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oxygen concentrator.docx
1. Tod Fod Jod: Portable Oxygen
Concentrator
Cluster Innovation Centre,
University of Delhi
Delhi-110007
Akshat Jain
Prateek Yadav
Project submitted for the paper
2. Physics at Work II: Deconstructing Machines
Acknowledgment
We are grateful to our respectable teachers, Dr. Swati Arora,
and Prof. Bhibu Biswal, whose insightful leadership and
knowledge benefited us to complete this project successfully.
This project would not have been achieved without their worthy
experience. Thank you so much for your continuous support and
presence whenever needed. Although, this report has been
prepared with utmost care and deep rooted interest. Even then, I
accept respondent and imperfection.
Index
Acknowledgment...................................................................................2
Section 1
Introduction………………………………………………………………4
3. Schematic Diagram depicting its inner elements............................. 5-6
Schematic Diagram showing its outer aspects................................ 7-8
Materials required to make an Oxygen Concentrator...................... 8-9
Design of an Oxygen Concentrator............................................... 9-10
Section 2
History and Invention of Oxygen Concentrator.......................... 10-11
Evolution and Patents of Oxygen Concentrator..........................11-14
Section 3
Basic Principle…………………………………………………………14-18
Section 4
Innovation after the first invention...................................................19
A Better and cheaper Oxygen Concentrator…………………….
Section 1:
Introduction
Portable Oxygen Concentrator definition: A POC is a medical device
that helps individuals with low blood oxygen levels. You can plug them
into an electrical outlet or power them with a battery. If the battery is
spent, you’ll need to charge it back up by plugging it into the electrical
outlet. Many of the portable oxygen concentrators also come with an
adapter so you can use your device while driving.
4. Portable oxygen concentrators receive air, purify it and then distribute
the changed air. Air is made up of mostly nitrogen and some oxygen
before it goes into the concentrator. After going through the
concentrator, the air comes out with almost all oxygen and very little
nitrogen. The device then separates the nitrogen to give the individual
as much oxygen as possible since it’s hard to get the perfect
percentage of oxygen without using a medical device like this.
Schematic Diagramof Oxygen Concentrator depicting its inner elements:
Schematic Diagram of Electric Geyser depicting its
outer elements:
Materials required to make an Oxygen Concentrator:
1) Material for Molecular Sieve Bed:
The sieve bed is made of a material called Zeolite that separates the
nitrogen. Two sieve beds work to release oxygen into a tank connected to
the cannula, release the dissolved nitrogen, and form a continuous loop
that keeps producing fresh oxygen. Zeolite is a natural or artificial mineral
that acts as a “molecular sieve.” It is this ability to “sort” molecules by size
that makes Zeolite so worthwhile.
2) Material for air filter:
The filters are primarily fiberglass fiber mats, which trap particles as an air
stream flows through. The effectiveness of a filter largely depends on the
diameter of the fiber and the filter’s thickness.
5. Basic Design :
Oxygen concentrators consist of a cabinet that houses the
compressor and filters; tubing; a nasal cannula and/or face
mask. Portable units will additionally include an AC and/or DC
charger, and a battery.
The major components common to almost all types of Oxygen Concentrator:
· Series of air filters: To filter out all the impurities
present in the air.
· Air compressor: The primary purpose of the air
compressor is to push air into the concentrator and
forward it to the molecular sieve beds.It also adjusts the
pressure at which air is delivered
· Molecular sieve beds: An oxygen concentrator has
two molecular sieve beds that are designed to trap
nitrogen. It contains Zeolite (Microporous
Aluminosilicate mineral
· Switch valve: The function of the switch valve is to
switch the output of the compressor between the two
molecular sieve bed filters (pressure equalizing
reservoirs).
· Oxygen outlet: This refers to an opening that delivers
purified oxygen to the patient.
· Flowmeter: The flowmeter is used to set the flow of
oxygen in liters per minute (LPM).
Section 2:
6. History and Invention :
Home medical oxygen concentrators were invented in the early
1970s, with the manufacturing output of these devices
increasing in the late 1970s. Union Carbide Corporation and
Bendix Corporation were both early manufacturers. Before that
era, home medical oxygen therapy required the use of heavy
high-pressure oxygen cylinders or small cryogenic liquid
oxygen systems. Both of these delivery systems required
frequent home visits by suppliers to replenish oxygen supplies.
