This document discusses several ethical theories and concepts related to using child labor:
- Consequentialism focuses on the consequences of actions and argues that using child labor could maximize benefits and utility. However, deontology argues it violates moral rules and principles of protecting children.
- Cultural relativism could defend child labor as a local cultural practice, but offers no way to evaluate practices or progress morally. Using child labor also fails tests of universalizability in Kantian ethics.
- Virtue ethics notes that using child labor fails to cultivate virtues of compassion and fairness, and damages children's development into moral exemplars. Overall, most major ethical theories condemn using child labor due to the harms inflicted on children.
Traditionally, normative ethics (also known as moral theory) was the study of what makes actions right and wrong. These theories offered an overarching moral principle one could appeal to in resolving difficult moral decisions.
An in-depth look at ethical issues facing accountants and business professionals today. Presented by Heidi Tribunella, MS, CPA and Dr. Thomas Tribunella, CPA.
It contains factors that a professional should include while making decision when he/she is in moral dilemma. It also gives insights on moral, ethics and engineers code of conduct.
Life is about choices. We deal with choices in our personal lives everyday. Most of us are guided by such questions as, “Is this the correct thing to do? Is this the right decision to make?” We are guided by our own sense of morality, i.e. the difference between right and wrong.
Ethics, ethical behaviour, and the culture of ethics starts with the leadership of an organization. Associates in an organization emulate the behaviour of the leaders of the organization. So, if the leaders behave unethically, then, it stands to reason that subordinates will, also.
Virtue ethics is an approach to ethics which emphasizes the character of the moral agent, rather than rules or consequences, as the key element of ethical thinking.
Traditionally, normative ethics (also known as moral theory) was the study of what makes actions right and wrong. These theories offered an overarching moral principle one could appeal to in resolving difficult moral decisions.
An in-depth look at ethical issues facing accountants and business professionals today. Presented by Heidi Tribunella, MS, CPA and Dr. Thomas Tribunella, CPA.
It contains factors that a professional should include while making decision when he/she is in moral dilemma. It also gives insights on moral, ethics and engineers code of conduct.
Life is about choices. We deal with choices in our personal lives everyday. Most of us are guided by such questions as, “Is this the correct thing to do? Is this the right decision to make?” We are guided by our own sense of morality, i.e. the difference between right and wrong.
Ethics, ethical behaviour, and the culture of ethics starts with the leadership of an organization. Associates in an organization emulate the behaviour of the leaders of the organization. So, if the leaders behave unethically, then, it stands to reason that subordinates will, also.
Virtue ethics is an approach to ethics which emphasizes the character of the moral agent, rather than rules or consequences, as the key element of ethical thinking.
Overview of ethics and information technologySJBennett228
This module provide an overview of Ethical Theories and how these are used when making decisions. There is an Information Technology focus in the slides.
1Kantian Ethics1724-1804Spent virtually all of his life inAnastaciaShadelb
1
Kantian Ethics
1724-1804
Spent virtually all of his life in Konigsberg, East Prussia.
From a Lutheran family.
Never married.
Immanuel Kant
1
2
Distinguish
Utilitarianism—Teleological Theory
Goal directed
Kantian Ethics—Deontological Theory
Duty based
2
3
Kant’s Moral Theory
Kant wanted to “seek out and establish the supreme principle of morality.”
3
4
Morality and Rationality
For Kant, all of morality has its ultimate source in rationality. The categorical imperative, in any formulation, is an expression of rationality, and it is the principle that would be followed in practice by any purely rational being.
4
5
Morality and Rationality
Moral rules are not mere arbitrary conventions or subjective standards. They are objective truths that have their source in the rational nature of human beings.
5
6
Autonomy
For Kant, morality presupposes autonomy.
Autonomous = not controlled by others or by outside forces; independent. Independent in mind or judgment; self-directed.
6
7
Consequences are Morally Irrelevant
For Kant, the consequences of an action are morally irrelevant. Rather, an action is right when it is in accordance with a rule that satisfies a principle he calls the “categorical imperative.”
7
8
Categorical Imperative
And to act out of respect for the law means to follow the “categorical imperative.”
Cf. Hypothetical Imperative
8
9
Categorical Imperative
Kant’s moral theory centers around the categorical imperative.
