Weighted index number - business statistics
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Index Number
- Index numbers measure relative changes in variables like prices, quantities, values over time from a base period. They are used to frame policies, reveal trends, and for deflating purposes.
- There are different methods for constructing index numbers, including simple aggregate methods, simple average of relatives methods, and weighted index numbers that assign weights.
- Common weighted indexes include the Laspeyres method which uses base period weights, the Paasche method which uses current period weights, and the Fisher Ideal Index which takes the geometric mean of the Laspeyres and Paasche.
Weighted index numbers
The document provides examples of calculating different types of weighted index numbers to measure changes in prices over time. It discusses weighted aggregative price index numbers, which calculate total expenditures for a current and base year using item weights. It also describes weighted average of relative price index numbers. Specific methods covered include Laspeyre's index, Paasche's index, Fisher's ideal index, and Marshall-Edgeworth price index. Formulas and examples are given for calculating each type of index number from sample price and quantity data for multiple time periods.
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Index number
This document discusses index numbers, which are statistical tools used to measure relative changes in variables such as prices or quantities over time. It defines index numbers and outlines their key features and types, including price, quantity, value, simple and composite index numbers. The document also describes several methods for constructing index numbers, such as Laspeyre's method, Paasche's method, Fisher's ideal method and consumer price indexes. Index numbers are expressed as percentages and measure the effect of changes over periods of time.
SML vs CML
CML is a graphical representation that tells the rate at which the securities are providing a return. SML tells the relation between the required rate of return of security as a function of the non-diversifiable risk.
https://efinancemanagement.com/investment-decisions/sml-vs-cml
Capital structure ppt
The document discusses capital structure and its theories. It defines capital structure as the proportion of long-term debt and equity used to finance a company's assets. A company's capital structure determines its risk and cost of capital. There are several theories on capital structure including the net income, net operating income, traditional, and Modigliani-Miller approaches. The optimal capital structure balances minimum costs and risks. Factors like tax rates, control, flexibility, and legal requirements influence a company's choice of capital structure.
Introduction portfolio management
noorulhadi Lecturer at Govt College of Management Sciences, noorulhadi99@yahoo.com
i have prepared these slides and still using in mylectures, Reference: Portfolio management by S kevin and online sources
Recommended
Index Number
- Index numbers measure relative changes in variables like prices, quantities, values over time from a base period. They are used to frame policies, reveal trends, and for deflating purposes.
- There are different methods for constructing index numbers, including simple aggregate methods, simple average of relatives methods, and weighted index numbers that assign weights.
- Common weighted indexes include the Laspeyres method which uses base period weights, the Paasche method which uses current period weights, and the Fisher Ideal Index which takes the geometric mean of the Laspeyres and Paasche.
Weighted index numbers
The document provides examples of calculating different types of weighted index numbers to measure changes in prices over time. It discusses weighted aggregative price index numbers, which calculate total expenditures for a current and base year using item weights. It also describes weighted average of relative price index numbers. Specific methods covered include Laspeyre's index, Paasche's index, Fisher's ideal index, and Marshall-Edgeworth price index. Formulas and examples are given for calculating each type of index number from sample price and quantity data for multiple time periods.
Dividend Decisions
All types of dividend decisions, theories of dividend decision are explained in a gist to help in presenting and learning purpose
Finance function
The finance function involves acquiring and utilizing funds for a business. It is classified into long-term and short-term financial decisions. Long-term decisions include financing, investment, and dividend policy decisions. Financing decisions deal with acquiring and deploying funds. Investment decisions relate to selecting fixed and current assets. Dividend policy decisions determine how much profit to distribute versus retain. Short-term decisions include liquidity management to ensure sufficient current assets and avoid illiquidity. The finance function aims to provide funds favorably, manage all cash-related activities, and effectively procure and utilize funds for the business.
Index number
This document discusses index numbers, which are statistical tools used to measure relative changes in variables such as prices or quantities over time. It defines index numbers and outlines their key features and types, including price, quantity, value, simple and composite index numbers. The document also describes several methods for constructing index numbers, such as Laspeyre's method, Paasche's method, Fisher's ideal method and consumer price indexes. Index numbers are expressed as percentages and measure the effect of changes over periods of time.