In the United States, Medicare switched from fee-for-service
payment to a flat monthly rate for home oxygen therapy in the
mid-1980s, causing the durable medical equipment (DME)
industry to rapidly embrace concentrators as a way to control
costs. This reimbursement change dramatically decreased the
number of primary high pressure and liquid oxygen delivery
systems in use in homes in the United States at that time.
Oxygen concentrators became the preferred and most common
means of delivering home oxygen. The number of
manufacturers entering the oxygen concentrator market
increased exponentially as a result of this change. Union
Carbide Corporation invented the molecular sieve in the 1950s
which made these devices possible. It also invented the first
cryogenic liquid home medical oxygen systems in the 1960s.
Evolution of an Oxygen Therapy:
Believe it or not oxygen concentrators date back as far as the early 1800’s. Oxygen,
the element, wasn’t even discovered until 1772, by Swedish chemist, Carl Wilhelm
Scheele. Scheele, unfortunately, was beaten to the punch by Joseph Priestly, an
English chemist who, although discovered the oxygen molecule in 1774, published
7. his findings three years before Scheele’s. That being said, Scheele is still recognized
as being the first man to even figure out what oxygen is.
From there, it took a little under 100 years for scientists and doctors to understand
how to use oxygen to help those with varying illnesses and diseases. In 1885, the
first ever recorded use of oxygen was documented for a medical purpose. This
medical procedure was to treat a patient with pneumonia. This revolutionary
treatment was administered and pioneered by Dr. George Holtzapple. Just two years
later, a product was invented and sold that stored enough oxygen for intermittent
use.
At the turn of the twentieth century, a nasal catheter was used as the connection
between the oxygen and the patient. It wasn’t, however, until 1917 that Jon Scott
Haldane invented the gas mask to protect and treat soldiers who had been affected
by dangerous chlorine gasses during the First World War.
M edical use of oxygen made major leaps and bounds up until World War II. Oxygen
was mainly being used in hospitals to treat patients with a variety of respiratory
issues. It wasn’t until the 1950’s that the first form of portable medical oxygen
therapy was invented. This portable oxygen was used strictly in ambulances and on
the scene of medical emergencies. Not yet the personal and lightweight units we’re
used to today!
The 1970’s was revolutionary for medical grade oxygen therapy advancements.
Finally, you could own your own oxygen therapy unit in your home! Although they
were readily available by a supplier that delivered tanks, these tanks were much
larger than those today. This advancement in oxygen therapy was extraordinary due
to the fact that the concentrator purified oxygen within itself. As you can imagine, it
was extremely big and heavy!
Over the next 30 years, oxygen concentrators began to shrink, due to the demand by
younger and more active oxygen therapy patients who wanted smaller and more
mobile machines. With these medical advancements came more knowledge on
oxygen and various respiratory diseases. Bettering our understanding allowed
patients to be diagnosed and prescribed oxygen sooner in their lifespan thus
perpetuating a young and active demand.
8. Presently, oxygen concentrators are small enough to fit in a purse, bring bike riding,
or even store under your seat on an airplane! Nowadays, some concentrators can
weigh less than 3 pounds, others have over 10 hours of battery life, and some home
units have an oxygen output upwards of 10,000 ml per minute!
Patents Details:
Section 3:
Basic Working Principle:
An Oxygen Concentrator uses this idea with the basic principle of
Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA) to deliver 90-95% pure oxygen.
The concentrator draws in room air and passes it through a series of
filters that remove dust, bacteria, and other particulates. In the first
step of the concentration process, a compressor forces air into one of
the two cylinders containing sieve material, where nitrogen is
adsorbed, leaving concentrated oxygen and a small percentage of
other gases found in room air. Simultaneously, in the other cylinder,
nitrogen is desorbed and exhausted into the atmosphere. In the second
step, the function of the cylinders is reversed in a timed cycle,
providing a continuous flow of oxygen to the patient.
Working
1. Ambient air (room air) passing through a series of filters is
drawn into the machine by a compressor.
9. 2. This air is compressed into the 1st molecular sieve bed and
all the Nitrogen is adsorbed. The molecular sieve beds are
porous & thus have large surface area due to which they
absorb large amounts of Nitrogen.
