Infrastructure planning is vital for developing and maintaining the necessary services and facilities that support a country or city's economic and social well-being. It includes a systematic process to enhance public amenities, ensuring that cities evolve into modern, efficient living spaces, while addressing challenges such as urban population growth and inadequate existing infrastructure. Major initiatives in India, like the Smart Cities Mission and AMRUT, aim to improve urban living conditions and infrastructure, highlighting the critical need for effective planning and investment.

1. INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING
1. What do you understand by Infrastructure Planning?
2. Explain the role of Infrastructure Planning in shaping the future of any city.
Submitted by:
Sonali
Student
MURP PLC-SUPVA

2. Literal meaning of Infrastructure in Hindi is आधारिक संिचना (आधारिक means basic and संिचना means structure).
INFRASTRUCTURE
INFRA STRUCTURE
Topic #1 What do you understand by Infrastructure Planning?
• Definitions:
The basic systems and services that are necessary for a country or an
organization, for example buildings, transport, and water and power
supplies.
or
Infrastructure is the general term for the basic physical systems of a
business, region, or nation. Examples of infrastructure includes
transportation systems, communication networks, sewage, water,
and electric systems. These systems tend to be capital intensive and
high-cost investments, and are vital to a country's economic
development and prosperity.
or
As per Oxford Learner’s Dictionary, infrastructure is the basic
systems and services that are necessary for a country or an
organization to run smoothly, for example buildings, transport, water
and power supplies.
There is no single definition for the term “infrastructure”. It is a term
used in a variety of disciplines in various fields.
Infrastructure:
Source: https://marketbusinessnews.com/financial-glossary/infrastructure-definition-means/

3. Planning is the fundamental management function, which involves deciding beforehand, what is to be done, when is it to be
done, how it is to be done and who is going to do it. It is an intellectual process which lays down an organization's objectives
and develops various courses of action, by which the organization can achieve those objectives. It chalks out exactly, how to
attain a specific goal.
Planning:
INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING
“Process of integrating, design, construction, maintenance and rehabilitation to maximize the benefits to the users
and minimize the cost to the owners and users.”
Infrastructure planning is an interdisciplinary process. It involves the provision of physical facilities and their operation and
management. There are many different planning protocols for different types of infrastructure and the public agencies
responsible for them.
Infrastructure is backbone of a prospering city or neighborhood. Cities are like living organisms and to keep them alive,
healthy and prosperous they need uninterrupted flow of utilities so that its habitants can lead a comfortable, healthy and
happy life which further helps in developing a better society and brings economic growth to that region.
Typically, a public infrastructure planning process will include the following eight (8) steps:
1. Establishment of goals and objectives
2. Problem identification and analysis
3. Solution identification and impact assessment
4. Formulation of alternatives and analysis
5. Recommendations: including priorities and Typical Infrastructure Planning Steps schedules for implementation.
6. Decisions: including financing.
7. Implementation: final design, construction planning, construction.
8. Operation and management

4. The fundamental contribution of planning to integrating infrastructure provision is its focus on place which has the potential:
“…to ensure that individual developments come to be planned as part of a broader picture, rather than in isolation from each
other. This means that the overall value of what is created, to both the local community and developers, exceeds what would
otherwise have been the sum of its individual components” (Adams and Watkins, 2014, p. 23).
INFRASTRUCTURE
PLANNING
PHYSICAL
INFRASTRUCTURE
SOCIAL
INFRASTRUCTURE
Police stations, Schools and universities, Hospitals, Orphanages, Old age homes and such
other infrastructures which are required for social well-being of society.
It focuses on services, Utility network and facilities for example, Water supply and drainage,
sewage, Electricity supply, Telephone lines, Solid waste management etc. which are required
for physical well-being of society.
Attributes of Infrastructure Planning:
Rather than describing infrastructure planning through a single definition, it might be more helpful to describe infrastructure
planning through a set of characteristics that are attributed to it. Some of these characteristics that are popularly associated
with infrastructure planning are:
• Infrastructure planning is carried out to facilitates a large groups of people.
• Infrastructure planning helps deliver essential services for the functioning of an organization or society.
• It helps achieve economic and social objectives.
• Infrastructure planning is the base upon which society and its activities rest.
• Examples of infrastructure are waterways, roads, etc.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