“Act only on that maxim which you can at the same time will to be a universal law.”
9
10
Universality
You must be willing to see your maxim universalized (by similarly situated persons) even though it may turn out on some other occasion to work to your disadvantage.
10
11
Psychological Agreement Not Required
For a maxim to satisfy the categorical imperative, it is not necessary that we be agreeable in some psychological sense to seeing it made into a universal law. Rather, the test is one that requires us to avoid inconsistency or conflict in what we will as a universal rule.
11
12
Similar Cases = Similar Treatment
All things being equal, justice dictates that similarly situated people ought to be treated similarly.
12
13
Other Formulations
“I am never to act unless I am acting on a maxim that I can will to become a universal law.”
“Act as if the maxims you choose to follow always become universal laws of nature.”
“Act so as to treat people as ends unto themselves and never merely as a means.”
...
Chapter One
Theory of Health Care Ethics
1
2
Why Study Ethics?
Because health care is changing, you need tools for making necessary and difficult decisions.
It will help you better understand patients, fellow professionals, and the system in general.
It will assist you in building and maintaining your career.
3
3
Types of Ethics
Normative ethics
Is the study of what is right and wrong.
Metaethics
Is the study of ethical concepts and theories.
4
4
Types of Normative Ethical Theories
Authority-based
Egoistic
Natural law
Deontological
Teleological
Virtue
5
5
Ethical Relativism
Ethical relativism purports that there is no absolute theory for ethics.
However, this lack of a complete theory does not mean everything is relative.
People need to make rational decisions about ethics-based issues.
Therefore, ethics theories are useful.
6
6
Egoism as Ethics Theory
Egoism is based on the idea that one’s self interest is the basis of one’s ethics decisions.
Theory is not helpful in health care ethics because professionals are taught to set aside self-interest.
The interests of the patient should come first.
7
7
Authority-based Ethics Theory
Decisions about ethics (right or wrong) are based on central authority such as in a theology or an ideology.
For health care ethics, there may be difficulty deciding which authority is the correct one.
However, knowing this view of ethics helps with understanding patients and health policy decisions.
8
8
Virtue Ethics Theory
Is founded in the writings of Aristotle.
Everything moves from potentiality to actuality.
Character development allows you to actualize your highest good.
Eudaimonia should be sought as the highest good.
9
9
Virtue Ethics Theory
Eudaimonia means that you seek to build your character and increase virtue.
Professional education seeks to develop people of high character.
People who work toward eudaimonia become persons of practical wisdom.
10
10
Virtue Ethics Theory
Principles of ethics can help to define your character and assist with your actions. See Chapter Two for more.
Virtue ethics is criticized as being elitist.
Virtue ethics requires the balancing of conflicting obligations.
People with practical wisdom can make appropriate ethical decisions.
11
11
Natural Law Theory
It is founded in the writings of St. Thomas Aquinas
It assumes that nature is rational and orderly.
Humans are part of the natural world and are given the ability to be rational.
Our natural reason allows us to distinguish right from wrong.
12
12
Natural Law Theory
Reason is also action in that humans can choose to do good or evil.
The Principle of Double Effect helps us decided which action is good.
Good is also defined as that which helps to maximize potential such as preserving life, gaining wisdom, and knowing God.
13
13
Natural Law Theory
In natural law, there are some acts that are not ethical because they violate the ability to reach one’s potent ...
The biggest corporation, like the humblest citiz.docxmehek4
“The biggest corporation, like the humblest citizen, must be held to strict compliance with the will of the people.”
--Theodore Roosevelt
Ethics:
The values an individual uses to interpret whether any particular action or behavior is considered acceptable or appropriate.
The social rules that govern & limit our conduct, especially the ultimate rules concerning right and wrong.
The basic guidelines for cooperative social existence.
Serves to restrain the purely self-interested desires in each of us in order to make it possible for all of us to live together.
The collective values of a business organization that can be used to evaluate whether the behavior of the collective members of the organization are considered acceptable and appropriate.
Business Ethics:
Moral/Ethical problems in business:
a conflict between financial performance (revenues, costs, & profits) and social performance (obligations to all stakeholders).
