What is organizational structure
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This document discusses organizational structure and its key elements: 1) Work specialization, which is the degree tasks are divided into separate jobs to utilize employee skills and maximize productivity. Specialization can improve efficiency but also cause boredom. 2) Departmentalization, which is how jobs are grouped, such as by function, product, location, process, or customer. Departments are formed from job groupings. 3) Elements like chain of command, span of control, centralization/decentralization, and formalization which determine the flow of authority, number of subordinates per manager, where decision-making power lies, and how standardized jobs are.
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Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
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- 2. i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a) Work specialization Akeypartoforganizationalstructureisunderstandingthedegreetowhichtasksaredividedintoseparatejobsor workspecialization. Thedivisionoflaborishelpfulincreatingthemostefficientwaytoutilizeemployeeskills,in- creasetheirskills,andmaximizetheirinput. Whendivisionoflaborisutilizedanorganizationcanmoreeffectively use specialized training and specialized equipment to accomplish their desired productivity and quality goals. Workspecializationcancausegreatereconomies,butinsomecasesitcancausediminishingreturnsduetorepetition whichcanleadtoboredom.Jobenlargementcanbeeffectiveincreatinggreaterefficienciesthanspecializationdoes. b) Departmentalization
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- 5. ii d) Centralization and decentralization The fifth aspect of structure deals with centralization and decentralization. Centralization is the degree to which decision making is concentrated at a single point in the organization, typically at the top. Decentraliza- tion represents an organization that spreads decision making throughout the organization. f) Formalization Formalization is the degree to which jobs within the organization are standardized. When there is high for- malization, workers have very little control over how they do their work and they will be required to follow a number of rules and procedures. Lower formalization will tend to allow for different job behaviors to get the job done, giving workers more control over their work.
- 6. ii