5. Major urban infrastructure development programs in India:
India has the second largest urban population in the world and by 2050, around 50% of India’s population i.e., 814 million is
expected to live in urban areas. Given this scenario, the present infrastructure and amenities in cities and towns are not
adequate to address the expanding urbanization process. Several initiatives were launched by the government to promote urban
infrastructure in the country.
1. The Smart Cities Mission
The Smart Cities Mission is a major urban renewal program launched by the Government to develop and upgrade living
conditions and infrastructure in selected 100 cities all over the country.
Objective of the program is to modernize cities by providing core infrastructure and give a decent quality of life to its citizens, a
clean and sustainable environment and application of ‘Smart’ Solutions. The program was officially launched on 25th of June 2016
and in the first phase, 20 cities will get funding for converting them into smart cities. In the next two years, the remaining cities
will also participate in the project. Ministry of Urban Development is the anchoring agency for the implementation of the project.
The main focus of the project is the area based development of cities by transforming existing areas through retrofitting and
redevelopment. Another component of the smart cities project is the development of new areas or greenfield areas. Similarly,
adoption of Smart Solutions with the use technology, information and data are expected to improve infrastructure and services
under the project.
Financing of smart cities mission
Financing of the mission will be collaboratively done by the Centre, state and local bodies. Fund from the private sector will be
invited and Public Private Partnerships will support the project financially.
The most vital contribution will be provided by the centre as it will provide Rs. 48,000 crores over five years i.e. on an
average Rs. 100 crore per city per year. Matching the center’s contribution, an equal amount will be made by the State/ULBs.
Altogether nearly one lakh crore rupees from government sources will be available for Smart Cities Project. For the
implementation of the project each city should form a dedicated Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV).
2. Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation (AMRUT) Project
Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation (AMRUT) along with smart cities were jointly planned and launched by
the government to transform urban living conditions through infrastructure upgradation. AMRUT is aimed at transforming 500
cities and towns into efficient urban living spaces over a period of five years. Ministry of Urban Development has selected the
five hundred cities with the help of state governments.

6. A project oriented development approach is adopted under the scheme in contrast to the area based approach of Smart Cities
Mission. The Cabinet approved Rs 50,000 crore for this mission which is to be spent over a period five years. This is a centrally
sponsored scheme with 80% budgetary support from the Centre.
Mission of AMRUT is to
(i) ensure that every household has access to a tap with assured supply of water and a sewerage connection
(ii) increase the amenity value of cities by developing greenery and well maintained open spaces (e.g. parks)
(iii) reduce pollution by switching to public transport or constructing facilities for non-motorized transport (e.g. walking and
cycling).
3. Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (Urban) or Housing for All by 2022 Mission
The ‘Housing for All by 2022’ under the scheme of “Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana – Housing for All (Urban)” launched by the
central government aims to provide housing to all urban people by 2022. It provides central assistance to States and UTs for
constructing houses to all eligible sections by concentrating on urban slums and economically weaker sections. Hence, slum
rehabilitation and affordable housing to Economically Weaker Sections are the major features of the project.
The programme has following components: –
a) Slum rehabilitation of Slum Dwellers with participation of private developers using land as a resource;
b) Promotion of Affordable Housing for weaker section through credit linked subsidy;
c) Affordable housing in partnership with Public & Private sectors and
d) Subsidy for beneficiary-led individual house construction or enhancement.
4. Heritage City Development and Augmentation Yojana (HRIDAY)
The HRIDAY scheme is launched fro the holistic development of heritage cities. It amis to preserve and revitalize the unique
character of heritage cities in India. for the first phase of the programme Rs , 500 crore is allocated with full funding by the
central government. Twelve cities—including Ajmer, Amaravati, Amritsar etc are identified for the project.
5. Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission
JNNURM was launched in 2005 as the flagship scheme for urban development. The programme had two components viz., Basic
Services for Urban poor (BSUP) and Integrated Housing and Slum Development Programme (IHSDP). Civic amenities were
improved under the programme including urban transportation. The programme aimed at integrated development of slums
through projects for providing shelter, basic services and other related civic amenities.