Ethical standards get confused with:
Law
Etiquette
Conscience
Corporate/Professional codes
Religion
Moral or Ethical Perspectives:
Moral RelativismMoral UniversalismMoral Perspecivalism
Moral Relativism:
The belief that morality is just a function of what a particular society happens to believe, that what is right is determined by what a society says is right.
e.g. abortion is condemned as immoral in Catholic Spain, but is practiced
as a morally neutral form of birth control in Japan.
Moral relativists believe that there is no absolute moral standard, no universal definition of right or wrong.
e.g. polygamy, stealing, slavery have all been tolerated by the moral system
of one society or another
Moral Relativism Presents some unpleasant implications:
1. it undermines any moral criticism of the practices of other
societies as long as their actions conform to their own standards
e.g. can't say that slavery in the American South was immoral as long as
that society allowed it to be morally permissible
2. the concept of ethical progress does not exist
e.g. can't say that our moral standards today are more enlightened
than those in the Middle Ages
Moral Universalism: In contrast, is the belief that variations in moral standards reflect different factual circumstances rather than fundamental differences in values.
Which is right??
It is good to emphasize that in viewing other cultures we should keep an open mind and not simply dismiss their social practices.
Moral Perspectivalism:
Compromise position is between moral relativism and universalism.the consideration of multiple perspectives while at the same time asserting universal truths.through examination of a variety of perspectives, one might be able to come closer to the ideal moral standards toward which to strive.
Ethical Theories:
There are many, many ethical theories, or in other words, ethical frameworks through which we can examine and attempt to understand an ethical dilemma. In the following ...
Chapter One Theory of Health Care Ethics 12.docxtiffanyd4
Chapter One
Theory of Health Care Ethics
1
2
Why Study Ethics?
Because health care is changing, you need tools for making necessary and difficult decisions.
It will help you better understand patients, fellow professionals, and the system in general.
It will assist you in building and maintaining your career.
3
3
Types of Ethics
Normative ethics
Is the study of what is right and wrong.
Metaethics
Is the study of ethical concepts and theories.
4
4
Types of Normative Ethical Theories
Authority-based
Egoistic
Natural law
Deontological
Teleological
Virtue
5
5
Ethical Relativism
Ethical relativism purports that there is no absolute theory for ethics.
However, this lack of a complete theory does not mean everything is relative.
People need to make rational decisions about ethics-based issues.
Therefore, ethics theories are useful.
6
6
Egoism as Ethics Theory
Egoism is based on the idea that one’s self interest is the basis of one’s ethics decisions.
Theory is not helpful in health care ethics because professionals are taught to set aside self-interest.
The interests of the patient should come first.
7
7
Authority-based Ethics Theory
Decisions about ethics (right or wrong) are based on central authority such as in a theology or an ideology.
For health care ethics, there may be difficulty deciding which authority is the correct one.
However, knowing this view of ethics helps with understanding patients and health policy decisions.
8
8
Virtue Ethics Theory
Is founded in the writings of Aristotle.
Everything moves from potentiality to actuality.
Character development allows you to actualize your highest good.
Eudaimonia should be sought as the highest good.
9
9
Virtue Ethics Theory
Eudaimonia means that you seek to build your character and increase virtue.
Professional education seeks to develop people of high character.
People who work toward eudaimonia become persons of practical wisdom.
10
10
Virtue Ethics Theory
Principles of ethics can help to define your character and assist with your actions. See Chapter Two for more.
Virtue ethics is criticized as being elitist.
Virtue ethics requires the balancing of conflicting obligations.
People with practical wisdom can make appropriate ethical decisions.
11
11
Natural Law Theory
It is founded in the writings of St. Thomas Aquinas
It assumes that nature is rational and orderly.
Humans are part of the natural world and are given the ability to be rational.
Our natural reason allows us to distinguish right from wrong.
12
12
Natural Law Theory
Reason is also action in that humans can choose to do good or evil.
The Principle of Double Effect helps us decided which action is good.
Good is also defined as that which helps to maximize potential such as preserving life, gaining wisdom, and knowing God.
