The document discusses XML (Extensible Markup Language), which is a flexible way to create common information formats and share data on the web. XML is similar to HTML but describes data content rather than display/interaction. XML allows for unlimited, self-defining markup and can be used by any individual or group wanting to share information consistently. The document also discusses validating XML files, document type definitions (DTDs), element declarations, attribute declarations, and entity declarations in XML.
Web engineering UNIT IV as per RGPV syllabusNANDINI SHARMA
Technologies for Web Applications: Introduction of XML, Validation of XML documents, DTD, Ways to use XML, XML for data files, HTML Vs XML, Embedding XML into HTML documents, Converting XML to HTML for Display, Displaying XML using CSS and XSL, Rewriting HTML as XML, Relationship between HTML, SGML and XML, web personalization , Semantic web,
Semantic Web Services, Ontology.
The document discusses the structure and components of HTML documents. It begins by explaining what HTML is and how it uses tags to provide formatting and semantic meaning. It then discusses the key elements of HTML documents, including the <html>, <head>, and <body> tags which form the basic skeleton of all HTML pages. The document also explains the differences between different types of tags and how HTML documents are interpreted by browsers.
Web Engineering UNIT III as per RGPV SyllabusNANDINI SHARMA
Technologies for Web Applications: HTML and DHTML, HTML Basic Concepts, Static and dynamic HTML, Structure of HTML documents, HTML Elements, Linking in HTML, Anchor Attributes, Image Maps, Meta Information, Image Preliminaries, Layouts, Backgrounds, Colors and Text, Fonts, Tables, Frames and layers, Audio and Video Support with HTML Database integration, CSS, Positioning with Style sheets, Forms Control, Form. Elements. Introduction to CGI PERL, JAVA SCRIPT, PHP, ASP , Cookies Creating and Reading Cookies
The document provides an overview of web development basics including web applications, HTML, CSS, and JavaScript. It discusses how web applications utilize a client-server model with the browser as the client and a web server as the server. It also describes common HTML elements and tags as well as how CSS is used to style web pages. JavaScript is introduced as a programming language that allows dynamic interactivity on web pages.
Vskills certified HTML designer Notes covers the following concepts.
1. HTML and XHTML
1.1 Introduction
1.2 History
1.3 HTML Versions
1.4 Elements, Tags and Attributes
1.5 Head and body tags
1.6 HTML Editor
1.7 Create a web page
1.8 Viewing the Source
1.9 White Space and Flow
1.10 HTML Comments
1.11 HTML Meta Tags
1.12 HTML Attributes
1.13 XHTML First Line
1.14 DTD (Document Type Declaration)
1.15 Special Characters
1.16 Capitalization
1.17 Quotations
1.18 Nesting
1.19 Spacing and Breaks
Get complete e-book on HTML Designer.
http://www.vskills.in/certification/Web-Development/Certified-html-designer
This document provides an introduction to XHTML and its components. It discusses how to:
1) Create basic XHTML documents with elements like <html>, <head>, <title>, and <body>.
2) Add headings, links, images, lists, tables, and forms to XHTML pages.
3) Use validation services to check documents for syntax errors.
4) Include special characters and formatting like horizontal rules.
This document is a group assignment submitted by 6 students from Assosa University in Ethiopia on May 26, 2013. It provides information on HTML, XHTML, XML, and summarizes key differences between these markup languages. HTML is for creating web pages, XHTML is a stricter version of HTML, and XML is a generic markup language that allows users to define their own tags for transporting and storing data.
The document provides notes from a Web Programming course covering topics like the Internet, intranets, protocols, the World Wide Web, web pages, web browsers, websites, URLs, domain names, HTML, and more. Key definitions and explanations are given for each topic. Differences between concepts like the web and Internet, static and dynamic pages, GET and POST requests, and HTML vs DHTML are outlined. HTML tags for headings, paragraphs, and horizontal rules are demonstrated.
Web engineering UNIT IV as per RGPV syllabusNANDINI SHARMA
Technologies for Web Applications: Introduction of XML, Validation of XML documents, DTD, Ways to use XML, XML for data files, HTML Vs XML, Embedding XML into HTML documents, Converting XML to HTML for Display, Displaying XML using CSS and XSL, Rewriting HTML as XML, Relationship between HTML, SGML and XML, web personalization , Semantic web,
Semantic Web Services, Ontology.
The document discusses the structure and components of HTML documents. It begins by explaining what HTML is and how it uses tags to provide formatting and semantic meaning. It then discusses the key elements of HTML documents, including the <html>, <head>, and <body> tags which form the basic skeleton of all HTML pages. The document also explains the differences between different types of tags and how HTML documents are interpreted by browsers.
Web Engineering UNIT III as per RGPV SyllabusNANDINI SHARMA
Technologies for Web Applications: HTML and DHTML, HTML Basic Concepts, Static and dynamic HTML, Structure of HTML documents, HTML Elements, Linking in HTML, Anchor Attributes, Image Maps, Meta Information, Image Preliminaries, Layouts, Backgrounds, Colors and Text, Fonts, Tables, Frames and layers, Audio and Video Support with HTML Database integration, CSS, Positioning with Style sheets, Forms Control, Form. Elements. Introduction to CGI PERL, JAVA SCRIPT, PHP, ASP , Cookies Creating and Reading Cookies
The document provides an overview of web development basics including web applications, HTML, CSS, and JavaScript. It discusses how web applications utilize a client-server model with the browser as the client and a web server as the server. It also describes common HTML elements and tags as well as how CSS is used to style web pages. JavaScript is introduced as a programming language that allows dynamic interactivity on web pages.
Vskills certified HTML designer Notes covers the following concepts.
1. HTML and XHTML
1.1 Introduction
1.2 History
1.3 HTML Versions
1.4 Elements, Tags and Attributes
1.5 Head and body tags
1.6 HTML Editor
1.7 Create a web page
1.8 Viewing the Source
1.9 White Space and Flow
1.10 HTML Comments
1.11 HTML Meta Tags
1.12 HTML Attributes
1.13 XHTML First Line
1.14 DTD (Document Type Declaration)
1.15 Special Characters
1.16 Capitalization
1.17 Quotations
1.18 Nesting
1.19 Spacing and Breaks
Get complete e-book on HTML Designer.
http://www.vskills.in/certification/Web-Development/Certified-html-designer
This document provides an introduction to XHTML and its components. It discusses how to:
1) Create basic XHTML documents with elements like <html>, <head>, <title>, and <body>.
2) Add headings, links, images, lists, tables, and forms to XHTML pages.
3) Use validation services to check documents for syntax errors.
4) Include special characters and formatting like horizontal rules.
This document is a group assignment submitted by 6 students from Assosa University in Ethiopia on May 26, 2013. It provides information on HTML, XHTML, XML, and summarizes key differences between these markup languages. HTML is for creating web pages, XHTML is a stricter version of HTML, and XML is a generic markup language that allows users to define their own tags for transporting and storing data.
The document provides notes from a Web Programming course covering topics like the Internet, intranets, protocols, the World Wide Web, web pages, web browsers, websites, URLs, domain names, HTML, and more. Key definitions and explanations are given for each topic. Differences between concepts like the web and Internet, static and dynamic pages, GET and POST requests, and HTML vs DHTML are outlined. HTML tags for headings, paragraphs, and horizontal rules are demonstrated.
JavaScript is a scripting language that allows web pages to become interactive. It is used to validate forms, communicate with servers, and add various dynamic effects to web pages. JavaScript is not the same as Java, as it is a lightweight scripting language that can be run directly in web browsers without compilation. JavaScript code is typically embedded directly into HTML pages using <script> tags and can react to various events like button clicks or form submissions. Common JavaScript features include variables, operators, functions, events, and methods to manipulate HTML elements and styles.
Xml For Dummies Chapter 4 Adding Xhtml For The Webphanleson
XML For Dummies provides information on converting documents from HTML to XHTML by following XML syntax rules. It discusses the key differences between HTML and XML, and how XHTML combines aspects of both. The chapter emphasizes that XHTML documents must use XML syntax like closing all tags, properly nesting tags, using lowercase for all tags and attributes, and putting quotation marks around attribute values. It also stresses the importance of including a DOCTYPE declaration to enable validation and proper rendering of XHTML pages.
This document provides an introduction to HTML (Hypertext Markup Language). It describes what HTML is, discusses some basic HTML tags like <HTML>, <HEAD>, <TITLE>, and <BODY>, and how they are used to structure an HTML page. It also covers formatting text with headers, fonts, and other tags. The document concludes with a brief discussion of images and the
Web programming unit IIII XML &DOM NOTES BY BHAVSINGH MALOTHBhavsingh Maloth
This document provides an introduction and overview of XML including:
- What XML is and how it differs from HTML in focusing on describing data rather than displaying it
- XML syntax rules including elements, tags, attributes, and well-formed vs valid documents
- How to define XML structures using DTDs including internal and external DTDs
- Common XML building blocks like elements, tags, attributes, and how to declare them in a DTD
- The basics of using a DTD to validate an XML document's structure
HTML is a markup language that allows users to structure and format web pages. It uses tags like <p> and <div> to organize content into sections, paragraphs, headings, and other blocks. While HTML provides structure, CSS and JavaScript are needed to style pages and add dynamic functionality. HTML files are rendered and displayed in web browsers.
