Geothermal Energy
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Geothermal Energy March 2013 M.Sc. in Sustainability Management | SEM 604 - Energy Management National University
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Geothermal Energy
- 1. Geothermal Energy Michael R. Barr National University
- 2. Geothermal Energy Thermal energy generated and stored in the Earth 80% radioactive decay of minerals 20% original formation of the planet First uses Paleolithic Age – hot springs bathing 3rd Century BC – oldest known spa 1st Century AD – public baths and under-floor heating 14th Century – oldest district geothermal heating system 1827 – earliest industrial exploitation
- 3. The Technology Behind Geothermal Energy Electricity Generation Dry Steam Flash Steam - 360◦ F or higher Binary Cycle – 225◦ F to 360◦ F Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS) Low Temperature or Co- Produced Resources Heating and Cooling Agricultural Applications Direct Heating Heat Pumps
- 5. Current and Potential Usage Electricity generating potential Estimates vary from 35 to 2,000 GW worldwide Doesn’t include non-electric heat recovered by co-generation, geothermal heat pumps and other direct use. Current worldwide installed capacity 10,900 MW (2011 est.) 2006 MIT Report | U.S. $1 Billion R&D investment over 15 years 100 GW electrical generating capacity by 2050.
- 6. Current and Potential Usage 2011 Earth Policy Institute Report Geothermal source energy projected to double by 2015
- 7. Top 10 Geothermal Energy Locations (2010) Rank Country Installed Capacity (MW) National Energy Production (%) 1 United States 3,086 0.3 2 Philippines 1,904 27 3 Indonesia 1,197 3.7 4 Mexico 958 3 5 Italy 843 10 6 New Zealand 700 10 7 Iceland 575 30 8 Japan 536 0.3 9 El Salvador 204 14 10 Kenya 167 11.2 Source: Energy Digital (2012)
- 8. Leading Geothermal Energy Producers
- 9. Conclusions Geothermal energy… Cost effective, cleaner, reliable, sustainable, and environmentally friendly. Historically limited to tectonic plate boundaries. Technological advances open potential for widespread exploitation. Geothermal Energy can help mitigate global warming if widely deployed in place of fossil fuels. Resources theoretically more than adequate to supply worldwide energy needs. Future forecasts depend on assumptions about technology, energy prices, subsidies, and interest rates. Only a very small fraction can be sustainably exploited.
- 10. References Energy Digital (2012). Top Ten: Geothermal Energy Locations. Retrieved March 19, 2013 from http://www.energydigital.com/top_ten/top-10-business/top-ten-geothermal-energy . Geothermal Education Office (2005). Retrieved March 19, 2013 from http://geothermal.marin.org/. Massachusetts Institute of Technology (2006). The Future of Geothermal Energy - Impact of Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS) on the United States in the 21st Century. Retrieved March 19, 2013 from http://geothermal.inel.gov/publications/future_of_geothermal_energy.pdf National Renewable Energy Laboratory (2012). Retrieved March 19, 2013 from http://www.nrel.gov/learning/re_geo_elec_production.html Roney, J. (2011). Geothermal Power Heating Up Worldwide. Earth Policy Institute. Retrieved March 19, 2013 from http://www.earth- policy.org/plan_b_updates/2011/update98 Wikipedia (2013). Geothermal energy. Retrieved March 19, 2013 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_energy.
Editor's Notes
- 20 plants are still operating at The Geysers. Wastewater from nearby cities is injected into the field, providing environmentally safe disposal and increased steam to power plants. Picture © 2000 Geothermal Education Office Source http://geothermal.marin.org/geopresentation/sld053.htm
- Geothermal Energy is a renewable energy source of thermal energy that is generated and stored in the Earth. Approximately 80% Earth’s geothermal energy originates from the radioactive decay of minerals in the crust and 20% from the original formation of the planet. The word (adj.) geothermal originates from the Greek roots γη (ge), meaning earth, and θερμος (thermos), meaning hot. First Uses Bathing – Hot springs geothermal energy has been used for bathing since the Paleolithic age. The oldest known spa fed by a hot spring is a (stone) pool on China’s Lisan mountain, built in the Qin dynasty, 3rd century BC. Public Baths and Under-Floor Heating - Romans conquered Aquae Sulis (now Bath, Somerset, England) in 1st century AD and used the hot springs to feed public baths and under floor heating. Public bath admission fees probably represent the first commercial use of geothermal power. District Heating System - Chaudes-Aigues, France: oldest geothermal district heating system in operation since 14th century. Industrial Exploitation – 1827: Use of geyser steam to extract boric acid from volcanic muc in Larderello, Italy.