7. 6. Urban transportation
Several initiatives were taken to enhance public transport system including the Bus Rapid Transit Systems (BRTS) approved for
11 cities under the Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM). The transportation system will be equipped
with Intelligent Transport System (ITS) and Metro Rail Projects.
7. Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM)
A major associated urban development program is making India’s urban centres clean. For this, the SBM targets to achieve 100
per cent scientific management of municipal solid waste in 4041 statutory towns/ cities in the country by 2019.
Besides the above initiatives, several associated development programmes like industrial corridors, NHDP, Jawaharlal Nehru
National Urban Renewal Mission, National Urban Livelihood Mission etc., aims to add infrastructure and other amenities to the
urban areas.
The Infrastructure Crisis
Despite the importance of infrastructure for economic and social well-being, we are faced with several problems
• Infrastructure in developed countries is old, unreliable, inefficient and in need of replacement.
• In developing countries, infrastructure is often not available
o Large portions of urban and rural populations in developing countries have inadequate access to water and
sanitation
o Power supply is non-existent or unreliable and people are faced with frequent power-cuts.
o Quality of road infrastructure is often bad, leading to long travel times and increased vehicle maintenance costs.
Width of roads is also often a constraining factor leading to traffic jams and blocks.
o Several of these problems currently hold true for many areas in India as well.
• This is therefore a golden opportunity for engineers with technical as well as managerial and policy level knowledge of these
issues, since there is a huge demand for such people to enter the workforce and solve the worlds infrastructure
inadequacies.
Why do we have so many problems with infrastructure?
This particular question and ways in which to solve it will the focus of this entire course. It is therefore impossible to answer this
question right away. Before we conclude this session, we list out a few of the causes for the failure to provide adequate
infrastructure

8. • Lack of funds
• Lack of implementation and management capabilities
• Corruption, bureaucracy and unfair competition
• Land acquisition issues involving dealing with displaced people and special interest groups
• etc.
Topic #2 Explain the role of Infrastructure Planning in shaping the future of any city.
Importance of understanding Infrastructure for an Urban Planner
Such classifications highlight the basic significance of the Infrastructure and link the basic developmental ideals with Physical
Planning which are:
• Infrastructure is instrumental in promoting economic growth. It enables faster access to destinations, increase in productivity. It
incentives for construction of facilities, infrastructure and residential infrastructure, which in turn promote economic growth.
Further, there is an improved access and transfer of data, leading to reduced travel times and increases in productivity. Also,
reliable and abundant power enables setting up of industries and residences that create jobs, manufacture products and
promote economic growth
• Alongside, infrastructure also plays a role in alleviating poverty. it enables more reliable access to markets so that fresher goods
can be sold at lower wastage levels. With adequate infrastructure, there is improved health, reduction in health related
spending, potential increase in income savings. People have increased access to information leading to improved ability to
make decisions on issues like selling price of produce etc. Additionally, twenty-four hour electricity increase the duration of the
productive working day, thereby augmenting income, increasing agricultural yields etc.
This inter-relationship between economic developments, poverty alleviation and infrastructure puts planners into practice.
Creation of a flexible classification, formation of a minimum set of methods for assessing infrastructure endowment and methods
for assessing its impact, empirical evaluation of economic effects of interaction between different levels of infrastructure system
make up the concerned subjects for physical planners.

9. Cities of the Indus Valley Civilization:
The Indus River Valley Civilization contained urban centers with well-conceived and organized infrastructure, architecture, and
systems of governance.
The remains of the Indus Valley Civilization cities indicate remarkable organization; there were well-ordered wastewater drainage
and trash collection systems, and possibly even public granaries and baths. Most city-dwellers were artisans and merchants
grouped together in distinct neighborhoods. The quality of urban planning suggests efficient municipal governments that placed
a high priority on hygiene or religious ritual.
Infrastructure of the city
Harappa, Mohenjo-daro, and the recently, partially-excavated Rakhigarhi demonstrate the world’s first known urban sanitation
systems.
The ancient Indus systems of sewerage and drainage developed and used in cities throughout the Indus region were far more
advanced than any found in contemporary urban sites in the Middle East, and even more efficient than those in many areas of
Pakistan and India today.
Individual homes drew water from wells, while waste water was directed to covered drains on the main streets.
Houses opened only to inner courtyards and smaller lanes, and even the smallest homes on the city outskirts were believed to
have been connected to the system, further supporting the conclusion that cleanliness was a matter of great importance.
Harappans demonstrated advanced architecture with dockyards, granaries, warehouses, brick platforms, and protective walls.
These massive walls likely protected the Harappans from floods and may have dissuaded military conflicts. Unlike Mesopotamia
and Ancient Egypt, the inhabitants of the Indus Valley Civilization did not build large, monumental structures. There is no
conclusive evidence of palaces or temples (or even of kings, armies, or priests), and the largest structures may be granaries. The
city of Mohenjo-daro contains the “Great Bath,” which may have been a large, public bathing and social area.
6. 7. 8. 9.