This document provides an introduction to HTML and covers key topics such as:
- The structure of an HTML document which includes elements like <html>, <head>, <title>, and <body>
- Common HTML elements for formatting text such as headings, paragraphs, and bold/italic tags
- How to add colors to text using hexadecimal codes, RGB values, or color names
- Other tags like <hr> for horizontal rules and <font> for fonts, though <font> is not recommended for HTML5
This document outlines a lab assignment for a web application development course. The assignment includes 10 practical aims related to HTML, 2 related to JavaScript, 3 related to CSS, 3 related to XML, and 10 related to PHP. Students will complete tasks involving basic HTML formatting and elements, using JavaScript functions and events, applying CSS stylesheets, creating and transforming XML documents, and building a dynamic website with PHP and MySQL to perform CRUD operations on a database. The assignment aims to provide hands-on experience with core web technologies.
The document provides information on the history and versions of HTML. It discusses:
- HTML was created by Tim Berners-Lee in 1991 and the first standard was HTML 2.0 in 1995.
- HTML 4.01, published in 1999, was a major version. The current version is HTML5, published in 2012.
- It describes the basic structure of an HTML document, including the <DOCTYPE>, <html>, <head>, and <body> tags. It also discusses common tags like <h1>-<h6> for headings, <p> for paragraphs, and <br> for line breaks.
The document provides lecture notes on web programming. It covers common HTML tags like lists, tables, images, forms and frames. It discusses the structure of an HTML document and provides examples to demonstrate list tags, table tags, use of color and images, background images, frames and forms. The objectives are to understand basic HTML tags, lists, forms, frames and cascading style sheets. It provides detailed explanations and examples of various HTML tags to implement lists, tables, images, color, background images, frames and forms.
HTML 5 is the latest version of the HTML markup language. It introduces several new elements and features to improve the functionality of web pages, including the <canvas> element for drawing graphics, the <video> and <audio> elements for embedding video and audio, and local storage for storing data on the user's device. The development of HTML 5 was started by the Web Hypertext Application Technology Working Group in 2004 to address limitations of prior versions and support emerging web standards and multimedia. It is still being worked on jointly by WHATWG and the W3C.
XML (Extensible Markup Language) is a markup language that defines a set of rules for encoding documents in a format that is both human-readable and machine-readable. It is used to carry and store data, rather than display it. The document defines XML, compares it to HTML, outlines its syntax rules and uses, and how to view and style XML documents with CSS. Key points made include that XML was designed to structure, store, and transport data, that it allows users to define their own elements and tags, and that XML documents form a tree structure.
This slide is specifically prepared for CAT grade 11 class and it is aligned with the SA's CAPS document, however, it can be used for other purposes. It is an introduction to HTML fundamental concepts.
The document provides an introduction to XML, explaining what it is, how it differs from HTML, its core syntax rules and uses. The key points are:
1. XML stands for Extensible Markup Language and is used to carry and store data, unlike HTML which is used to display data. XML allows users to define their own tags.
2. XML documents form a tree structure with a root element and child elements. All elements must have a closing tag and be properly nested.
3. XML is commonly used to transport and share data between incompatible systems by storing data in a standardized, readable text format. It also separates data from presentation to simplify updating dynamic web pages.
The document provides an overview of HTML (Hypertext Markup Language), which is the standard markup language used to create web pages and web applications. It describes HTML as a language used to describe the structure of a web page using markup tags, and that HTML documents contain plain text content along with these tags. It also provides examples of common HTML tags like <h1> for headings, <p> for paragraphs, and <img> for images, and how they are used to structure and layout the visible content of a web page.
The document provides an overview of three modules that cover topics in web technologies including the Internet, World Wide Web, HTML, JavaScript, CSS, DOM, CGI/Perl, Java Applets and more. Key concepts covered include how the Internet and WWW work, protocols, building websites using HTML, JavaScript programming fundamentals, external and internal CSS stylesheets, the HTML and XML DOM models, introducing CGI and Perl scripting, and writing Java applets. References for additional reading on related topics are also provided.
El documento describe diferentes tipos de dispositivos de almacenamiento, incluyendo la memoria ROM, RAM, discos duros, disquetes, CDs, DVDs, tarjetas de memoria y unidades USB. También explica que la memoria ROM almacena el programa básico de inicio y la RAM es volátil y puede escribirse y borrarse, a diferencia de la ROM. Finalmente, introduce el concepto de computación en la nube como un paradigma que ofrece servicios de computación a través de Internet.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
JavaScript is a scripting language that allows web pages to become interactive. It is used to validate forms, communicate with servers, and add various dynamic effects to web pages. JavaScript is not the same as Java, as it is a lightweight scripting language that can be run directly in web browsers without compilation. JavaScript code is typically embedded directly into HTML pages using <script> tags and can react to various events like button clicks or form submissions. Common JavaScript features include variables, operators, functions, events, and methods to manipulate HTML elements and styles.
Xml For Dummies Chapter 4 Adding Xhtml For The Webphanleson
XML For Dummies provides information on converting documents from HTML to XHTML by following XML syntax rules. It discusses the key differences between HTML and XML, and how XHTML combines aspects of both. The chapter emphasizes that XHTML documents must use XML syntax like closing all tags, properly nesting tags, using lowercase for all tags and attributes, and putting quotation marks around attribute values. It also stresses the importance of including a DOCTYPE declaration to enable validation and proper rendering of XHTML pages.
This document provides an introduction to HTML (Hypertext Markup Language). It describes what HTML is, discusses some basic HTML tags like <HTML>, <HEAD>, <TITLE>, and <BODY>, and how they are used to structure an HTML page. It also covers formatting text with headers, fonts, and other tags. The document concludes with a brief discussion of images and the
Web programming unit IIII XML &DOM NOTES BY BHAVSINGH MALOTHBhavsingh Maloth
This document provides an introduction and overview of XML including:
- What XML is and how it differs from HTML in focusing on describing data rather than displaying it
- XML syntax rules including elements, tags, attributes, and well-formed vs valid documents
- How to define XML structures using DTDs including internal and external DTDs
- Common XML building blocks like elements, tags, attributes, and how to declare them in a DTD
- The basics of using a DTD to validate an XML document's structure
HTML is a markup language that allows users to structure and format web pages. It uses tags like <p> and <div> to organize content into sections, paragraphs, headings, and other blocks. While HTML provides structure, CSS and JavaScript are needed to style pages and add dynamic functionality. HTML files are rendered and displayed in web browsers.
This document provides an introduction to HTML and covers key topics such as:
- The structure of an HTML document which includes elements like <html>, <head>, <title>, and <body>
- Common HTML elements for formatting text such as headings, paragraphs, and bold/italic tags
- How to add colors to text using hexadecimal codes, RGB values, or color names
- Other tags like <hr> for horizontal rules and <font> for fonts, though <font> is not recommended for HTML5
This document outlines a lab assignment for a web application development course. The assignment includes 10 practical aims related to HTML, 2 related to JavaScript, 3 related to CSS, 3 related to XML, and 10 related to PHP. Students will complete tasks involving basic HTML formatting and elements, using JavaScript functions and events, applying CSS stylesheets, creating and transforming XML documents, and building a dynamic website with PHP and MySQL to perform CRUD operations on a database. The assignment aims to provide hands-on experience with core web technologies.
The document provides information on the history and versions of HTML. It discusses:
- HTML was created by Tim Berners-Lee in 1991 and the first standard was HTML 2.0 in 1995.
- HTML 4.01, published in 1999, was a major version. The current version is HTML5, published in 2012.
- It describes the basic structure of an HTML document, including the <DOCTYPE>, <html>, <head>, and <body> tags. It also discusses common tags like <h1>-<h6> for headings, <p> for paragraphs, and <br> for line breaks.
The document provides lecture notes on web programming. It covers common HTML tags like lists, tables, images, forms and frames. It discusses the structure of an HTML document and provides examples to demonstrate list tags, table tags, use of color and images, background images, frames and forms. The objectives are to understand basic HTML tags, lists, forms, frames and cascading style sheets. It provides detailed explanations and examples of various HTML tags to implement lists, tables, images, color, background images, frames and forms.
HTML 5 is the latest version of the HTML markup language. It introduces several new elements and features to improve the functionality of web pages, including the <canvas> element for drawing graphics, the <video> and <audio> elements for embedding video and audio, and local storage for storing data on the user's device. The development of HTML 5 was started by the Web Hypertext Application Technology Working Group in 2004 to address limitations of prior versions and support emerging web standards and multimedia. It is still being worked on jointly by WHATWG and the W3C.