SML vs CML
CML is a graphical representation that tells the rate at which the securities are providing a return. SML tells the relation between the required rate of return of security as a function of the non-diversifiable risk.
https://efinancemanagement.com/investment-decisions/sml-vs-cml
Capital structure ppt
The document discusses capital structure and its theories. It defines capital structure as the proportion of long-term debt and equity used to finance a company's assets. A company's capital structure determines its risk and cost of capital. There are several theories on capital structure including the net income, net operating income, traditional, and Modigliani-Miller approaches. The optimal capital structure balances minimum costs and risks. Factors like tax rates, control, flexibility, and legal requirements influence a company's choice of capital structure.
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i have prepared these slides and still using in mylectures, Reference: Portfolio management by S kevin and online sources
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The document discusses capital structure, which refers to the proportion of debt, preferred stock, and common equity used to finance a company's assets. Capital structure includes long-term debt and stockholder equity. Capitalization refers to the total amount of securities issued, while capital structure refers to the types and proportions of securities. Financial structure includes all financial resources, both short- and long-term. An optimal capital structure maximizes share price and minimizes cost of capital. Factors that determine a company's capital structure include financial leverage, growth and stability of sales, cost of capital, cash flow ability, nature and size of the firm, control, flexibility, requirements of investors, and capital market conditions.
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The Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) uses beta to measure the non-diversifiable risk of a security and determine its expected return. CAPM assumes investors want to maximize returns and only consider systematic risk. It models expected return as the risk-free rate plus a risk premium based on the security's beta. The Security Market Line graphs this relationship between beta and expected return. Some researchers like Fama and French have expanded CAPM with additional size and value factors.
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The document discusses various aspects of portfolio management including the phases, approaches, traditional and modern theories. It describes the steps in traditional approach as analyzing constraints, determining objectives, selecting portfolio, assessing risk and return, and evaluation/diversification. The modern approach focuses on asset allocation based on calculated risk and return. Key modern portfolio theories discussed are Markowitz theory, Sharpe's single index model, and Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM). It also covers portfolio revision, constraints, and strategies like passive and active management, as well as formula plans.
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The document discusses the cost of capital, which is the rate of return a firm requires to increase its market value. It has three components: return at zero risk, business risk premium, and financial risk premium. Cost of capital is classified as historical vs future, specific vs composite, average vs marginal, and explicit vs implicit. Specific costs include cost of debt, preference shares, equity shares, and retained earnings. Composite cost is the weighted average cost of different sources. Cost of capital is computed using book value weights or market value weights to determine the weighted average cost of capital (WACC).
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This document provides an overview of index numbers, including their meaning, features, advantages, limitations, construction methods, and examples of important index numbers. Index numbers are statistical measures used to compare economic variables, like prices or production, over time. They show percentage changes from a base period and are widely used by governments, businesses, and economists to understand inflation trends and formulate policies. The document discusses various methods for constructing index numbers, such as Laspeyre's method, Paasche's method, and Fisher's method which involve assigning weights. Important commonly used index numbers mentioned include the Consumer Price Index, Sensex, Agricultural Production Index, and Wholesale Price Index.
Portfolio management
The document discusses portfolio management and Markowitz portfolio theory. It defines a portfolio as a combination of securities like stocks and bonds that are blended together to achieve optimal returns with minimum risk. Portfolio management aims to maximize returns and minimize risk through activities like monitoring performance, evaluating investments, and revising the portfolio. Markowitz portfolio theory introduced diversification to reduce unsystematic risk and developed algorithms to minimize portfolio risk by measuring the standard deviation of returns and considering the expected returns and covariances between securities. The theory assumes investors are risk-averse and can reduce risk by adding diversified investments to their portfolio.
Single index model
The document summarizes William Sharpe's single index model from 1963, which simplified Harry Markowitz's earlier portfolio selection model. The single index model assumes that only one macroeconomic factor, represented by a market index like the S&P 500, influences the systematic risk of stock returns. It expresses the return of a security as the sum of its expected excess return, its sensitivity to market movements, and random error. This allows estimating portfolio variance and minimum variance portfolios based only on market risk rather than the full covariance matrix.
