain and risk of pulmonary embolism. It recommends pre-operative evaluation, premedication to reduce aspiration risk, induction and maintenance techniques like using ideal body weight for dosing and PEEP to improve oxygenation. Post-operative monitoring is important due to risks of hypoventilation, wound infections and thromboembolic events. Analgesia should be dosed based on ideal body weight and include multimodal options. Safety features of anaesthesia machines like pressure regulators, flow meters and vaporizers are highlighted.
This document discusses different types of anesthesia for hip fracture repair surgery in elderly patients. It outlines regional (spinal, epidural) and general anesthesia options. Regional anesthesia may reduce risks of deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, and short-term mortality compared to general anesthesia. However, patient comorbidities and methodology limitations of studies make the evidence inconclusive. The document also considers anesthesia perspectives, patient perspectives, and factors influencing the chosen anesthesia method for individual cases.
The document provides information on breathing systems used in anesthesia. It discusses the components and classifications of breathing systems. The key types discussed are the Mapleson systems (A, B, C, D, E), which are bidirectional flow systems classified by the placement of the reservoir bag. The Mapleson systems are analyzed in terms of their efficiency for spontaneous and controlled ventilation. The Bain modification of the Mapleson D system is also described.
Anesthesia machine and equipment Q & A Part -ISelva Kumar
This document contains a Q&A session with Dr. R. Selvakumar on various topics related to anaesthesiology equipment and gases. Some key points addressed include:
- The two main gases marketed in liquid form in cylinders for operating theaters are nitrous oxide and carbon dioxide.
- Common tests performed on finished gas cylinders include tensile, flattening, impact, and bend tests.
- The color coding for medical air cylinders is a black body with a black and white shoulder.
- The pin index for oxygen cylinders is 2,5.
- The service pressure for small and bulk oxygen cylinders is the same at 1987 PSI or 137 bar.
- Common cylinder valve
Airway Management of Pregnant Patient in Cesarean SectionSaeid Safari
1) The document discusses managing difficult airways during emergency cesarean sections, with a focus on failed intubation. It presents a case where intubation failed but ventilation was successfully maintained using a laryngeal mask.
2) It identifies that pregnancy increases the risks of difficult intubation, desaturation, and aspiration. Careful pre-anesthesia airway evaluation is important but imperfect. Factors like obesity, preeclampsia, and physical changes in pregnancy can complicate intubation.
3) The document outlines algorithms for managing unexpected difficult intubation and "cannot intubate, cannot ventilate" situations. It discusses using face masks, supraglottic airways, and ultimately
This document discusses presentation skills and tips for effective presentations. It emphasizes that personal presentation involves how one presents themselves to others. Good presentation skills include selecting a topic, understanding the audience, creating an outline, using visual aids, and being prepared to answer questions. Effective presentations have a clear structure, with openings and closings within time limits and involve both verbal and non-verbal communication skills.
The document discusses spin welding, which uses friction to heat and weld thermoplastic materials. A spin welding machine applies pressure and rotates one part against another stationary part to create friction and heat the materials. The spin welding process involves five stages - initially generating heat through friction, then stripping and melting surfaces, heating through internal friction within the melted area, maintaining a constant temperature, then cooling under pressure. Spin welding offers advantages over other welding techniques like easier joining of materials, stronger welds, lower costs, smaller heat affected zones, compatibility with different materials, and no need for ventilation.
The document discusses scavenging systems used to remove waste anesthetic gases from operating rooms. It describes the purpose of scavenging as protecting health and the environment by removing hazardous gases. Three types of scavenging systems are described - passive, semi-active, and active. A passive system relies on patient breathing and ventilation to remove gases, while an active system uses a fan or pump to generate suction. Safety features are important to prevent excessive pressures from developing. Regular maintenance and quality control checks help ensure scavenging systems function properly.
This document discusses vaporizers, which are devices used to convert liquid anesthetic agents into vapor for delivery to patients. It covers the basic principles of vaporization, factors that affect vaporizer output concentration, different types of vaporizers classified by their design and operating characteristics, and standards for vaporizer design. The key points are that vaporizers precisely regulate anesthetic vapor concentrations, multiple factors influence output, and designs vary in things like temperature compensation, agent specificity, and positioning within the breathing circuit.