XML (Extensible Markup Language) is a markup language that defines a set of rules for encoding documents in a format that is both human-readable and machine-readable. It is used to carry and store data, rather than display it. The document defines XML, compares it to HTML, outlines its syntax rules and uses, and how to view and style XML documents with CSS. Key points made include that XML was designed to structure, store, and transport data, that it allows users to define their own elements and tags, and that XML documents form a tree structure.
This slide is specifically prepared for CAT grade 11 class and it is aligned with the SA's CAPS document, however, it can be used for other purposes. It is an introduction to HTML fundamental concepts.
The document provides an introduction to XML, explaining what it is, how it differs from HTML, its core syntax rules and uses. The key points are:
1. XML stands for Extensible Markup Language and is used to carry and store data, unlike HTML which is used to display data. XML allows users to define their own tags.
2. XML documents form a tree structure with a root element and child elements. All elements must have a closing tag and be properly nested.
3. XML is commonly used to transport and share data between incompatible systems by storing data in a standardized, readable text format. It also separates data from presentation to simplify updating dynamic web pages.
The document provides an overview of HTML (Hypertext Markup Language), which is the standard markup language used to create web pages and web applications. It describes HTML as a language used to describe the structure of a web page using markup tags, and that HTML documents contain plain text content along with these tags. It also provides examples of common HTML tags like <h1> for headings, <p> for paragraphs, and <img> for images, and how they are used to structure and layout the visible content of a web page.
The document provides an overview of three modules that cover topics in web technologies including the Internet, World Wide Web, HTML, JavaScript, CSS, DOM, CGI/Perl, Java Applets and more. Key concepts covered include how the Internet and WWW work, protocols, building websites using HTML, JavaScript programming fundamentals, external and internal CSS stylesheets, the HTML and XML DOM models, introducing CGI and Perl scripting, and writing Java applets. References for additional reading on related topics are also provided.
El documento describe diferentes tipos de dispositivos de almacenamiento, incluyendo la memoria ROM, RAM, discos duros, disquetes, CDs, DVDs, tarjetas de memoria y unidades USB. También explica que la memoria ROM almacena el programa básico de inicio y la RAM es volátil y puede escribirse y borrarse, a diferencia de la ROM. Finalmente, introduce el concepto de computación en la nube como un paradigma que ofrece servicios de computación a través de Internet.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
Romulus Grigoras, CEO Devatics - Marketing in timp real, marketing agil: rezultatele obtinute de precursori, prezentare sustinuta in cadrul Conferintelor Nationale de e-Commerce, 27-28 mai 2013, Bucuresti, Romania
1) Wegener propôs a teoria da deriva continental, que explicava como os continentes se movimentam e se separam ao longo do tempo.
2) Pangeia, o supercontinente que existiu há bilhões de anos.
3) Na América do Sul.
The LSKS Accounting and auditing is very professional way too safe your business sheets. We are providing our clients one of the trustable services like tax advisors. . We have best tax advisors in company. We guide you in proper way to pay your tax and also helping you to mention your business balance sheet.
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang penjadwalan proses CPU dan kinerjanya. Terdapat beberapa tipe penjadwalan seperti jangka pendek, menengah, dan panjang. Algoritma penjadwalan dibedakan menjadi nonpreemptive dan preemptive, dengan contoh algoritma seperti first come first serve, shortest job first, dan round robin. Kriteria penjadwalan mencakup utilisasi CPU, throughput, turnaround time, dan waiting time.
Este documento presenta diferentes conceptos fotográficos como la simplicidad, la ley de la mirada, las composiciones horizontales y verticales, y la regla de los tercios y la simetría.
I like the tear-away idea, but we need to make sure it's accessible.
5. Designer: Okay, let me sketch out some options for the tear-away navigation
that are both usable and accessible.
6. Programmer: I think we can implement that with some JavaScript and CSS.
7. Architect: Great, let's keep sketching and see how it develops. I'm interested to
see how the content areas shape up visually.
8. Designer: Here's a sketch of the main content area with some sample content
blocks. What do you think?
9. Assistant: I have a few accessibility concerns with the content blocks. Let me
sketch an
The document discusses the evolution and need for web engineering. It provides background on the history of web development, from static HTML pages to dynamic content management systems. It then covers the characteristics of web applications, including different types of users, tasks, technologies used, and contextual factors. The document argues that the continuous change of requirements, competitive pressures, and fast pace of development necessitate an engineering approach and ongoing evolution of web applications.
The document discusses electronic commerce (e-commerce) and its various models. It begins by defining e-commerce and describing how it allows trading of goods and services through electronic means like the internet. It then outlines several common e-commerce models including business-to-business (B2B), business-to-consumer (B2C), consumer-to-consumer (C2C) and others. The document also discusses important infrastructure considerations for e-commerce businesses, such as marketing, facilities, customer service, IT, fulfillment and more. Finally, it describes the evolution of electronic commerce through the commercialization of the internet and opportunities it provides consumers through access to a global marketplace.
Nine Pages You Should Optimize on Your Blog and HowLeslie Samuel
The document discusses 9 pages to optimize on a blog: 1) Homepage, 2) About Page, 3) Getting Started/Summary Page, 4) Opt-In Pages, 5) Confirmation Pages, 6) Thank You/Download Page, 7) Resource Page, 8) Sales Page, and 9) Top Posts. For each page, it provides guidance on the purpose of the page and recommendations for optimizing the page, such as including calls to action to grow an email list or promote products and services. The overarching recommendation is to clearly communicate value and provide next steps to guide visitors through the customer journey.
GAME ON! Integrating Games and Simulations in the Classroom Brian Housand
Brian Housand, Ph.D.
brianhousand.com
@brianhousand
GAME ON! Integrating Games and Simulations in the Classroom
It is estimated that by the time that today’s youth enters adulthood that they will have played an average of 10,000 hours of video games. By playing games, research suggests that they have developed abilities related to creativity, collaboration, and critical thinking. Come explore the history of games and simulations in the classroom and investigate ways that current games and simulations in digital and non-digital formats can be meaningfully and purposefully integrated into your learning environment.
Creative Traction Methodology - For Early Stage StartupsTommaso Di Bartolo
The document discusses the Creative Traction Methodology (CTM) for gaining traction for new products and ideas. CTM has three parts: 1) The Idea Release Life Cycle which emphasizes validating ideas before development and engaging communities early. 2) Ransack Tools which means leveraging new growth hacking strategies and tools. 3) Act Creatively which involves lateral thinking with no biases to attract niche audiences and validate assumptions through experimentation. The document provides examples and case studies for applying each part of CTM.
Whether it's directly improving patient care or helping lower costs to provide more access to healthcare, organizations are continuing to use IT to move the needle for an industry that is at a pivotal point in innovation.
Learn how our innovative storage solutions can help your organization meet its healthcare Big Data challenges: http://www.netapp.com/us/solutions/industry/healthcare/
What we carry with us in our everyday lives and interactions is just as important for our success as our technical skills and achievements.
This is what I carry with me. What do YOU carry?
Slides designed and produced with Haiku Deck for iPad. Set your story free with Haiku Deck at http://www.haikudeck.com/
You can learn more about Jonathon Colman at http://www.jonathoncolman.org/
XML (eXtensible Markup Language) is a markup language that is designed to store and transport data. It allows data to be shared across different systems, software, and hardware. XML documents contain elements that can have child elements, attributes, and text. XML has simple, strict syntax rules for tags, nesting, and formatting. Elements can be extended without breaking existing applications. This makes XML very flexible and extensible for sharing structured data.
XML stands for Extensible Markup Language. It is used to transport and store data in a structured format that is both human-readable and machine-readable. XML documents contain elements that can have child elements, attributes, and text. XML has simple syntax rules including requiring closing tags, case-sensitivity, proper nesting, and quoting of attribute values. XML is widely used for data exchange across different systems.
XML stands for Extensible Markup Language. It is used to transport and store data in a structured format. XML allows users to define their own elements and tags, making it flexible. Some key points about XML include:
- XML is designed to carry data, not display it like HTML.
- XML documents have a tree structure with a root element and branching child elements.
- XML elements must have a closing tag and follow other syntax rules like being case sensitive.
- XML can transport data between incompatible systems and is hardware and software independent.
The document provides an overview of XML (Extensible Markup Language). It describes XML as a text-based markup language derived from SGML that uses tags to identify and organize data rather than display it like HTML. The document outlines key characteristics of XML including that it is extensible, carries data without presenting it, and is an open standard. It also provides examples of XML usage and describes the basic syntax and components of XML documents and elements.