13
13
Natural Law Theory
In natural law, there are some acts that are not ethical because they violate the ability to reach one’s potent.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
5. 5
Consequentialism & Deontology
Consequentialism – rightness depends on consequences
Deontology – rightness depends at least in part on a formal
moral rule or principle
7. 7
Relativism
“What I feel is right is right. What I feel is wrong is wrong.”
– Jean Jacques Rousseau
Ethical Subjectivism - There are no objective moral truths –
only an individual’s feelings or preferences.
Some Criticism:
No arbitration between views possible, other than
the exercise of power.
Anyone can harm others if it feels right to them
And we do tend to think that arbitration is possible –
we do it all the time. And that it’s wrong to harm
others for such a reason.
8. 8
Relativism
Cultural Relativism - All (not some) moral values are nothing
more than cultural customs and laws.
Some Criticism:
Guilty of deriving ought from is (the Naturalist Fallacy).
Offers no criteria for distinguishing between reformers and
criminals
Can’t explain moral progress
Encourages blind conformity to cultural norms, rather than
rational analysis of moral issues (which we think is important)
Doesn’t work in pluralistic cultures (like ours)
Can lead to suspicion and mistrust of other cultures
9. 9
Following the law is not the
same thing as acting morally
Laws can be immoral
Laws can provide
insufficient direction
Laws can be ambiguous
Doing the moral minimum is doing what you are
morally obligated to do (not doing bad)
Doing good: going beyond your obligations
10. 10
Moral Development & Maturity
Postconventional thinking does
not need to reject cultural norms,
but rather to evaluate them. If it
accepts them, it’s because they
are the right norms to have – not
because they are the norms we
do have,
The more you think about your choices,
the more you think about your reasons
and the reasons of others, the more
you open your mind and widen your
horizons, the more your moral
reasoning is likely to mature!
11. 11
Ethical Egoism - everyone ought to do what is in
his or her own rational self-interest
“The achievement of his own happiness is man’s highest
moral purpose”
– Ayn Rand, The Virtue of Selfishness (1964)
Some Criticism:
Justifies any self-interested action – no
matter how it effects others.
Selfishness is usually associated with
immorality, altruism with morality
12. 12
Utilitarianism
Jeremy Bentham (1748 – 1831)
The morally right act for an agent A at a time
t is that act available to A at t, that will
maximize the total amount of good in the
world (that will have the best
consequences).
“The greatest good for the greatest number”
13. 13
Hedonistic Utilitarianism
What is good?
Pleasure and the absence of pain are good
Pleasure is any sensation you would rather have
than no sensation at all; and pain is any sensation
you’d rather not have than no sensation at all.
.
14. 14
What Bentham thinks are the
advantages of Utilitarianism
Neutralistic – treats everyone in the same way
Realistic – it’s based on real psychology. It works with
people as it finds them and organizes society so that they
being that way actually has good consequences for
everyone.
Non-metaphysical – it doesn't make goodness/badness
right/wrongness some sort of weird qualities. What in the
world is “a natural right?”
Non-elitist – it counts all sentient creatures. And all types of
pleasures equally
Determinate in principle – in principle, you can use the
hedonic calculus to get an actual answer to the question
of “what should I do in this case?”.
15. 15
The Hedonic Calculus
For each action-alternative:
Determine Intensity x duration
Determine Probability
Calculate Total = (intensity x duration) x Probability
Perform the action-alternative with the highest total
16. How do we regard different 16
types of pleasures?
What counts as pleasure?
What about sadistic and masochistic pleasures?
Bentham: the source of pleasure doesn’t matter
Are there higher and lower pleasures?
Bentham: It’s a subjective criterion – “Pushpin is as
good as poetry”
J.S. Mill: There is an objective quality to different
pleasures that should also be factor into our
calculations
Quality comes from what people would choose if
they had access to all possible pleasures
17. 17
Are all goods commensurable?
Can all pleasures be roughly compared? Can they
be reduced to some sort of homogenous value?
18. 18
Utilitarianism & business
Market view – Free and unregulated markets would maximize the overall good
by most efficiently connecting supply with demand.
Administrative view – Policy experts manipulate the economy to attempt to
improve the outcome beyond the capacities of a purely free market.