3. Now because air has only Nitrogen and Oxygen as main
components; the primary gas that remains is Oxygen. This
Oxygen has a concentration of up to 95% and is ready to be
supplied to patients via Oxygen delivery systems like Nasal
Cannula, Oxygen mask, etc.
4. The compressor keeps on compressing air into the 1st
molecular sieve bed till it gets saturated (filled) by Nitrogen.
The sieve bed usually gets saturated at pressure of 20 psi.
5. Just before 1st molecular sieve bed gets saturated, the
Switch Valve comes into action and output of the air
compressor is immediately switched to 2nd sieve bed i.e. the
compressor starts compressing air to the 2nd molecular
sieve.
6. While this sieve bed gets saturated by Nitrogen, the Nitrogen
that was trapped in the 1st sieve bed is vented out. The little
Nitrogen that is left in the sieve bed after discharging is
removed by back-flushing of Oxygen from the other sieve
bed.
7. The switch valve again switches the output of the air
compressor back to the 1st sieve bed as soon as the 2nd
sieve bed approaches saturation.
8. This process keeps on repeating to ensure continuous flow
of Oxygen.
9. This process of switching the sieve beds is known as
Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA).
10. 10. The output of Oxygen is then controlled using a
flowmeter where the flow can be set manually in Litres Per
Minute (LPM).
11. Oxygen flows out through an outlet where an Oxygen
delivery system like nasal cannula or a mask is usually
connected via humidifier.
Section 4:
Innovations after the first product:
Technology is changing and advancing all the time, and that goes for medical
technology, as well. Oxygen concentrators are high tech electronics, and if someone
can make a call on a very tiny cell phone to someone on the other side of the planet,
then you can pretty much expect the same from oxygen concentrator technology.
Just like with computers and cellular devices, oxygen concentrators are managing to
get smaller and smaller, and still be able to deliver medical grade oxygen. These
sophisticated pieces of medical equipment have the ability to bring in the air around
them, and filter it to a very high purity of oxygen.
This takes a powerful inner system, complete with at least 2 different filters, one of
which uses its own safe chemically powered absorbancy to separate the oxygen
from the rest of the air. The air around us at any given moment is a little over 78%
nitrogen and around 21% oxygen. The 1% leftover is composed of a bunch of other
gases in tiny, trace amounts. These machines not only filter our pollution and tiny
debris particles, like dust and smog, but they separate the gas molecules.
Comparative evaluation of a new
disposable rotating membrane
oxygenator with bubble oxygenator
The comparative in vivo performance of adult-size bubble and rotating membrane
oxygenators was evaluated during closed-chest cardiopulmonary bypass for six hours in two
groups of dogs. The results show that the rotating membrane oxygenator is efficient in
11. oxygen and carbon dioxide transfer with minimal trauma to blood, while platelet destruction
and hemolysis were marked with the bubble oxygenator. Cerebral, cardiac, and respiratory
complications were frequent with the bubble oxygenator and absent with the membrane
oxygenator.
Membrane oxygenators: current
developments in design and
application
Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) procedures require a blood-gas exchanger (oxygenator) to
temporarily replace the respiratory function of the lungs. In the past the majority of CPB
procedures have been carried out with bubble oxygenators which effect gas exchange by
dispersion of bubbles into the blood. Membrane oxygenators, on the other hand, utilize a
hydrophobic gas permeable membrane between the blood and gas phases. Bubble
oxygenators are being superseded by membrane types for CPB due to improvements in
membrane technology and mass transfer efficiency. These advances are reviewed in this
paper and are illustrated by reference to the gas exchange and operating characteristics of a
number of clinical oxygenators designed for adult CPB. Membrane oxygenators are also
being used for long-term support in the treatment of acute respiratory failure. Operated in a
partial bypass circuit, the oxygenator may have to function for several days or weeks. In one
particular treatment method, the rate of spontaneous breathing is controlled by the partial or
total removal of the metabolic CO2 production by the membrane oxygenator. For this
method, known as extracorporeal CO2 removal (ECCO2R), the oxygenator must be
optimized for CO2 transfer at low blood flow rates. The suitability of clinical oxygenators for
ECCO2R is discussed in terms of gas exchange and functionality over a prolonged
operation.