XML stands for Extensible Markup Language. It is used to carry data, not display it like HTML. XML tags are defined by the developer rather than being predefined. XML documents form a tree structure with elements having parent-child relationships. Namespaces are used to avoid conflicts when element names are reused, and default namespaces simplify markup by eliminating the need for prefixes on child elements.
XML was designed to transport and store data, unlike HTML which was designed to display data. XML uses elements to describe and carry data, with tags that are not predefined. It forms a tree structure with a root element and child elements. XML is commonly used to transport data between systems and applications by separating data from formatting.
This document provides an introduction and overview of XML. It defines XML, explains how it is used to transport and store data, and compares it to HTML. It provides examples of XML code and documents. It describes XML syntax rules including requirements for closing tags, nesting, and attributes. It explains how XML documents form a tree structure and defines key XML concepts like elements, attributes, comments and naming conventions.
XML is an extensible markup language that allows users to define their own elements and tags. It was designed to store and transport data, unlike HTML which was designed for displaying data. XML separates data from presentation by using user-defined tags to describe information rather than pre-defined tags like HTML. This extensibility makes XML highly flexible and customizable for different applications and domains.
XML is a markup language that is used to define and store data in a structured format. It allows data to be separated from its presentation and is extensible to add new tags. An XML document must have a root element and follow syntax rules to be well-formed. It can also be validated against a DTD or schema to check that the elements and structure match the definitions.
XML is a markup language that defines rules for encoding documents in a human- and machine-readable format. It allows users to define their own elements and tags to structure data. Some key benefits of XML include its extensibility, ability to carry data independently of presentation, and status as a public standard. While XML provides structure and organization, it does not perform computations or specify how data should be displayed.
This document provides an overview of XML (Extensible Markup Language) including its history, purpose, key concepts, and applications. XML allows users to define their own tags to structure data and is used to transport and store data. It is a subset of SGML that aims to be simpler and more easily parsed by computers. The document discusses how XML separates data from presentation and is "self-describing", allowing many applications to read the same XML files.
Web authoring refers to the process of creating, designing, and publishing content for the World Wide Web using technologies like HTML, CSS, JavaScript, and other web development tools. It involves creating web pages and websites. XML is a markup language similar to HTML that uses tags to structure and present data in a file. An XML document has a root element containing other nested elements in a hierarchical tree structure. Elements can have attributes that provide additional information.
SGML is a standard for specifying markup languages. It describes how to define document structure separately from presentation. XML is a simplified version of SGML used to store and transport data. Key differences between XML and HTML include XML focusing on data rather than presentation, being case sensitive, requiring closing tags, and preserving whitespace.
XML (Extensible Markup Language) is a flexible way to create common information formats and share both the format and the data on the World Wide Web, intranets, wikis, configuration and elsewhere in a cloud.
The document provides an introduction to XML including its structure, elements, attributes, and namespaces. It discusses XML declarations, document type declarations, elements, attributes, character data, comments, processing instructions, content models, and the handling of whitespace in XML documents. It also covers XML namespaces, default and explicit namespace declarations, and the scope of namespaces. Finally, it discusses the structure of document type definitions including elements, attributes, entities, and directives.
This document provides an introduction to XML, including its structure, syntax, and uses. It defines XML as a markup language that provides a format for structured data. It describes XML elements, attributes, and how XML documents must follow specific syntax rules to be considered well-formed. The document also discusses Document Type Definitions (DTDs), XML namespaces, XML schemas, displaying XML with CSS, and transforming XML with XSLT.
XML is a meta-markup language that specifies rules for creating markup languages. It is designed to carry data, not display data. XML uses tags to structure data, but does not have predefined tags - authors can define their own tags. XML documents must be "well-formed", following syntax rules like having one root element with matched opening and closing tags.
This document provides an introduction to XML, including:
- XML stands for eXtensible Markup Language and allows users to define their own tags to provide structure and meaning to data.
- XML documents use elements with start and end tags to organize content in a hierarchical, tree-like structure. Elements can contain text or other nested elements.
- Attributes within start tags provide additional metadata about elements. Well-formed XML documents must follow syntax rules to be valid.
Null Bangalore | Pentesters Approach to AWS IAMDivyanshu
#Abstract:
- Learn more about the real-world methods for auditing AWS IAM (Identity and Access Management) as a pentester. So let us proceed with a brief discussion of IAM as well as some typical misconfigurations and their potential exploits in order to reinforce the understanding of IAM security best practices.
- Gain actionable insights into AWS IAM policies and roles, using hands on approach.
#Prerequisites:
- Basic understanding of AWS services and architecture
- Familiarity with cloud security concepts
- Experience using the AWS Management Console or AWS CLI.
- For hands on lab create account on [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
# Scenario Covered:
- Basics of IAM in AWS
- Implementing IAM Policies with Least Privilege to Manage S3 Bucket
- Objective: Create an S3 bucket with least privilege IAM policy and validate access.
- Steps:
- Create S3 bucket.
- Attach least privilege policy to IAM user.
- Validate access.
- Exploiting IAM PassRole Misconfiguration
-Allows a user to pass a specific IAM role to an AWS service (ec2), typically used for service access delegation. Then exploit PassRole Misconfiguration granting unauthorized access to sensitive resources.
- Objective: Demonstrate how a PassRole misconfiguration can grant unauthorized access.
- Steps:
- Allow user to pass IAM role to EC2.
- Exploit misconfiguration for unauthorized access.
- Access sensitive resources.
- Exploiting IAM AssumeRole Misconfiguration with Overly Permissive Role
- An overly permissive IAM role configuration can lead to privilege escalation by creating a role with administrative privileges and allow a user to assume this role.
- Objective: Show how overly permissive IAM roles can lead to privilege escalation.
- Steps:
- Create role with administrative privileges.
- Allow user to assume the role.
- Perform administrative actions.
- Differentiation between PassRole vs AssumeRole
Try at [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
Rainfall intensity duration frequency curve statistical analysis and modeling...bijceesjournal
Using data from 41 years in Patna’ India’ the study’s goal is to analyze the trends of how often it rains on a weekly, seasonal, and annual basis (1981−2020). First, utilizing the intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) curve and the relationship by statistically analyzing rainfall’ the historical rainfall data set for Patna’ India’ during a 41 year period (1981−2020), was evaluated for its quality. Changes in the hydrologic cycle as a result of increased greenhouse gas emissions are expected to induce variations in the intensity, length, and frequency of precipitation events. One strategy to lessen vulnerability is to quantify probable changes and adapt to them. Techniques such as log-normal, normal, and Gumbel are used (EV-I). Distributions were created with durations of 1, 2, 3, 6, and 24 h and return times of 2, 5, 10, 25, and 100 years. There were also mathematical correlations discovered between rainfall and recurrence interval.
Findings: Based on findings, the Gumbel approach produced the highest intensity values, whereas the other approaches produced values that were close to each other. The data indicates that 461.9 mm of rain fell during the monsoon season’s 301st week. However, it was found that the 29th week had the greatest average rainfall, 92.6 mm. With 952.6 mm on average, the monsoon season saw the highest rainfall. Calculations revealed that the yearly rainfall averaged 1171.1 mm. Using Weibull’s method, the study was subsequently expanded to examine rainfall distribution at different recurrence intervals of 2, 5, 10, and 25 years. Rainfall and recurrence interval mathematical correlations were also developed. Further regression analysis revealed that short wave irrigation, wind direction, wind speed, pressure, relative humidity, and temperature all had a substantial influence on rainfall.
Originality and value: The results of the rainfall IDF curves can provide useful information to policymakers in making appropriate decisions in managing and minimizing floods in the study area.
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
artificial intelligence and data science contents.pptxGauravCar
What is artificial intelligence? Artificial intelligence is the ability of a computer or computer-controlled robot to perform tasks that are commonly associated with the intellectual processes characteristic of humans, such as the ability to reason.
› ...
Artificial intelligence (AI) | Definitio
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
Discover the latest insights on Data Driven Maintenance with our comprehensive webinar presentation. Learn about traditional maintenance challenges, the right approach to utilizing data, and the benefits of adopting a Data Driven Maintenance strategy. Explore real-world examples, industry best practices, and innovative solutions like FMECA and the D3M model. This presentation, led by expert Jules Oudmans, is essential for asset owners looking to optimize their maintenance processes and leverage digital technologies for improved efficiency and performance. Download now to stay ahead in the evolving maintenance landscape.
1. Unit-IV/Web Engineering St.Aloysius Institute of Technology
INTRODUCTION
XML (Extensible Markup Language) is a flexible way to create common information formats
and share both the format and the data on the World Wide Web, intranets, and elsewhere. For
example, computer makers might agree on a standard or common way to describe the
information about a computer product (processor speed, memory size, and so forth) and then
describe the product information format with XML. Such a standard way of describing data
would enable a user to send an intelligent agent (a program) to each computer maker's Web site,
gather data, and then make a valid comparison. XML can be used by any individual or group of
individuals or companies that wants to share information in a consistent way.