Indian financial system ppt
The financial system comprises intermediaries, markets, and instruments that transform savings into investments. It provides financial inputs that are crucial for economic development and improving standards of living. The system involves the activities of saving, financing, and investment. It includes various institutions like banks, non-banking financial companies, and financial markets that facilitate transactions and allocate resources. Financial instruments are traded in these markets to raise capital. The system also provides important financial services. However, the Indian financial system faces some weaknesses like a lack of coordination and inactive capital markets.
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Capital Structure.pdf
The document discusses capital structure and various theories related to it. It defines capital structure as the combination of capital from different sources of financing. It then discusses factors that affect capital structure decisions like control, risk, cost, size and nature of business. It explains optimal capital structure as the perfect mix of debt and equity that maximizes firm value while minimizing cost of capital. It also discusses various methods of analyzing optimal capital structure including EBIT-EPS analysis and indifference point analysis. Finally, it summarizes different theories around capital structure like net income, net operating income, traditional and Modigliani-Miller approaches.
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The capital market allows investors to trade various investment instruments like bonds, equities, and mortgages. It connects investors with surplus funds to those with deficits, providing long-term and overnight funding. Financial instruments traded include equities, credit products, insurance, foreign exchange, hybrids, and derivatives. The capital market has two main segments - the primary market where new securities are issued, and the secondary market where existing securities are traded, creating liquidity.
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Effects ppt
The document defines the substitution effect, income effect, and price effect. The substitution effect refers to changes in quantity demanded from a change in relative price holding income constant. The income effect refers to changes from a change in real income holding price constant. The price effect is the total change from a price change and equals the substitution effect plus the income effect. A price decrease can lead to an increase, decrease, or no change in quantity demanded depending on whether the good is normal or inferior and the relative magnitude of the substitution and income effects.
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This document discusses various methods of pricing, including cost-oriented and market-oriented approaches. It describes mark-up pricing, absorption cost pricing, target-return pricing, perceived value pricing, going rate pricing, and auction-type pricing. For each method, it provides examples of industries that use that approach and explains how to calculate pricing using that method. The key methods discussed are mark-up pricing based on desired profit margins, absorption cost pricing which includes all costs, and target-return pricing where the profit margin is set based on desired return on investment.
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This document provides an overview of index numbers, including their meaning, features, advantages, limitations, construction methods, and examples of important index numbers. Index numbers are statistical measures used to compare economic variables, like prices or production, over time. They show percentage changes from a base period and are widely used by governments, businesses, and economists to understand inflation trends and formulate policies. The document discusses various methods for constructing index numbers, such as Laspeyre's method, Paasche's method, and Fisher's method which involve assigning weights. Important commonly used index numbers mentioned include the Consumer Price Index, Sensex, Agricultural Production Index, and Wholesale Price Index.
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Random walk theory
The document discusses the random walk theory as applied to stock prices. It posits that stock prices follow random walks such that their movements cannot be predicted, making it impossible to outperform the market without taking on additional risk. The theory believes that fundamental analysis and technical analysis are futile for predicting prices. It implies the best investment strategy is to invest in a portfolio that reflects the overall stock market. The key aspects of the random walk theory are that stock price changes are independent and have the same probability distribution. Criticisms argue that prices may follow trends in the short run and the theory's basis is flawed.
Effects ppt
The document defines the substitution effect, income effect, and price effect. The substitution effect refers to changes in quantity demanded from a change in relative price holding income constant. The income effect refers to changes from a change in real income holding price constant. The price effect is the total change from a price change and equals the substitution effect plus the income effect. A price decrease can lead to an increase, decrease, or no change in quantity demanded depending on whether the good is normal or inferior and the relative magnitude of the substitution and income effects.
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This document summarizes a presentation on perfect competition in business economics. It includes:
1) An introduction defining perfect competition and noting it is a theoretical market model with assumptions like many small firms, homogeneous products, and perfect information.
2) An overview of the key assumptions of perfect competition like numerous firms, price-taking behavior, product homogeneity, free entry and exit, and perfect knowledge.