10. In the developing world
According to researchers at the Overseas Development Institute, the lack of infrastructure in many developing countries represents
one of the most significant limitations to economic growth and achievement of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs).
Infrastructure investments and maintenance can be very expensive, especially in such areas as landlocked, rural and sparsely
populated countries in Africa. It has been argued that infrastructure investments contributed to more than half of Africa's improved
growth performance between 1990 and 2005, and increased investment is necessary to maintain growth and tackle poverty. The
returns to investment in infrastructure are very significant, with on average thirty to forty percent returns for telecommunications
investments, over forty percent for electricity generation, and eighty percent for roads.
Coronavirus implications
The 2020 COVID-19 pandemic has only exacerbated the underfunding of infrastructure globally that has been accumulating for
decades. The pandemic has increased unemployment and has widely disrupted the economy. This has serious impacts on
households, businesses, and federal, state and local governments. This is especially detrimental to infrastructure because it is so
dependent on funding from government agencies—with state and local governments accounting for approximately 75% of
spending on public infrastructure in the United States.Governments are facing enormous decreases in revenue, economic
downturns, overworked health systems, and hesitant workforces, resulting in huge budget deficits across the board. Another factor
to consider is that a big portion of the infrastructure systems are also supported by user-generated revenue streams. Along with
the onset of the pandemic and lockdowns, commercial water use has decreased, fewer commuters are on the roads and using
public transportation, and airports have become almost entirely empty.
Masdar City
Masdar City is a proposed zero emission smart city that will be contracted in the United Arab Emirates. Some individuals have
referred to this planned settlement as “utopia-like”, due to the fact that it will feature multiple sustainable infrastructure elements,
including energy, water, waste management, and transportation. Masdar City will have a power infrastructure containing
renewable energy methods including solar energy.
Masdar City is located in a desert region, meaning that sustainable collection and distribution of water is dependent on the city’s
ability to utilize water at innovative stages of the water cycle. Masdar City will use groundwater, greywater, seawater, blackwater,
and other water resources to obtain both drinking and landscaping water.
Initially, Masdar City will be waste-free. Recycling and other waste management and waste reduction methods will be encouraged.
Additionally, the city will implement a system to convert waste into fertilizer, which will decrease the amount of space needed for
waste accumulation as well as provide an environmentally friendly alternative to traditional fertilizer production methods.

11. No cars will be allowed in Masdar City, contributing to low carbon emissions within the city boundaries. Instead, alternative
transportation options will be prioritized during infrastructure development. This means that a bike lane network will be accessible
and comprehensive, and other options will also be available.
Source: https://www.borgenmagazine.com/masdar-city-focuses-sustainability-excludes-poor/
About India
India's urban populations will grow substantially out to 2035. Without significant investment, India's urban infrastructure gap
will continue to widen. India has major, nationwide programs underway and an appetite for investment and expertise.
Australian service providers have competitive advantages in niche areas of Indian demand.
DEMAND FOR URBAN DEVELOPMENT
India's urban population is growing rapidly and placing immense pressure on its cities each year, about 10 million people move
from rural areas to towns and cities this rural migration, combined with urban population growth, means India adds an urban
population equivalent to three Los Angeles each year.
by 2025, India will have 69 cities with a population of one million or more
by 2035, India's urban population is expected to reach 640 million.

12. India's urban infrastructure lags behind economically comparable nations and requires significant investment to upgrade existing,
and create new, infrastructure.
India's cities already face traffic congestion and pollution, infrastructure deficits, governance problems and suffer from poor
connectivity to essential services together, these factors impede commerce, limit employment opportunities and hamper the
health of citizens.
Of these key urban infrastructure deficits, water
deserves particular consideration
• India is likely to face a water security crisis before
2030, when demand is projected to outstrip
supply around 50 per cent of urban water demand
will remain unfilled in 2030.
• The water in nearly half of the country's interstate
rivers has been assessed as unfit for any purpose
due to pollution.
• agricultural production already uses 80 per cent of
India's water, is depleting groundwater levels and
will continue to increase to feed the growing
population.
This will leave less water available for urban domestic
use India therefore has a dire need for more efficient
water use and management.
Thank you

13. Please read: https://www.encyclopedia.com/international/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/urban-infrastructure
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