XML, a formal recommendation from the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), is similar to the
language of today's Web pages, the Hypertext Markup Language (HTML). Both XML and
HTML contain markup symbols to describe the contents of a page or file. HTML, however,
describes the content of a Web page (mainly text and graphic images) only in terms of how it is
to be displayed and interacted with. For example, the letter "p" placed within markup tags starts
a new paragraph. XML describes the content in terms of what data is being described. For
example, the word "phoneme" placed within markup tags could indicate that the data that
followed was a phone number. This means that an XML file can be processed purely as data by a
program or it can be stored with similar data on another computer or, like an HTML file, that it
can be displayed. For example, depending on how the application in the receiving computer
wanted to handle the phone number, it could be stored, displayed, or dialled.
XML is "extensible" because, unlike HTML, the markup symbols are unlimited and self-
defining. XML is actually a simpler and easier-to-use subset of the Standard Generalized
Markup Language (SGML), the standard for how to create a document structure. It is expected
that HTML and XML will be used together in many Web applications. XML markup, for
example, may appear within an HTML page.
Early applications of XML include Microsoft's Channel Definition Format (CDF), which
describes a channel, a portion of a Web site that has been downloaded to your hard disk and is
then is updated periodically as information changes. A specific CDF file contains data that
specifies an initial Web page and how frequently it is updated. Another early application is
ChartWare, which uses XML as a way to describe medical charts so that they can be shared by
doctors.Applications related to banking, e-commerce ordering, personal preference profiles,
purchase orders, litigation documents, part lists, and many others are anticipated.
VALIDATING XML FILES
When you validate your XML file, the XML validator will check to see that your file is valid and
well-formed. The XML editor will process XML files that are invalid or not well-formed. The
editor uses heuristics to open a file using the best interpretation of the tagging that it can. For
example, an element with a missing end tag is simply assumed to end at the end of the
document. As you make updates to a file, the editor incrementally reinterprets your document,
changing the highlighting, tree view, and so on. Many formation errors are easy to spot in the
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syntax highlighting, so you can easily correct obvious errors on-the-fly. However, there will be
other cases when it will be beneficial to perform formal validation on your documents.
You can validate your file by selecting it in the Navigator view, right-clicking it, and clicking
Validate. Any validation problems are indicated in the Problems view. You can double-click on
individual errors, and you will be taken to the invalid tag in the file, so that you can make
corrections.
Note: If you receive an error message indicating that the Problems view is full, you can increase
the number of error messages allowed by clicking Window > Preferences and selecting
General > Markers . Select the Use marker limits check box and change the number in
theLimit visible items per group field.
You can set up a project's properties so that different types of project resources are automatically
validated when you save them. From a project's pop-up menu, click Properties, then select
Validation. Any validators you can run against your project will be listed in the Validation page.
The purpose of a Document Type Definition or DTD is to define the structure of a document
encoded in XML (eXtended Markup Language).
For introductory material about XML, see the XML help page.
It is possible to build and use files containing XML tags without ever defining what tags are
legal. However, if you want to insure that files conform to a known structure, writing a DTD is
the preferred method.
A well-formed file is one that obeys the general XML rules for tags: tags must be
properly nested, opening and closing tags must be balanced, and empty tags must end
with '/>'.
A valid file is not only well-formed, but it must also conform to a publicly available
DTD that specifies which tags it uses, what attributes those tags can contain, and which
tags can occur inside which other tags, among other properties.
The advantage of a valid file is that its contents are more predictable for applications that want to
process or present that file. The DTD insures that only certain tags can be used in certain places.
DEFINITIONS
We need to review some terminology before proceeding:
A proper XML name must start with a letter or underbar (_), with the rest letters,
underbars, digits, or hyphen (-).
A tag is one of the XML constructs used to mark up documents. All tags start with a less-
than symbol (<) and end with a greater-than symbol (>).
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An element is a section of an XML document that acts as a unit. It may be either empty
element, or it may have content.
An empty element consists of a single tag of the form
<gi.../>
Where gi is the tag type (or ―generic identifier‖), and the tag may include attributes. Note the
slash before the closing ―>‖; this signifies an empty tag.
An opening tag begins a section of an XML document that ends with the corresponding
closing tag. An opening tag has this form:
<gi...>
where gi is the tag type (or ―generic identifier‖), and the tag may include attributes. A closing
tag has the form:
</gi>
The content is everything between the opening tag and its corresponding closing tag. The
content may be other elements or just plain text.
The DTD can contain several different types of declarations:
Element declarations let you specify what kinds of tags can be used, and what (if
anything) can appear inside the contents of the element.
Attribute declarations define what attributes you can use inside a given element.
Entity declarations define chunks of fixed text that can be included elsewhere.
Notation declarations define file types (like JPG and WAV files) so you can refer to non-
XML files like image and sound files.
ELEMENTS WITH MIXED CONTENT
In general, an element can have any mixture of text and other elements as children. You can
specify exactly which elements can be children. If you like, you can even specify that the
children must occur in a given order. You can also specify that the child elements are optional.
So, in the general form of the declaration <!ELEMENT gi (content)>, the content is an
expression syntax—that is, it consists of operators and operands arranged in arbitrarily complex
ways. Let's start with some simple cases to show you the features of a content declaration, but
keep in mind that these features can be used in combination. The simplest case is when an
element a has a single child element b:
<!ELEMENT a (b)>
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The above declaration in a DTD means that an element <a>...</a> must contain exactly
one <b> element.
To specify that a child element can occur one or more times, append a plus sign (+) after the
child element name. For example, to say that a <squid> element may contain one or more
<tentacle> elements:
<!ELEMENT squid (tentacle+)>
You can also specify that a child element can occur any number of times, or not at all. Append
an asterisk (*), meaning ―zero or more of the previous,‖ after the child element name:
<!ELEMENT lizard (leg*)> <!-- some <lizard>s have no <leg>s -->
The question-mark suffix (?) means the child element is optional: it can occur zero or one time in
the content of the element you're declaring. For example, suppose an <oven> element can either
be empty or contain a <pie> element:
<!ELEMENT oven (pie?)>
If you want a certain sequence of children, name the child elements in a comma-separated list.
For example, suppose a <memo>element must contain exactly one <from> element, then one
<to> element, one <subject>, and one <message> element:
<!ELEMENT memo (from,to,subject,message)>
But you can use the +, *, and ? operators in this declaration. For example, suppose that you want
to require that a <memo> must have<from> and <to> elements, but the <subject> element is
optional, and it can have zero or more <message> elements. You'd then declare it like this:
<!ELEMENT memo (from,to,subject?,message*)>
Sometimes you need to specify that there is a choice of children. The ―or‖ operator (|) can be
used to separate the choices. For example, suppose that a <trophy> element can have either a
child named <bowling> or a child named <tennis>. Here's how you'd declare it:
<!ELEMENT trophy (bowling|tennis)>
You can also apply the usual suffix operators to groups of elements. For example, suppose you
have an element <timerecord> that starts with a required <purpose> element, followed by zero
or more pairs of <start-time> and <end-time> records:
<!ELEMENT timerecord (purpose,(start-time,end-time)*)>
Here's another more general example:
<!ELEMENT stock ((pig|chicken|cow)*)>
The above example says a <stock> element can contain any number of the three child elements,
in any order.
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Moreover, you can allow regular, untagged text to be mixed in with your specified child tags by
placing #PCDATA at the start of a list of choices. For example, suppose a <speech> element can
contain any mixture of regular text, and text tagged with the elements<loud> and <soft>:
<!ELEMENT speech ((#PCDATA|loud|soft)*)>
<!ELEMENT loud (#PCDATA)>
<!ELEMENT soft (#PCDATA)>
So, the content part of the element declaration can be arbitrarily complex. There are some ways
#PCDATA cannot be used, and there are other uncommon features you may need; refer to the
XML standard or a good book on the subject.
ATTRIBUTE DECLARATIONS
If an element is to have attributes, the names and possible values of those attributes must be
declared in the DTD. Here is the general form:
<!ATTLIST ename {aname atype default} ...>
where ename is the name of the element for which you're defining attributes, aname is the name
of one of that element's possible attributes, atype describes what values it can have, and default
describes whether it has a default value. The last three items can be repeated inside an
<!ATTLIST...> declaration, one group per attribute.
The atype part describing the attribute's type can have three kinds of values:
The keyword CDATA means that the attribute can have any character string as a value.
For example, suppose you want every <play> element to have a title attribute that can contain
any text, and that attribute is required. Here is the complete attribute declaration:
<!ATTLIST play title CDATA #REQUIRED>
There are several tokenized attribute types, which are required to have a certain
structure. See tokenized attributes below.
You can provide a specific set of legal values for the attribute; see enumerated
attributes below.