- Electricity Generation (used in 24 countries) Dry Steam - Power plants draw from underground steam resources; Piped directly from underground wells to the power plant where it is directed into a turbine/generator unit. There The Geysers in northern California is the only commercially available underground steam resource in the United States [Note: Yellowstone National Park in Wyoming, protected from development]. Flash Steam - Most common power plant that uses geothermal water reservoirs with temperatures greater than 360°F (182°C). Very hot water flows up through wells in the ground under its own pressure. As it flows upward, pressure decreases and some of the hot water boils into steam. Steam is separated from the water and used to power a turbine/generator. Leftover water and condensed steam are injected back into the reservoir, creating a sustainable resource. Binary cycle - Power plants operate on lower temperature water [225°–360°F ]. Use the hot water heat to boil a working fluid, usually an organic compound with a low boiling point. Working fluid is vaporized in a heat exchanger and used to turn a turbine. The water is then injected back into the ground to be reheated. The water and working fluid are in separate closed-loop systems; few if any emissions. Direct-use (Heating and Cooling – 70 countries) Applications tap geothermal resources to provide thermal energy. Projects are feasible throughout a larger section of the country because they use more widespread, low temperature resources (generally from 70°F to 300°F). Direct use applications commonly support agricultural and industrial activities but are also an efficient means of heating and cooling buildings. Modern direct-use systems - well is drilled into a geothermal reservoir to provide a steady stream of hot water up to a mechanical system—piping, a heat exchanger, and controls—which delivers the heat directly for its intended use. A disposal system then either injects the cooled water underground or disposes of it on the surface. Geothermal hot water applications: heating buildings (either individually or whole towns), raising plants in greenhouses, drying crops, heating water at fish farms, and several industrial processes, such as pasteurizing milk.
- The following diagram illustrates the existing, past and proposed uses of geothermal energy worldwide. Source: Geothermal Education Office (2005)
- Large upfront costs – R&D; capital investment startup ROI – huge and significant due to reliable supplies
- 10,900 megawatts of capacity installed worldwide generate enough renewable electricity to meet the needs of more than 6 million U.S. homes. Geothermal power has grown at just 3 percent annually over the last decade, but the pace is set to pick up substantially, with close to 9,000 megawatts of new capacity projected for 2015. 350 projects are under development in dozens of countries.
- United States [77 power plants generate 15 billion kWh electricity/year] Majority of geothermal energy comes from 9 western states…if tapped to full capacity, reserves could provide up to 20% of nation’s electricity needs. “The Geysers” – world’s largest known dry steam field; > 1,500 MW installed capacity; Calpine Corporation – largest geothermal energy producer in U.S. Philippines Using geothermal energy to power the multi-island nation since 1977; 1st geothermal power plant built on the island of Leyte. Chevron – world’s largest geothermal energy producer; $2 billion geothermal energy plant investments. 3. Indonesia [40% world’s geothermal potential; 28,000 MW potential energy] On track to develop 44 new geothermal energy power plants by 2014; increase capacity to 4,000 MW. 9,000 MW from geothermal by 2025. Mexico World’s largest geothermal power plant - Cerro Prieto Geothermal Power Station; 720 MW installed capacity, expansion to 820 MW by 2012 (Cerro Prieto located border of Sonora and Baja California Norte, just south of California USA). Italy 1st geothermal power plant/1st modern geothermal power plant; Larderello dry steam field, Tuscany. 1st country to apply geothermal energy at a national scale. Ancient Romans used the geothermal heat in the region to warm their water and run heat vents to keep buildings warm. New Zealand 2nd country (after Italy) to apply geothermal energy at a national scale. Geothermal energy installations provide consistent energy generation over all other renewable energy sources in the country (unpredictable weather patterns). Iceland 5 major geothermal power plants - generate electricity for 1/3 of the country; provides 90% of water and building heat. Geothermal potential so great that it actually heats city streets near geothermal fields throughout the winter. Japan ideally located for geothermal activity due to close proximity to Izu-Bonin-Mariana Arc, a convergent boundary of four tectonic plates in the Pacific “Ring of Fire.” Mitsubishi Materials Corp. and J-Power currently head Japan’s geothermal business efforts. El Salvador Using geothermal energy since 1975 from Ahuachapán geothermal field. 2 geothermal facilities exist; the 2nd being the Berlin power plant. 10. Kenya 1st African country to exploit geothermal energy commercially. Ideally positioned in Africa’s Great Rift Valley, a divergent plate boundary with excessive geothermal potential. Plans to increase geothermal capacity by 576 MW (2017); goal to reduce foreign oil dependency and provide 25% of country’s electricity needs.
- United States Calpine Corporation; Ormat Technologies, Inc., Chevron Corporation, Halliburton Philippines Chevron Corporation Indonesia Pertamina Mexico CFE – Comisión Federal de Electricidad Italy Enel Green Power New Zealand Mighty River Power; Contact Energy Iceland Mannvit Japan Mitsubishi Materials Corp.; J-Power El Salvador CEL - Comisión Ejecutiva Hidroeléctrica del Río Lempa 10. Kenya KenGen - Kenya Electricity Generating Company