Obesity presents unique challenges for anaesthesia. Obese patients have decreased lung volumes which increases the risk of hypoxemia during induction and intubation. Preoxygenation in a slightly head-up position can help reduce this risk. Intubation may be difficult due to obesity related anatomical changes. Regional anaesthesia can also be challenging due to obscured landmarks and extensive adipose tissue. Postoperatively, obese patients are at higher risk of respiratory failure, DVT, and wound infections requiring close monitoring. Careful consideration of dosing, positioning, and postoperative monitoring is needed to safely manage anaesthesia for obese patients.
This document discusses capnography, which is the measurement of carbon dioxide levels during respiration. It defines capnography and describes the four phases of a capnogram waveform. The document outlines the indications for capnography monitoring, including during general anesthesia, sedation, and to confirm endotracheal tube placement. Contraindications to capnography are also addressed. Overall, the document provides an overview of capnography, its clinical applications, and how to interpret capnogram waveforms.
The document discusses various scoring systems used to assess trauma severity and predict patient outcomes. It describes several commonly used scoring systems including:
1. The Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) which grades injuries from 1-6 based on severity.
2. The Injury Severity Score (ISS) which uses the AIS to allocate injuries to body regions and provides an overall score.
3. The Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) which grades impairment of consciousness from 3-15.
4. The Trauma Score and Revised Trauma Score which assess physiological parameters to aid triage of patients.
5. The CRAMS scale which measures 5 components to triage patients needing
This document discusses humidification in the respiratory tract. It defines various humidity terms and describes how the upper airways normally warm and humidify inspired gases. When intubated, dry medical gases can damage the respiratory tract. Methods to add humidity include heat and moisture exchangers (HMEs), heated humidifiers, and nebulizers. HMEs are efficient but provide moderate humidity. Heated humidifiers can deliver saturated gases but require more maintenance. Nebulizers deliver medication directly but require high gas flows. Proper humidification is important to prevent respiratory complications.
Humidifier Moisture Exchange (HME) filters help humidify gases delivered to patients. They contain materials like ceramic fiber or silica gel that absorb moisture from exhaled gases and release it to inhaled gases. This process humidifies the gases and helps maintain mucosal integrity and ciliary function in the lungs. HME filters also act as microbial filters, reducing transmission of bacteria and viruses through the breathing circuit with over 99.99% efficiency. While easy to use and disposable, HME filters need replacing every 24 hours and can increase resistance to gas flow.
Hypothermia is defined as a core body temperature below 36°C and can be classified as mild (35-32°C), moderate (32-28°C), or severe (<28°C). It carries significant risks such as cardiovascular instability, coagulopathy, and impaired drug metabolism. Prevention techniques include warming intravenous fluids and the operating room. Treatment involves initially allowing passive rewarming, but active internal rewarming may be necessary for more severe hypothermia using methods like warmed intravenous or intraperitoneal fluids. Pharmacological agents that can treat shivering include meperidine, nalbuphine, tramadol, clonidine, and opioids like morphine.
This document discusses temperature and humidity. It begins by defining temperature and explaining different methods of temperature measurement, including mercury thermometers, resistance thermometers, and thermistors. It then discusses measuring body temperature, factors that influence body temperature, and methods of heat transfer from the body. The document also covers thermoregulation, causes of hyperthermia, temperature changes during surgery, effects of hypothermia, and methods for preventing hypothermia, including through the use of humidity.
1. Perform regular oral and airway suctioning
2. Monitor for signs of gastric regurgitation and place in reverse Trendelenburg position if needed
3. Reposition limbs every 2 hours to prevent pressure injuries and joint stiffness
This document discusses anaesthesia considerations for EHPVO (extrahepatic portal venous obstruction) and meso-Rex shunt surgery. EHPVO is a non-cirrhotic cause of portal hypertension most common in children, while IPH (idiopathic portal hypertension) typically affects adults. Key differences are noted. Meso-Rex shunt restores hepatic blood flow more physiologically than non-physiological shunts. Anaesthesia must consider issues like malnutrition, anemia, ascites, and potential for bleeding or thrombosis. Careful monitoring is needed due to fluid shifts and potential liver or cardiac dysfunction.
This document discusses options for lung isolation during surgery, including double lumen tubes (DLTs) and bronchial blockers. It provides details on:
1) The history and development of DLTs from the 1950s onward, including specific DLT designs like the Carlens tube.
2) Guidance on proper DLT placement using bronchoscopy to position the endobronchial cuff below the carina in the left or right bronchus.