3) Short explanations of demand curves, short-run and long-run equilibrium, marginal costs and revenues, and the relationships between costs, revenues, and profits in different time periods.
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(๐๐๐ ๐๐๐) (๐๐๐ฌ๐ฌ๐จ๐ง ๐)-๐๐ซ๐๐ฅ๐ข๐ฆ๐ฌ
๐๐ข๐ฌ๐๐ฎ๐ฌ๐ฌ ๐ญ๐ก๐ ๐๐๐ ๐๐ฎ๐ซ๐ซ๐ข๐๐ฎ๐ฅ๐ฎ๐ฆ ๐ข๐ง ๐ญ๐ก๐ ๐๐ก๐ข๐ฅ๐ข๐ฉ๐ฉ๐ข๐ง๐๐ฌ:
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๐๐ฑ๐ฉ๐ฅ๐๐ข๐ง ๐ญ๐ก๐ ๐๐๐ญ๐ฎ๐ซ๐ ๐๐ง๐ ๐๐๐จ๐ฉ๐ ๐จ๐ ๐๐ง ๐๐ง๐ญ๐ซ๐๐ฉ๐ซ๐๐ง๐๐ฎ๐ซ:
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www.StokeNewingtonHistory.com
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptx
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
Mule event processing models | MuleSoft Mysore Meetup #47
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Event Link:- https://meetups.mulesoft.com/events/details/mulesoft-mysore-presents-mule-event-processing-models/
Agenda
โ What is event processing in MuleSoft?
โ Types of event processing models in Mule 4
โ Distinction between the reactive, parallel, blocking & non-blocking processing
For Upcoming Meetups Join Mysore Meetup Group - https://meetups.mulesoft.com/mysore/YouTube:- youtube.com/@mulesoftmysore
Mysore WhatsApp group:- https://chat.whatsapp.com/EhqtHtCC75vCAX7gaO842N
Speaker:-
Shivani Yasaswi - https://www.linkedin.com/in/shivaniyasaswi/
Organizers:-
Shubham Chaurasia - https://www.linkedin.com/in/shubhamchaurasia1/
Giridhar Meka - https://www.linkedin.com/in/giridharmeka
Priya Shaw - https://www.linkedin.com/in/priya-shaw
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"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
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The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analyticsโ feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
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Weighted index number - business statistics
- 1. Siilas campus Presentation- Business Statics Weighted Index Number Submitted to- Presented by- MR. Nitin Sharma Vinay kumar verma BBA- 3rd Sem (Sec โA)
- 2. INDEX โข Weighted Index number- Introduction โข Construction of Weighted Index Number โข Method of weighted Index Number Calculation โข Laspeyres method. โข Paasche method. โข Dorbish and bowleyโs method. โข Marshall-Edgeworth method. โข Fisherโs ideal method.
- 3. Weighted Index Number โ Introduction These index numbers are the simple aggregative type with the fundamental difference that weights are assigned to the various items included in the index.
- 4. Construction of Weighted Index Number There are two Methods :- 1. Weighted Aggregative Expenditure Method:- In this method No of units produced or used or sold in the base year are treated as weight. 2. Weighted Average of price Relative Method (Family Budget Method):- In this method price relative R of commodities are computed and they are multiplied by respective weight W; Again the some of these products are found out. They are denoted by ฮฃRW. W = Po.Qo R =
- 5. Method for Weighted Index Number Calculation ๏ต Laspeyres method. ๏ต Paasche method. ๏ต Dorbish and bowleyโs method. ๏ต Marshall-Edgeworth method. ๏ต Fisherโs ideal method.
- 6. ๏ต Laspeyres method :- In this method the weights are determined by quantities in the base. ๏ต Paascheโs Method :- The weights of current year are used as base year in constructing the Paascheโs Index number.
- 7. ๏ต Dorbish & Bowleys Method:- This method is average of Laspeyreโs and Paascheโs methods. ๏ต Marshall-Edgeworth Method :- ๏ตIn this index the numerator consists of an aggregate of the current years price multiplied by the weights of both the base year as well as the current year.
- 8. ๏ต Fisherโs Ideal Index :- Fisherโs deal index number is the geometric mean of the Laspeyreโs and Paascheโs index numbers.