The document discusses geothermal energy, including what it is, sources of geothermal energy, exploration methods, geothermal energy potential in India, conversion methods, applications, advantages, and disadvantages. It notes that India has significant untapped geothermal potential across seven provinces, and that the country's first geothermal plant is being developed in Chhattisgarh. Direct use applications of geothermal energy include heating, cooling, drying, and aquaculture. Advantages include being sustainable and reducing emissions, while disadvantages include potential land subsidence and soil salination if water is not reinjected.

2. CONTENT
 INTRODUCTION
 WHY EARTH IS HOT
 SOURCES OF GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
 EXPLORATION
 GEOTHERMAL ENERGY IN INDIA
 CONVERSION OF GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
 APPLICATIONS
 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
 CONCLUSION

3. Geothermal energy refers to the
production of energy using the
internal heat of the Earth’s crust. This
heat comes from the radioactive
decay of minerals and continual heat
loss from the earth’s original
formation.
What is Geothermal Energy

5. •Earth's internal heat is thermal energy generated
from radioactive decay and continual heat loss
from Earth's formation. Temperatures at the core–
mantle boundary may reach over 4000 °C
•The high temperature and pressure in Earth's
interior cause some rock to melt and solid mantle
to behave plastically, resulting in portions of
mantle convicting upward since it is lighter than
the surrounding rock. Rock and water is heated in
the crust, sometimes up to 370 °C

6. Sources of Geothermal Energy
•Hot water reservoirs
•Natural steam reservoirs
•Geo pressurised reservoirs
•Normal geothermal gradient
•Hot dry rocks

7. Exploration
1.Drilling
2.Geophysics
a) Seismology
b) Gravity
c) Resistivity and Magnetotelluries
3. Geochemistry

8. GEOTHERMAL
ENERGY IN
INDIA

9. PROSPECTS OF GEOTHERMAL ENERGY IN INDIA
1. About 6.5% of electricity generation in the world is done by geothermal energy and
India can play an important role in the coming years in this direction.
2. Geological Survey of India has identified about 340 geothermal hot springs in the
country. Most of them are in the low surface temperature range from 37o
C-90o
C which
is suitable for direct heat applications.
3. Grouped into seven geothermal provinces. Himalayan (Puga, Chhumathang), Sahara
Valley, Cambay Basin, Son-Narmada-Tapi (SONATA) lineament belt, West Coast,
Godavari basin and Mahanadi basin.
4. A new location of geothermal power energy has also been found in Tattapani in
Chhattisgarh. Gujarat is set to tap geothermal electricity through resources which are
available in Cambay between Narmada and Tapi river.
5. India’s first geothermal plant to come up in Chhattisgarh. NTPC has already started
exploratory and preparatory work in this area. It has also started talks with Oil and
Natural Gas Corp and international organisations for drilling operation.

11. Geothermal Field Estimated (min.) reservoir
Temp (Approx)
Status
Puga geothermal field 240̊C at 2000m From geochemical and deep geophysical
studies (MT)
Tattapani Sarguja
(Chhattisgarh)
120̊C - 150̊C at 500 meter and
200 Cat 2000 m
Magnetotelluric survey done by NGRI
Tapoban Chamoli
(Uttarakhand)
100̊C at 430 meter Magnetotelluric survey done by NGRI
Cambay Garben (Gujrat) 160̊C at 1900 meter (From Oil
exploration borehole)
Steam discharge was estimated 3000 cu
meter/ day with high temprature gradient.
Badrinath Chamoli
(Uttarakhand)
150̊C estimated Magneto-telluric study was done by NGRI
Deep drilling required to ascertain
geothermal field
Surajkund Hazaribagh
(Jharkhand)
110̊C Magneto-telluric study was done by NGRI.
Heat rate 128.6 mW/m2
Manikaran
Kullu (H P)
100̊C Magneto-telluric study was done by NGRI.
Heat rate 128.6 mW/m2
Kasol 110̊C Magneto-telluric study was done by NGRI
Current Projects in India

12. Geothermal companies:
• Panx Geothermal
• LNJ Bhilwara
• Tata Power
• Thermax
• NTPC
• Avin Energy Systems
• GeoSyndicate Power
Private Limite

14. Direct Steam Plant
Dry Steam Plants: These were the first type of plants created. They use
underground steam to directly turn the turbines.

15. Flash Steam Plants
Flash Steam Plants: These are the most common plants. These systems pull deep, high
pressured hot water that reaches temperatures of 3600F or more to the surface. This
water is transported to low pressure chambers, and the resulting steam drives the
turbines. The remaining water and steam are then injected back into the source from
which they were taken

16. Binary Cycle Plants: This system passes moderately hot geothermal water past a
liquid, usually an organic fluid, that has a lower boiling point. The resulting steam
from the organic liquid drives the turbines. This process does not produce any
emissions and the water temperature needed for the water is lower than that
needed in the Flash Steam Plants (2500F – 3600F).
Binary Cycle Plants

17. Air conditioning DryingIndustries
Aquaculture
Farming
Melting snow
Application of Geothermal energy
Space heating

18. Advantages
1. Homegrown Energy.
2. Good alternative to fossil fuels.
3. Less gaseous emission.
4. Low maintainence.
5. Saves energy upto 50% in comparison to conventional
systems.
6. Independent of weather.
7. A sustainable source of energy.

19. Disadvantages
1. May cause Land Subsidence, this can lead to an increase in
seismic activity.
2. Can salinate the soil if the water is not injected back into the
reserve after the heat is extracted.
3. Can release H2S. This gas can cause problems if large
quantities escape because inhaling too much is fatal.
4. Geothermal Energy can not be easily transported.

22. Conclusion
Due to the fact that there is 75-80% chance of failure for
exploratory well digging and geothermal energy is not
available at all places, countries like India is unable to install a
geothermal power plant due to high risk and unavailability of
geothermal energy.
Global geothermal power capacity is expected to rise
to just over 35 GW by 2023, with the biggest capacity
additions expected in U.S., Indonesia, Kenya, Philippines
and Turkey.

23. REFERENCES
[1.] Mukul Chandra Bora.” Geothermal Energy : Indian
scenario”, September 2010
[2.] Alyssa Kagel etal.,” Promoting Geothermal Energy: Air
Emissions Comparison and Externality Analysis”,2005
[3.] Anita Sowa-Watrak,” The Criteria for Suitable Location of
Geothermal plant”
[4.] World Energy Council (https://www.worldenergy.org)
[9.] Geothermal Energy Association(http://geo-energy.org)