3) Both advantages and disadvantages of DLTs and bronchial blockers for lung isolation are outlined. Positioning DLTs requires bronchoscopy while blockers can be placed through a standard endotracheal tube but dislodge
The document discusses the components and functioning of an anaesthesia work station's high pressure system. It describes the key components including gas cylinders, hanger yokes, cylinder pressure indicators, and pressure regulators. Gas cylinders contain medical gases at high pressure and have valves, handles, pressure relief devices, and markings. Hanger yokes orient and secure cylinders, providing a gas-tight seal. Cylinder pressure indicators display the pressure level in cylinders. Pressure regulators reduce the high cylinder pressure to a lower, constant pressure suitable for use in the anaesthesia machine.
Delayed recovery from anesthesia can have multiple contributing factors and causes. It is important to consider potential drug interactions, metabolic abnormalities, and organic causes that may cause prolonged unconsciousness and have serious health implications. Signs and symptoms of metabolic issues may not present normally in an anesthetized patient. The Glasgow Coma Scale provides an objective measure of conscious state regardless of cause.
This document discusses anaesthesia considerations for obese patients. It covers physiological disturbances in obese patients that impact anaesthesia like reduced lung volumes, cardiac strain and risk of pulmonary embolism. It recommends pre-operative evaluation, premedication to reduce aspiration risk, induction and maintenance techniques like using ideal body weight for dosing and PEEP to improve oxygenation. Post-operative monitoring is important due to risks of hypoventilation, wound infections and thromboembolic events. Analgesia should be dosed based on ideal body weight and include multimodal options. Safety features of anaesthesia machines like pressure regulators, flow meters and vaporizers are highlighted.
This document discusses different types of anesthesia for hip fracture repair surgery in elderly patients. It outlines regional (spinal, epidural) and general anesthesia options. Regional anesthesia may reduce risks of deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, and short-term mortality compared to general anesthesia. However, patient comorbidities and methodology limitations of studies make the evidence inconclusive. The document also considers anesthesia perspectives, patient perspectives, and factors influencing the chosen anesthesia method for individual cases.
The document provides information on breathing systems used in anesthesia. It discusses the components and classifications of breathing systems. The key types discussed are the Mapleson systems (A, B, C, D, E), which are bidirectional flow systems classified by the placement of the reservoir bag. The Mapleson systems are analyzed in terms of their efficiency for spontaneous and controlled ventilation. The Bain modification of the Mapleson D system is also described.
Anesthesia machine and equipment Q & A Part -ISelva Kumar
This document contains a Q&A session with Dr. R. Selvakumar on various topics related to anaesthesiology equipment and gases. Some key points addressed include:
- The two main gases marketed in liquid form in cylinders for operating theaters are nitrous oxide and carbon dioxide.
- Common tests performed on finished gas cylinders include tensile, flattening, impact, and bend tests.
- The color coding for medical air cylinders is a black body with a black and white shoulder.
- The pin index for oxygen cylinders is 2,5.
- The service pressure for small and bulk oxygen cylinders is the same at 1987 PSI or 137 bar.
- Common cylinder valve
Airway Management of Pregnant Patient in Cesarean SectionSaeid Safari
1) The document discusses managing difficult airways during emergency cesarean sections, with a focus on failed intubation. It presents a case where intubation failed but ventilation was successfully maintained using a laryngeal mask.
2) It identifies that pregnancy increases the risks of difficult intubation, desaturation, and aspiration. Careful pre-anesthesia airway evaluation is important but imperfect. Factors like obesity, preeclampsia, and physical changes in pregnancy can complicate intubation.
3) The document outlines algorithms for managing unexpected difficult intubation and "cannot intubate, cannot ventilate" situations. It discusses using face masks, supraglottic airways, and ultimately
This document discusses presentation skills and tips for effective presentations. It emphasizes that personal presentation involves how one presents themselves to others. Good presentation skills include selecting a topic, understanding the audience, creating an outline, using visual aids, and being prepared to answer questions. Effective presentations have a clear structure, with openings and closings within time limits and involve both verbal and non-verbal communication skills.
The document discusses spin welding, which uses friction to heat and weld thermoplastic materials. A spin welding machine applies pressure and rotates one part against another stationary part to create friction and heat the materials. The spin welding process involves five stages - initially generating heat through friction, then stripping and melting surfaces, heating through internal friction within the melted area, maintaining a constant temperature, then cooling under pressure. Spin welding offers advantages over other welding techniques like easier joining of materials, stronger welds, lower costs, smaller heat affected zones, compatibility with different materials, and no need for ventilation.