The last part of the declaration, default, specifies whether the attribute can be omitted, and what
value it will have if omitted. This must be one of the following:
REQUIRED- The attribute must always be supplied.
IMPLIED - The attribute can be omitted, and the DTD does not provide a default value.
Anyone reading this file may assume a default value, but that is not the DTD's problem. "value"
The attribute can be omitted, and the default value is the quoted string that you provide.
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FIXED "value" - The attribute must be given and must have the given "value".
TOKENIZED ATTRIBUTES
You can restrict an attribute to have only values with a certain structure. Here are the possible
values of the atype part of the attribute declaration for such attributes:
ID
An ID attribute must be a unique identifier for that node. This allows other nodes to refer to it.
The attribute value must also be a valid XML name (see above).
IDREF
An IDREF attribute is a reference to an ID attribute in a different node.
For example, suppose that in your DTD, there is a <sailor> element with an ID-type nickname
attribute, and another element <duty> with an IDREF-type attribute called sailor-nick. Then if
you have an element like this:
<sailor nickname='Bluto'>...</sailor>
then this tag would refer to that element:
<duty sailor-nick='Bluto'>...</duty>
IDREFS
The value of an IDREFS attribute must contain one or more ID references separated by spaces.
Example:
<roster sailor-nicks='Bluto Popeye Olive_Oyl'/>
ENTITY
Use this attribute type to refer to external, non-parsed entities. See the section on notations,
below.
ENTITIES
Like ENTITY, but the attribute can be a list of one or more entity names separated by spaces.
NMTOKEN
The attribute value must be a name token, conforming to the rules for XML names (see above).
NMTOKENS
Like NMTOKEN, but the attribute value can contain one or more name tokens separated by
spaces.
ENUMERATED ATTRIBUTES
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You can specify that attributes must have one of a set of one or more values. Here is the general
form of the atype part of the<!ATTLIST...> declaration:
(value1|value2|...)
For example, suppose you want your <vehicle> element to have a kind attribute that must have a
value of either "car","truck", or "boat":
<!ATTLIST vehicle
kind (car|truck|boat) #REQUIRED>
You can also supply a default value in quotes. For example:
<!ATTLIST vehicle
kind (car|truck|boat) "car">
DECLARING AND USING ENTITIES
In a DTD, entities come in four flavours:
A general entity is a chunk of text with a name attached, so you can use the entity as a
sort of shorthand to get the related text substituted in its place.
For example, suppose you are working on a new product called Project Giant-Slayer, but you
know that the marketing department will change the name when it's released to the market. You
could define the current product name as an entity named &product, and use it everywhere in
your product literature. Then, when the marketing department decides on the final name, you can
change the declaration of the entity and the new name will magically appear in place of the old
one in all your web pages and brochures.
A character entity is one of the many standardized special characters that you can use
when you need a character unavailable in your local character set.
A parameter entity is like a general entity, but it can be used as shorthand for parts of a
content declaration in an element declaration.
A binary or non-parsed entity represents an external file that is not in XML format.
GENERAL ENTITIES
General entities have names of the form &name;, where the name follows the usual rules for
XML names (above).
To declare a general entity, use a declaration of this general form in your DTD:
<!ENTITY ename "text">
where ename is the name of the entity you are defining (without the initial & and final ;),
and text is the text you want substituted for that entity.
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For example, to define an entity named &cr; with your copyright string, you might use a
declaration like this:
<!ENTITY cr "Copyright (C) 1763 Cotton Mather LLP">
CHARACTER ENTITIES
To use special characters in your document, you
the decimal number of the character you want.
at http://www.w3.org/TR/html401/sgml/entities.html.
can use the form &#n; where n is
A table of these entities is online
PARAMETER ENTITIES
The purpose of a parameter entity is to serve as a short hand for some or all of the content part of
an element declaration.
The general form is:
<!ENTITY % ename "text">
For example, suppose you have a lot of tags whose content model is "#PCDATA|bold|ital)*".
You could define an entity like this:
<!ENTITY bitext "(#PCDATA|bold|ital)*">
Then, to define an element <excuse> with that content:
<!ELEMENT excuse %bitext;>
BINARY (NON-PARSED) ENTITIES
This last type of entity represents a file, like an image or sound file, that is not XML. To declare
such an entity:
<!ENTITY ename SYSTEM "url" NDATA nname>
where ename is the name of the entity you are defining, url is the URL where the file can be
found, and nname is the name of thenotation that the file uses. See the section on notations
below for an example.
NOTATION DECLARATIONS
The purpose of a notation declaration is to define the format of some external non-XML file,
such as a sound or image file, so you can refer to such files in your document.
The general form of a notation declaration can be either of these:
<!NOTATION nname PUBLIC std>
<!NOTATION nname SYSTEM url>
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where nname is the name you are giving to the notation; std is the published name of a public
notation, and url is a reference to a program that can render a file in the given notation.
There are four steps to connecting an attribute to a notation:
1. Declare the notation. Example:
<!NOTATION jpeg PUBLIC "JPG 1.0">
2. Declare the entity. For example:
3. <!ENTITY bogie-pic SYSTEM
"http://stars.com/bogart.jpg" NDATA jpeg>
4. Declare the attribute as type ENTITY. For example:
<!ATTLIST star-bio pin-shot ENTITY #REQUIRED>
5. Use the attribute:
<star-bio pin-shot="bogie-pic">...</star-bio>
In a way, you could argue that this is the most widespread use of XML, as XHTML. Because
XHTML is simply HTML 4.0 reworked, many HTML 4.0 sites are actually using an invalid
form of XHTML.
But the benefit of XML is not that it already exists as XHTML, but that you can create web
documents from XML using XSLT to transform your documents into HTML. You can then send
your XML to an XSLT processor on the web server and serve that result to the web browser.
This makes your documentation available in whatever format you need it to be in.
XML AND CONTENT MANAGEMENT
Ironically, with most websites that use XML, the web designers and content developers might
not even know that XML is there. This is because there is generally a CMS or content
management system that sits in front of the XML to make it easier for the content writers to
write their web content without worrying about how to write HTML or design web pages.
XML AND DOCUMENTATION
Many companies are moving to XML to write their internal documentation. The most common
XML platform for this is DocBook. The advantage of XML for documentation is that it can be
used to define the common traits in books, magazines, stories, advertisements, and so forth. And
DocBook already has that type of information defined.
The best thing about XML for documentation is that the XML is easy to understand for humans,
both of the actual documentation, but also the XML code surrounding it. XML can be used for
any type of documentation, from a publishing house to Marketing materials.
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Here is an example of documentation written in XML:
<howto>
<title>How to Write a Mail Link</title>
<author>Jennifer Kyrnin, Web Design Guide</author>
<description>
<paragraph>
Use a HTML tag to allow your readers to send email directly from your Web
site. </paragraph>
</description>
<directions>
<step>Write a link as usual <a href="">email me</a></step>
<step>Where you would normally put a URL, put the code "mailto" <a
href="mailto:">email me</a></step>
<step>Then put your email address after the colon <a
href="mailto:html@aboutguide.com">email me</a></step>
</directions>
</howto>
As you can see, both the data and the XML are readable and understandable. The content is also
in an order that would be expected by a human reading the document.
XML AND DATABASE DEVELOPMENT
Databases are a natural use for XML, because XML is all about data. Unlike XML for
documentation, XML for databases does not need to be readable by humans. The data is simply
written in such a way to allow machines to read it and make it accessible to a database.
Here's XML that might be loaded into a database:
<item number="00001">
<name>
<first>Jane</first>
<middle>Q</middle>
<last>Public</last>
</name>
<phone type="voice">
<areacode>407</areacode>
<number>555-1212</number>
</phone>
<phone type="fax">
<areacode>407</areacode>
<number>555-1213</number>
</phone>
<email>jpublic@gmail.com</email>
</item>
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Unlike the document XML, it's not necessary that this be easily readable by humans. Since it is
meant to be input into a database, it is only important that it be processable by a computer.
HTML versus XML
The most salient difference between HTML and XML is that HTML describes presentation and
XML describes content. An HTML document rendered in a web browser is human readable.
XML is aimed toward being both human and machine readable.
Consider the following HTML.
<html>
<head><title>Books</title><head>
<body>
<h2>Books</h2>
<hr>
<em>Sense and Sensibility</em>, <b>Jane Austen</b>, 1811<br>
<em>Pride and Prejudice</em>, <b>Jane Austen</b>, 1813<br>
<em>Alice in Wonderland</em>, <b>Lewis Carroll</b>, 1866<br>
<em>Through the Looking Glass<</em>, <b>Lewis Carroll</b>, 1872<br>
</body>
</html>
The previous HTML is rendered in a browser as follows.
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The HTML above describes how bibliography information is to be presented and formatted for a
human to view in a web browser. Knowing that Sense and Sensibility is enclosed in italic tags
does not however help a program determine that it is the title of a book. XML attempts to
describe web data to address this void.