NIT Durgapur develops cheap O2
concentrator
Scientists of National Institute of
Technology (NIT) Durgapur after successfully developing affordable ventilators for
12. artificial breathing of critical Covid -19 patents last year have now developed a low-cost
portable oxygen concentrator machine with completely indigenous technology.
This is told as part of the country’s ‘Atmanirbhar Bharat’ initiative the low-cost oxygen
concentrator machine has been developed to meet the growing demand of liquified
medical oxygen as its scarcity has been catastrophic.
“We have handed over the first such machine (5LPM) to Sanjeevan Hospital in
Uluberia in Howrah district for clinical testing and application on moderate
patients. The design and development of this product is being led by professor
SS Roy of the mechanical engineering department and his team and is being
funded by the institute,” he added.
IISc developing oxygen concentrator, vaccine for Covid patient
Bengaluru, May 13 (IANS) The premier Bengaluru-based Indian Institute of Science
(IISc) is developing a low-cost oxygen concentrator and anti-Covid vaccine.
The institute’s prototype oxygen concentrator of 10 litres per minute (LPM) capacity is
being tested for clinical validation at the Bangalore Medical College.
“Results of the clinical trials have been promising, as the oxygen output is about 90 per
cent and more efficient than the Chinese concentrators whose output is about 50 per
cent”.
The IISc sought the state government’s support in expediting the process of clinical
validation and regulatory approval from the Central Drugs Standard Control Organisation
for emergency use of the gas concentrator
UniSieve technology used in oxygen
concentrator
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Testing of the membrane cartridge for increased
oxygen concentration.
Swisscleantech company, UniSieve AG, hasdeveloped a new, flexible membrane technology
which can enhance oxygen concentration using compressed air.
13. The core of the UniSieve technology is the integration of so-called “molecular sieves” into cost-effective
polymer membranes which allows the separation of molecules that are almost identical in terms of size.
The technology allows the development and manufacture of membranes of different pore sizes making
them accessible to applications including the purification of propylene, the upgrading of biogas to
biomethane and the increased concentration of oxygen from natural air.
The membrane was originally developed to separate CO2 from biogas, but it is now being adapted into a
type of oxygen concentrator which could help low-income countriesstruggling to accessventilators
during the Covid-19 crisis. As the molecule oxygen is smaller in its kinetic diameter compared to the
nitrogen, it can permeate through the membrane much faster, which enables higher oxygen concentration.
prototype by IIT Bombay could aid India's
oxygen crisis, reduce wastage
Amid the growing requirement of ventilators and oxygen across the country during the
coronavirus pandemic, students and faculty of the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT),
Bombay have designed a new device to reduce oxygen wastage and reuse exhaled
oxygen. The new device could enhance the lifetime of the oxygen cylinder for Covid-19
patients.
‘The reBreather'- is a prototype semi-closed circular breathing system that will allow
patients to breathe in unused exhaled oxygen and help bring down the usage of
over nine oxygen cylinders in a day amid the growing shortage of oxygen cylinders in the
country. The device facilitates the recirculation of exhaled breath by scrubbing out
carbon dioxide and blending fresh oxygen.
“At a time when oxygen is in short supply across the country, this mode of recirculating
oxygen can help save lives,”
14. IIT Bombay Finds Innovative Way to
Generate Oxygen for Treating Covid
Patients
Amid the shortage of medicaloxygen for treating COVID-19patients, the
IIT Bombay has come up with an ingenious solution to help address the
issue by converting a nitrogen unit into an oxygen generating unit. The
pilot project, which has been tested successfully,relies on a simple
technologicalintervention of converting a Pressure Swing Adsorption
nitrogen unit into a PSA oxygen unit, according to an officialstatement.
It claimed that initial tests conducted at the Indian Institute of Technology
(IIT)Bombay have shown “promising results”.The oxygen production
could be achieved at “3.5 atm pressure with a purity level of 93 per cent
to 96 per cent”.
This gaseous oxygen can be utilised for COVID-19-related needs
across the existing hospitals and upcoming COVID-19-specific facilities
by providing a continuous supply of oxygen, it said. “It(conversion of
nitrogen unit into an oxygen unit) has been done by fine-tuning the
existing nitrogen plant setup and changing the molecular sieves from
Carbon to Zeolite”.
References