Lamba Techno Flooring Solutions is a name that has become synonymous with quality concrete flooring solutions. and who provides concrete flooring, Laser Screed, Concrete Floors, Industrial Flooring, Steel Fibre, Super Flat Floors, Joint Less Floor, Densification, Dust Proofing, Concrete Polishing, Fm-2 Flooring at affordable price.
This lesson plan outlines a 45-minute physics lesson for 8th grade students on the concept of force. The teacher will begin by posing a puzzle question to inspire learning. Students will then work in groups on activities and discussions applying the concept of force to examples like rolling a ball and pushing a door. They will also complete a worksheet and watch a video with more examples. The teacher will explain that force changes the state of rest or motion of an object, with the unit being Newton. By the end of the lesson, students should be able to define force, explain examples of it, and realize its importance. They will also be assigned extended activities involving classifying forces as push or pull in diagrams.
The liquefied natural gas sector has experienced large growth in the last decade and is expected to grow more in the decades to come.
WorleyParsons recently completed a study for the Global CCS Institute to identify the trends in the LNG sector and to make a range of assessments on how these trends may impact on the CCS industry.
At this webinar, Graeme Cox, Principal Consultant from WorleyParsons focused on looking at industry wide and project specific aspects of LNG and relate these to industry wide and project specific aspects of CCS. The cost escalation of LNG projects was explained as well as the impact this may have on the deployment of CCS.
Graeme concluded by identifying opportunities whereby LNG and CCS can be integrated.
The document summarizes an insurance plan called A Plan for Life from American General Life and Accident Insurance Company. It discusses the importance of planning for future financial security and having insurance to protect against dying too soon, living too long, and ensuring needs are met at death. Specific needs are outlined like final expenses, mortgage, rent, education costs, and more. Steps to developing a financial plan are provided.
Conversão: Técnicas, vendas e landing pagesRenato Melo
O documento discute testes de conversão em sites, incluindo: 1) Teste que mostrou que opções claras aumentam a taxa de conversão; 2) A importância de oferecer prêmios atraentes para incentivar o opt-in de e-mails; 3) Que não há relação entre o tamanho da página e a taxa de conversão.
1) O documento fornece instruções passo-a-passo para criar um logotipo para o Novembro Azul em CorelDraw, incluindo a adição de um bigode e sombra.
2) Também fornece diretrizes para fechar o arquivo corretamente para impressão, como converter fontes e imagens para CMYK e adicionar sangria e margem de segurança.
3) Por fim, explica como visualizar a impressão, adicionar linhas de corte e simular a montagem do arquivo.
O documento fornece dicas sobre planejamento e conteúdo para redes sociais e marketing digital. Aborda tópicos como criação de conteúdo relevante, parcerias com influenciadores, horários ideais para postar, integração entre canais, segmentação de público-alvo e investimentos em anúncios.
The document discusses corrosion in oil and gas pipelines. It describes how corrosion occurs as a reaction between the metal pipe and its environment, causing metal atoms to dissolve into ions. Cathodic protection procedures like using sacrificial anodes can protect underground pipes from corrosion. The document provides examples of corroded pipes and explains key corrosion protection terms and concepts, like reference electrodes, pipe-to-soil potentials, stray currents, and galvanic series. It also describes different cathodic protection systems and how to determine if an existing pipeline needs protection.
El documento describe los tres poderes del Estado en Perú: el poder ejecutivo, legislativo y judicial. El poder ejecutivo recae en el Presidente, que es jefe de Estado y representa a la nación. El poder legislativo se divide entre el nivel nacional y local. El poder judicial busca administrar justicia de manera independiente bajo principios como el debido proceso.
Integrating Flood Risk Into Catchment Management - Michael Butts (DHI)Stephen Flood
Integrating Flood Risk Into Catchment Management - Michael Butts, Head of Innovation (DHI)
Delivered at: -
ICE Flooding 2014:
Sustainable Flood Risk Management for Communities and Infrastructure
13 May 2014 - London, UK
http://www.ice-conferences.com/ice-flooding-2014/
1. Closed circuit anaesthesia with carbon dioxide absorption was used as early as 1850. Low flow anaesthesia techniques were developed to reduce costs and maximize efficiency of anaesthetic agents.