The following is XML describing the contents of the books HTML page above.
<books>
<book>
<title>Sense and Sensibility</title>
<author>Jane Austen</author>
<year>1811</year>
</book>
<book>
<title>Pride and Prejudice</title>
<author>Jane Austen</author>
<year>1813</year>
</book>
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<book>
<title>Alice in Wonderland</title>
<author>Lewis Carroll</author>
<year>1866</year>
</book>
<book>
<title>Through the Looking Glass</title>
<author>Lewis Carroll</author>
<year>1872</year>
</book>
</books>
A program parsing this data can take advantage of the fact that all book titles are enclosed in
<title> tags. Where would such a program find such information? An XML document may
contain an optional description of its grammar. A grammar describes which tags are used in the
XML document and how such tags can be nested. A grammar is a schema or road map for the
XML document. Originally an XML grammar was specified in a DTD (Document Type
Definition). A newer standard however, XSchema (XML Schema) has been adopted. XSchema
addresses some of the limitations of DTDs.
As can be seen above, XML does not contain any information indicating how the document
should be rendered in a browser. Therefore, XML factors data from presentation. The beauty of
this feature is that the same data can be presented in a variety of ways without having to
replicate any data (e.g., consider making book titles bold and authors italic).
XML SYNTAX DIFFERS FROM HTML
New tags may be defined at will
Tags may be nested to arbitrary depth
May contain an optional description of its grammar
XML can be used to store data inside HTML documents. XML data can be stored inside HTML
pages as "Data Islands". As HTML provides a way to format and display the data, XML stores
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data inside the HTML documents. The data contained in an XML file is of little value unless it
can be displayed, and HTML files are used for that purpose.
The simple way to insert XML code into an HTML file is to use the <xml> tag. The XML tag
informs, the browser that the contents are to be parsed and interpreted using the XML parser.
Like most other HTML tags, the <xml> tag has attributes. The most important attribute is the ID,
which provides for the unique naming of the code. The contents of the XML tag come from one
of two sources : inline XML code or an imported XML file.
If the code appears in the current location , it's said to be inline.
Example
Embedding XML code inside an HTML File.
<html>
<xml Id = msg>
<message>
<to> Visitors </to>
<from> Author </from>
<Subject> XML Code Islands </Subject>
<body> In this example, XML code is embedded inside HTML code
</body>
</message>
</xml>
</html>
The efficient way is to create a file and import it. You can easily do so by using the SRC
attribute of the XML tag.
Syntax
<xml Id = msg SRC =
"example1.xml"> </xml>
DATA BINDING
Data binding involves mapping, synchronizing, and moving data from a data source, usually on a
remote server, to an end user's local system where the user can manipulate the data. Using data
binding means that after a remote server transmits data, the user can perform some minor data
manipulations on their own local system. The remote server does not have to perform all the data
manipulations nor repeatedly transmit variations of the same data.
Data binding involves moving data from a data source to a local system, and then
manipulating the data, such as, searching, sorting, and filtering, it on the local system.
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When you bind data in this way, you do not have to request that the remote server
manipulate the data and then retransmit the results; you can perform some data
manipulation locally.
In data binding, the data source provides the data, and the appropriate applications
retrieve and synchronize the data and present it on the terminal screen.
If the data changes, the applications are written so they can alter their presentation to
reflect those changes.
Data binding is used to reduce traffic on the network and to reduce the work of the Web
server, especially for minor data manipulations.
Binding data also separates the task of maintaining data from the tasks of developing and
maintaining binding and presentation programs.
CONVERTING XML TO HTML FOR DISPLAY
There exist several ways to convert XML to HTML for display on the Web.
Using HTML alone
If your XML file is of a simple tabular form only two levels deep then you can display XML
files using HTML alone.
Using HTML + CSS
This is a substantially more powerful way to transform XML to HTML than HTML alone, but
lacks the full power and flexibility of the methods listed below.
Using HTML with JavaScript
Fully general XML files of any type and complexity can be processed and displayed using a
combination of HTML and JavaScript. The advantages of this approach are that any possible
transformation and display can be carried out because JavaScript is a fully general purpose
programming language. The disadvantages are that it often requires large, complex, and very
detailed programs using recursive functions (functions that call themselves repeatedly) which are
very difficult for most people to grasp
Using XSL and Xpath
XSL (eXtensible Stylesheet Language) is considered the best way to convert XML to HTML.
The advantages are that the language is very compact, very sophisticated HTML can be
displayed with relatively small programs, it is easy to re-purpose XML to serve a variety of
purposes, it is non-procedural in that you generally specify only what you wish to accomplish as
opposed to detailed instructions as to how to achieve it, and it greatly reduces or eliminates the
need for recursive functions. The disadvantages are that it requires a very different mindset to
use, and the language is still evolving so that many XSL processors in the Web servers are out of
date and newer ones must sometimes be invoked through DOS
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DISPLAYING XML DOCUMENT USING XSL
It is a language for expressing stylesheets. It consists of two parts:
A language for transforming XML documents (XSLT)
An XML vocabulary for specifying formatting semantics
An XSL stylesheet specifies the presentation of a class of XML documents by describing how an
instance of the class is transformed into an XML document that uses the formatting vocabulary.
Like CSS an XSL is linked to an XML document and tell browser how to display each of
document's elements. An XML document with an attached XSL can be open directly in Internet
Explorers. You don't need to use an HTML page to access and display the data.
There are two basic steps for using a css to display an XML document:
Create the XSL file.
Link the XSL sheet to XML document.
CREATING XSL FILE
XSL is a plain text file with .css extension that contains a set of rules telling the web browser
how to format and display the elements in a specific XML document. You can create a css file
using your favorite text editors like Notepad, Wordpad or other text or HTML editor as show
below:
general.xsl
employees
{
background-color: #ffffff;
width: 100%;
}
id
{
display: block; margin-bottom: 30pt; margin-left: 0;
}
name
{
color: #FF0000;
font-size: 20pt;
}
city,state,zipcode
{
color: #0000FF;
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font-size: 20pt;
}
LINKING
To link to a style sheet you use an XML processing directive to associate the style sheet with the
current document. This statement should occur before the root node of the document.
<?xml-stylesheet type="text/xsl" href="styles/general.xsl">
The two attributes of the tag are as follows:
href
The URL for the style sheet.
type
The MIME type of the document begin linked, which in this case is text/css.
MIME stands for Multipart Internet Mail Extension. It is a standard which defines how to make
systems aware of the type of content being included in e-mail messages.
The css file is designed to attached to the XML document as shown below:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
<!--This xml file represent the details of an employee-->
<?xml-stylesheet type="text/xsl"
href="styles/general.xsl"> <employees>
<employee
id="1"> <name>
<firstName>Mohit</firstName>
<lastName>Jain</lastName>
</name>
<city>Karnal</city>
<state>Haryana</state>
<zipcode>98122</zipcode>
</employee>
<employee
id="2"> <name>
<firstName>Rahul</firstName>
<lastName>Kapoor</lastName>
</name>
<city>Ambala</city>
<state>Haryana</state>
<zipcode>98112</zipcode>
</employee>
</employees>
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REWRITING
Let's say you have a proxy running om www.myproxy.com and have proxied the site
www.remotesite.com to the directory /remote. The links on the proxied page
www.remotesite.com doesn't know they are being proxied, this can create some problems. But
lets start with looking at the three different link types.
<a href="myfile.html"> - This link will work
<a href="/myfile.html"> - This link wont work
<a href="http://www.remotesite.com/myfile.html"> - This link wont work
The first link will work since it is relative to the content.
The second link is mapped to the root and therefore the browser will request the following page:
http://www.myproxy.com/myfile.html, but this file isn't found since only files in the directory
/remote will be sent to www.remotesite.com. We have to change so that the link points to
/remote/myfile.html.
The third link is absolute and therefor the browser will follow it to
http://www.remotesite.com/myfile.html. This works correctly, but only if the remote site is
visible to the client. Probably the site being proxied is some internal server not accessible from
the outside. We have to change the link to http://www.myproxy.com/remote/myfile.html.
The rewrite filter
As you should already have learned the proxy is built using a filter that proxies all
incomingrequests. To make the rewrite work there is another filter supplied, the rewrite filter.
Theproxy filter will work perfectly fine without a rewrite filter and doesn't have any knowledge
of the possibility for links to be rewritten. This makes it just as easy to run the proxy with and
without rewriting.
How it works
The current rewriting is done by parsing the html, javascript and css files looking for links using
regular expressions.
The reason the proxy is using regular expressions is that it then can use the the same type of
parsing to find links in both css and html. There is one other reason for using regular expression
over a XML parser, pages aren't writing in XHTML. Since there are so many non XML
compatible pages out there using a standard XML parser wouldn't work. There are other options
like javax.swing.text.html and changing from regular expressions is something considered for
the next versions. There will have to be some measurable performance benefits for doing so
however.