19. 19
Criticisms of Utilitarianism
It’s too difficult to apply
People care about more than just pleasure
We can not reduce all human goods into quantifiable
units which can be aggregated and compared
There is no non-arbitrary limit to how far into the future we
should consider consequences
Intention is important for determining the moral
status of actions, but no room for this in utilitarianism
Justifies acts that seem to be plainly wrong like
murder and rape
20. 20
Other forms of Utilitarianism
Rule Utilitarianism - Always act according to
the rule that would produce the most utility
in the world (vs. “act” utilitarianism)
Preference Utilitarianism: Always act so as to
maximize satisfaction of people’s
preferences (vs. “Hedonistic” Utilitarianism)
21. 21
Rights and duties
One way to think of a right is as a trump against
the claims of the general welfare.
Rights hook into correlative duties: if you have a right
not to be killed, then I have a duty not to kill you.
Negative rights are rights to non-interference
A right not to be killed, have your property stolen, raped, etc.
Positive rights are rights to aid – entitlements to
be provided with something
Right to due process of law in the US, to free
education, to healthcare coverage, etc.
22. 22
Kantianism
Moral actions follow from the right moral principles
How do we know if our moral principles are good ones?
Hypothetical imperatives are conditional,
rather than categorical/absolute
All moral rules must rest on a categorical imperative (CI)
To find out whether a moral principle is ok to act
from, you see if it’s compatible with the
Categorical Imperative (CI)
23. 23
The Categorical Imperative
2nd formulation of Categorical Imperative:
“Never treat a person merely as a means to an end,
but always treat them as an end in themselves”
1st formulation of Categorical Imperative:
"Act only according to that maxim that you can at
the same time will that it should become a universal
law.” (a rule that applies to everybody)
Step 1: Formulate a sincere and rational maxim (a
subjective principle of action that states what you propose
to do, and why)
Step 2: Universalize the maxim to everyone, past, present
and future. (everyone, as if by a law of nature, does A in C
in order to achieve E)
24. The Categorical Imperative 24
Step 3: Imagine the world that would result from
conjoining all the laws of physics, psychology,
sociology, etc. with the law you made in Step 2
Step 4: Test the maxim
The contradiction in conception test – In the social
world of (3) would it be possible to achieve your
end by means of the action you proposed in 1?
The Contradiction in the Will test - Could I
consistently will that this social world actually exist?
If a maxim of action fails the CI tests, it is NOT permissible to
act on that maxim! AND that means that not to do that
thing is a moral duty.
25. 25
Criticisms of Kantianism
Its absolutist and inflexible (What if the negative consequences
are too high?)
Some maxims which seem to be ok, fail the CI test. (e.g. Go to
the beach on a sunny day)
We have no positive formula for constructing
maxims, so it seems we may propose any number
of maxims for any action. Which should we follow?
The whole approach of basing morality on
rationality, rather than feelings is mistaken.
26. 26
Some major moral principles
The Principle of Nonmaleficence – We ought to
act in ways that do not cause needless harm or
injury to others
The Principle of Beneficence – We should act in
ways that promote the welfare of other people
The Principle of Utility – We should act in such a
way as to bring about the greatest benefit and
the least harm
27. 27
Virtue Ethics
Virtue ethic focuses on having a good character – tells
you what kind of person you ought to be
It is action-guiding in the sense that it recommends
that you become the kind of person that will do what
is right – perhaps instinctively
How do you become virtuous?
Develop the sort of habits or instincts that a virtuous
person has through good upbringing, education,
reflection, experience, and effort
What habits or instincts are these?
Those that your “moral exemplars” poses
28. 28
Virtue Ethics – the virtues
Mor
al
Benevolence, compassion, honesty, charity, sincerity,
Virtu
sympathy, respect consideration, kindness,
thoughtfulness, loyalty, fairness, etc.
es
Practical/non-moral virtues
Rationality, intelligence, tenacity, capability,
patience, prudence, skillfulness, shrewdness,
proficiency, etc.
29. 29
Criticisms of Virtue Ethics
(1) Different cultural groups have had different,
sometimes conflicting, opinions on what
constitutes a virtue. If Virtue Ethics has no universal
basis, it leads to an undesirable cultural relativism.
(2) Virtue Ethics may praise certain character
traits, but this provides us with no or insufficient
practical guidance about which specific actions
to perform