2. Low flow anaesthesia is defined as techniques using a fresh gas flow less than 2 L/min, allowing at least 50% of expired gases to be rebreathed. It requires accurate gas monitoring and adjustment of vaporizer settings to maintain adequate oxygen and anaesthetic concentrations.
3. Three phases of low flow anaesthesia are initial high flow induction, low flow maintenance with constant adjustments, and high flow emergence to facilitate washout of anaesthetic agents. Precise monitoring and adjustment of oxygen and anaesthetic concentrations is essential for
F7 Medical Equipment stands as a dedicated company serving clinics, We offer medical equipments in India for rent or sale. We focus on achieving customer satisfaction, motivating us to provide unparalleled supplies and services. Regular and thorough equipment scrutiny which guarantees safety and dependability. We uphold protocols and elevated quality standards, emphasizing flawless sanitization, sterilization, and product integrity.
An oxygen delivery system administers oxygen to increase arterial oxygenation. Systems are classified as low-flow or variable-performance devices, and high-flow or fixed-performance devices. Low-flow devices include nasal cannulas and masks, which provide supplemental oxygen. High-flow devices like venturi masks, partial rebreather masks, and non-rebreather masks meet inspiratory demands and generate accurate oxygen concentrations. At home, oxygen is delivered via cylinders or concentrators, which remove nitrogen from room air to produce oxygen.
This document discusses equipment and accessories used in controlled atmosphere storage, including their functions and models. It covers CO2 scrubbers, O2 scrubbers, control systems, gas analysis equipment, Palliflex storage units, ethylene decomposers, humidification systems, and accessories like gas-tight doors. Different models of CO2 and O2 scrubbers are described based on their capacities and technologies like VPSA and PSA. Control systems regulate storage conditions and other processes. Gas analysis equipment measures O2 and CO2 levels using different sensor types. Palliflex units provide flexible storage of up to 400 pallets under controlled conditions. Ethylene decomposers remove ethylene to inhibit fruit ripening. Humidification
CA equipment and accessories and its biochemical changes Shyamala C
1) Various equipment is used in controlled atmosphere storage including CO2 scrubbers, O2 scrubbers, control systems, gas analysis equipment, Palliflex units, ethylene decomposers, cold store accessories, and humidification systems.
2) Biochemical changes occur in fruits and vegetables during controlled atmosphere storage including changes in flavor, development of off-flavors, volatile compounds, acidity, nutrition, ascorbic acid, lycopene, and phenolics.
3) Controlled atmosphere storage has been shown to generally maintain better flavor compared to air storage, though the fruit maturity at harvest also impacts flavor. Off-flavors can develop from increased ethanol and acetal
Oxygen therapy involves administering oxygen at concentrations higher than 21% found in the air. It is used to treat conditions that cause low blood oxygen levels. Common devices for oxygen delivery include nasal cannulas, masks, venturi masks, and endotracheal tubes. Nurses are responsible for safely setting up the appropriate device based on a patient's prescription and monitoring their effectiveness.
This document summarizes oxygen delivery systems, including variable performance masks. It describes:
1) Variable performance masks regulate and supplement oxygen delivery by entraining oxygen and air to achieve a fixed concentration for administration.
2) Indications for oxygen therapy include hypoxia, shock, and various respiratory conditions.
3) Variable performance masks require a good seal and sufficient flow rates to effectively deliver oxygen without diluting it with room air.
oxygen is an important resource and thus needs to be monitored for various processes and safety purposes.thus optical oxygen sensorsare employed in these fields.
The document discusses mine rescue and recovery, describing the importance of saving lives of miners overcome by toxic gases or oxygen deficiency. It explains that mine rescue teams use closed-circuit self-contained breathing apparatus for respiratory protection when recovering mines after fires or explosions or rescuing trapped miners. Different types of rescue equipment are classified, including self-contained breathing apparatus, filter apparatus, and fresh-air tube breathing apparatus. General design requirements and components of modern self-contained compressed oxygen breathing apparatus are also outlined, using the Draeger BG-174 apparatus as an example.