Turn on rewrite
web.xml
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The default setting of the proxy is to not do any link rewriting. But you can easily turn the
rewriting on by adding the rewrite filter. A alternate web.xml is supplied with the proxy that has
rewriting enabled. The file is called web_rewriting.xml and can be found in
TOMCAT_HOME/webapps/J2EP_INSTALL_DIR/WEB-INF/. To enable rewriting rename
web_rewriting.xml to web.xml, make sure that you overwrite the existing file.
data.xml (config file)
Here are the good news, you don't have to do anything (almost). If you have mapped a site for
the proxy all of the links excluding the absolute ones will be rewritten. The reason that the
absolute links aren't rewritten is that you might want to leave them as they are and let the user
follow those links.
You will probably turn absolute link rewriting on however. To do this, simply add theparameter
isRewriting="true" to the server. All absolute links found on a page will be matched to see if we
have them mapped in the config. If we have the server mapped andisRewriting is set to "true"
absolute links for the server will be rewritten.
All servers doesn't support the isRewriting=‖true‖, for instance RoundRobinCluster will always
do rewriting. Consult the documentation of the servers for more information.
Other form of rewrites
There are two more issues with rewriting. One is when the server says a page has moved and
sends a location for the new page, we have to rewrite that location. The other issue is when a
cookie is sent from the server, we have to change so the cookie is set for the correct directory.
Both of these issues are handled by the proxy without having to do any extra configuration.
HTML, SGML, and XML
First you should know that SGML (Standard Generalized Markup Language) is the basis for
both HTML and XML. SGML is an international standard (ISO 8879) that was published in
1986.
Second, you need to know that XHTML is XML. "XHTML 1.0 is a reformulation of HTML
4.01 in XML, and combines the strength of HTML 4 with the power of XML."
Thirdly, XML is NOT a language, it is rules to create an XML based language. Thus, XHTML
1.0 uses the tags of HTML 4.01 but follows the rules of XML.
The Document
A typical document is made up of three layers:
structure
Content
Style
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Structure
Structure would be the documents title, author, paragraphs, topics, chapters, head, body etc.
Content
Content is the actual information that composes a title, author, paragraphs etc.
Style
Style is how the content within the structural elements are displayed such as font color, type and
size, text alignment etc.
Markup
HTML, SGML, and XML all markup content using tags. The difference is that SGML and XML
mainly deal with the relationship between content and structure, the structural tags that markup
the content are not predefined (you can make up your own language), and style is kept
TOTALLY separate; HTML on the other hand, is a mix of content marked up with both
structural and stylistic tags. HTML tags are predefined by the HTML language.
By mixing structure, content and style you limit yourself to one form of presentation and in
HTML's case that would be in a limited group of browsers for the World Wide Web.
By separating structure and content from style, you can take one file and present it in multiple
forms. XML can be transformed to HTML/XHTML and displayed on the Web, or the
information can be transformed and published to paper, and the data can be read by any XML
aware browser or application.
SGML (Standard Generalized Markup Language)
Historically, Electronic publishing applications such as Microsoft Word, Adobe PageMaker or
QuarkXpress, "marked up" documents in a proprietary format that was only recognized by that
particular application. The document markup for both structure and style was mixed in with the
content and was published to only one media, the printed page.
These programs and their proprietary markup had no capability to define the appearance of the
information for any other media besides paper, and really did not describe very well the actual
content of the document beyond paragraphs, headings and titles. The file format could not be
read or exchanged with other programs, it was useful only within the application that created it.
Because SGML is a nonproprietary international standard it allows you to create documents that
are independent of any specific hardware or software. The document structure (what elements
are used and their relationship to each other) is described in a file called the DTD (Document
Type Definition). The DTD defines the relationships between a document's elements creating a
consistent, logical structure for each document.
SGML is good for handling large-scale, long-term information management needs and has been
around for more than a decade as the language of defense contractors and the electronic
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publishing industry. Because SGML is very large, powerful, and complex it is hard to learn and
understand and is not well suited for the Web environment.
XML (Extensible Markup Language)
XML is a "restricted form of SGML" which removes some of the complexity of SGML. XML
like SGML, retains the flexibility of describing customized markup languages with a user-
defined document structure (DTD) in a non-proprietary file format for both storage and
exchange of text and data both on and off the Web.
As mentioned before, XML separates structure and content from style and the structural markup
tags can actually describe the content because they can be customized for each XML based
markup language. A good example of this is the Math Markup Language (MathML) which is an
XML application for describing mathematical notation and capturing both its structure and
content.
Until MathML, the ability to communicate mathematical expressions on the Web was limited to
mainly displaying images (JPG or GIF) of the scientific notation or posting the document as a
PDF file. MathML allows the information to be displayed on the Web, and makes it available for
searching, indexing, or reuse in other applications.
HTML (Hypertext markup Language)
HTML is a single, predefined markup language that forces Web designers to use it's limiting and
lax syntax and structure. The HTML standard was not designed with other platforms in mind,
such as Web TV’s, mobile phones or PDAs. The structural markup does little to describe the
content beyond paragraph, list, title and heading.
XML breaks the restricting chains of HTML by allowing people to create their own markup
languages for exchanging information. The tags can be descriptive of the content and authors
decide how the document will be displayed using style sheets (CSS and XSL). Because of
XML's consistent syntax and structure, documents can be transformed and published to multiple
forms of media and content can be exchanged between other XML applications.
HTML was useful in the part it has played in the success of the Web but has been outgrown as
the Web requires more robust, flexible languages to support it's expanding forms of
communication and data exchange.
XML will never completely replace SGML because SGML is still considered better for long-
time storage of complex documents. However, XML has already replaced HTML as the
recommended markup language for the Web with the creation of XHTML 1.0.
Even though XHTML has not made the HTML that currently exists on the Web obsolete,
HTML 4.01 is the last version of HTML. XHTML (an XML application) is the foundation for a
universally accessible, device independent Web.
Semantic Web Services, like conventional web services, are the server end of a client– server
system for machine-to-machine interaction via the World Wide Web. Semantic services
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are a component of the semantic web because they use markup which makes data machine-
readable in a detailed and sophisticated way (as compared with human-readable HTML which is
usually not easily "understood" by computer programs).
WEB ONTOLOGY LANGUAGE
It is a family of knowledge representation languages or ontology languages for authoring
ontologies or knowledge bases. The languages are characterised by formal
semantics and RDF/XML-based serializations for the Semantic Web. OWL is endorsed by
the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) and has attracted academic, medical and commercial
interest.
In October 2007, a new W3C working group was started to extend OWL with several new
features as proposed in the OWL 1.1 member submission. W3C announced the new version of
OWL on 27 October 2009. This new version, called OWL 2, soon found its way into semantic
editors such as Protégé and semantic reasoners such as Pellet. The OWL family contains many
species, serializations, syntaxes and specifications with similar names. OWL and OWL2 are
used to refer to the 2004 and 2009 specifications, respectively. Full species names will be used,
including specification version (for example, OWL2 EL). When referring more generally, OWL
Family will be used.
TYPES OF ONTOLOGIES
Domain ontology - A domain ontology (or domain-specific ontology) models a specific domain,
which represents part of the world. Particular meanings of terms applied to that domain are
provided by domain ontology. For example the word card has many different meanings. An
ontology about the domain of poker would model the "playing card" meaning of the word, while
an ontology about the domain of computer hardware would model the "punched card" and
"video card" meanings.
Since domain ontologies represent concepts in very specific and often eclectic ways, they are
often incompatible. As systems that rely on domain ontologies expand, they often need to merge
domain ontologies into a more general representation. This presents a challenge to the ontology
designer. Different ontologies in the same domain arise due to different languages, different
intended usage of the ontologies, and different perceptions of the domain (based on cultural
background, education, ideology, etc.).
At present, merging ontologies that are not developed from a common foundation ontology is a
largely manual process and therefore time-consuming and expensive. Domain ontologies that
use the same foundation ontology to provide a set of basic elements with which to specify the
meanings of the domain ontology elements can be merged automatically. There are studies on
generalized techniques for merging ontologies, but this area of research is still largely
theoretical.
Upper ontology - An upper ontology (or foundation ontology) is a model of the common objects
that are generally applicable across a wide range of domain ontologies. It employs a core
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glossarythat contains the terms and associated object descriptions as they are used in various
relevant domain sets.
There are several standardized upper ontologies available for use, including Dublin Core, GFO,
OpenCyc/ResearchCyc, SUMO, and DOLCE. WordNet, while considered an upper ontology by
some, is not strictly an ontology. However, it has been employed as a linguistic tool for learning
domain ontologies.
Hybrid ontology - The Gellish ontology is an example of a combination of an upper and a
domain ontology.
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