This second part of the presentation mainly aims at imparting knowledge regarding various oxygen delivery devices with its indication and contra-indications
Pumps, oxygenators, and priming solutions are essential components of cardiopulmonary bypass. There are two main types of pumps - roller pumps and centrifugal pumps. Roller pumps work by rolling blood through tubing while centrifugal pumps use centrifugal force to move blood. Membrane oxygenators allow for gas exchange through a semi-permeable barrier, separating blood from gas, and eliminating the damage caused by bubble oxygenators. Proper selection of the components depends on factors such as flow needs, biocompatibility and minimizing trauma to blood during bypass.
This document provides an overview of the PADI Emergency Oxygen Provider Specialty Course. The course aims to teach participants how to properly handle emergency oxygen equipment and provide oxygen to injured scuba divers. It covers topics like the philosophy of using oxygen to treat diving injuries, safety procedures for oxygen equipment, emergency oxygen equipment components and their functions, oxygen's importance for life, and how to treat conditions like decompression illness and lung overexpansion injuries. The goal is to train more people to have emergency oxygen available and know how to use it, as oxygen is critical for treating many diving injuries but is often not administered properly in the field.
Portable Oxygen Concentrators Market is Boomingsonyneetysony
Portable oxygen concentrators (POCs) are lightweight, compact medical devices that provide oxygen therapy for respiratory conditions. POCs work by purifying ambient air to increase oxygen concentration in a continuous or pulse-dose flow. Their portability allows for use at home, during travel, and outdoor activities. Battery life and oxygen flow settings can be adjusted. Regular maintenance is needed to ensure proper functioning. A prescription is required to specify oxygen needs. Popular brands include Respironics and Inogen. Costs vary depending on features.
This document summarizes the development of oxygen concentrator technology over time. It discusses how oxygen concentrators were invented in the 1970s to provide portable oxygen therapy at home, as an alternative to bulky oxygen tanks. The document then outlines several innovations in oxygen concentrator design over the decades, including reductions in size and improvements to portability, battery life, and oxygen output. Recent sections discuss new cheaper and more efficient oxygen concentrator designs developed by research institutions in India to address oxygen shortages during the COVID-19 pandemic.
1) Several updates were provided regarding protocols and waivers from the state, including the use of TXA for trauma patients and LMAs for cardiac arrests.
2) Guidelines were reviewed for safer intubation focusing on preoxygenation and preventing desaturation by maximizing oxygen in the lungs, using nasal cannula during intubation, and positive pressure if needed.
3) Risks of overventilation after intubation were discussed as well as evidence that high concentrations of oxygen can be harmful for some patients and oxygen should be titrated to the minimum needed to achieve an oxygen saturation of 94% or higher.
Oxygen therapy involves administering oxygen at concentrations higher than in the air to treat various medical conditions. There are various methods of oxygen delivery including nasal cannulas, face masks, venturi masks, and tents. The goal is to increase oxygen saturation levels in the blood. Potential complications include oxygen toxicity if delivered at too high of a concentration for too long. Precautions must also be taken due to the flammability of oxygen.
- Dr. Phillip Ayre developed the T piece breathing system for children in 1937 after losing his own child to high gas pressures during anesthesia.
- Breathing systems for pediatric use have since undergone many modifications to suit different patients and situations. They aim to minimize resistance, dead space, and work of breathing while allowing for controlled or spontaneous ventilation.
- Common pediatric breathing systems include the T piece, Jackson Rees, Mapleson D and Bain circuits, and pediatric-modified circle systems. Low fresh gas flows can be used with these systems to decrease costs and heat/fluid loss while maintaining normocarbia. Proper selection and setup of the breathing system is important for safe anesthesia in children.
Whey protein is a milk protein and is a dairy product. It’s a protein-packed punch and contains aminos – specifically Leucine, which assists in protein synthesis and muscle formation.
Swimming is a great workout because you need to move your whole body against the resistance of the water. Swimming is a good all-round activity because it: keeps your heart rate up but takes some of the impact stress off your body. builds endurance, muscle strength and cardiovascular fitness.
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The document discusses the benefits of meditation for reducing stress and anxiety. Regular meditation practice can help calm the mind and body by lowering heart rate and blood pressure. Making meditation a part of a daily routine, even if just 10-15 minutes per day, can offer improvements to mood, focus, and overall feelings of well-being over time.
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The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise stimulates the production of endorphins in the brain which elevate mood and reduce stress levels.
Which is Better: Whey Protein Vs Casein Protein? Benefits of Whey Protein Powderhealthgenieindia
Know which is better for bodybuilding, whey protein or casein protein supplements. Moreover know which is right whey protein and also benefits of taking whey protein powder.
Ultimate Bodybuilding Diet Plan For How to Build Musclehealthgenieindia
In this slide know the nutrients and diet needed for bodybuilding. How much protein require for build muscle. Get ultimate tips for how supplements helps in bodybuilding and food needed for build muscles.
This document is a thank you note from HealthGenie Pvt. Ltd., an Indian company that publishes health and wellness content on their website www.healthgenie.in. The company aims to nurture wellness through the health information they provide online.
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8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
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share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
• Pitfalls and pivots needed to use AI effectively in public health
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Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
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3. • The portable oxygen concentrator enables
patients to be more independent. The POC range
that Intermedical cover are small & lightweight;
run on battery power; can be powered in a car and
are FAA (Airline) approved.
4. The History of Oxygen ConcentratorThe History of Oxygen Concentrator
• Portable oxygen concentrators have been around for
decades; but the older versions were bulky, not reliable,
and were not permitted on airplanes.
• Since 2000, a number of manufactures have improved their
reliability and they now produce anywhere between 1 and 6
liters per minute (LPM) of oxygen.
5. • There are versions that provide pulse or continuous flow.
The portable concentrators plug directly into a regular
house outlet for charging at home or hotel; but they came
with a power adapter that can usually be plugged into a
vehicle DC adapter.
• They have the ability to operate from the battery power as
well for either ambulatory use, or away from a power
source, or on an airplane.
11. • The technology behind a Portable Oxygen Concentrator
is based on the same principle as a home domestic
concentrator.
• Air at barometric pressure contains 21% Oxygen
combined with Nitrogen and a mixture of other gases. A
miniaturised compressor inside the machine will
pressurise this air through a system of chemical filters
known as a molecular sieve.
12. • This chemical filter is made up of silicate granules
called Zeolite. The Zeolite will sieve the nitrogen out
of the "air" concentrating the Oxygen.
• Part of the produced Oxygen is delivered to the
patient; part is fed back into the sieves to clear the
system from the accumulated nitrogen, making it
ready for the next cycle. Through this process, this
system is capable of producing medical grade
oxygen of up to 96% consistently.f up to 96%
consistently.
13. • The latest models can be powered from mains
electricity supply, 12v DC (Car/Boat etc..) & battery
packs making the patient free from relying on using
cylinders & other current solutions that put a
restriction on time, weight & size.
• Most of the portable oxygen concentrator systems
available today provide oxygen on a pulse (on-
demand) delivery in order to maximise the purity of
the oxygen.
14. The Difference Between The Difference Between
OnDemand& Continuous FlowOnDemand& Continuous Flow
• Most portable oxygen concentrators are built from the size of a
binocular case and weigh less than a couple of bags of sugar.
The reason for this is because of the on-demand system. It
allows the concentrator to be built with smaller components
than that of a domestic concentrator.
• Because the patient only inhales oxygen when they breathe in,
when exhaling oxygen is wasted. Therefore what manufacturers
decided to do is build a machine that works on your breathing...
only providing oxygen when necessary, keeping wasted oxygen
to a minimum.
15. • Most on-demand portable oxygen
concentrators work on settings which
are very much equivalent to a specific
LPM (Litre per minute). To determine
this, the machine works on a bolus
system. The bolus size is measured in
millilitres and is the "shot" of oxygen
released upon inhalation.
• The size of the bolus on each setting is
worked out based on the amount of
oxygen inhaled if the patient was on
continuous flow oxygen. Since oxygen
isn't required when we exhale, oxygen is
normally wasted; hence the reason
behind the this type of technology.
16. • Technology has progressed in a
way so that boluses can be made
variable based on the patients
breathing rate. This is particularly
useful for using an on-demand
machine whilst sleeping. Naturally
the breathing rate slows whilst
sleeping. A machine with a
variable bolus detects a slower
breathing rate; adjusting the bolus
size so that its a longer shot of
oxygen upon inhalation, but still
maintaining the patients
prescription of x amount of litres
per minute.
17. • It is not usually recommended that
an on-demand device be used during
sleep, however clinical studies have
found that some on-demand portable
oxygen concentrators are just as
affective as a continuous flow
oxygen concentrator. On-demand
devices are not suitable for sleep for
patients with the sleeping disorder
sleep apnoea.