water_resources.pptx

Submitted by-
Upma Sharma
Ph D (IWME)
Water Resource System Planning and Management-
Concepts, Approaches and Modeling
Ph D Course Seminar
Submitted to –
Dr. P.K Singh (Professor & HOD)
Department of Soil and Water
Engineering
CTAE, MPUAT
Udaipur, Rajasthan

System Definition & Properties
 Any structure or device, including different interactive
components (real or abstract),that causes an output
reference to a specific input in a given time can be called a
system.
 All systems have some structure and organization.
 Systems are all generalizations, abstractions, or
idealizations of the real world with different levels of
complexities.
 Functional and structural relationships exist between
components of the system.
 All systems show some degree of integration.
 Input–output relations and the nature of them are important
characteristics of systems.

A System – Interdependent Components
THE SYSTEM
INPUTS OUTPUTS
COMPONENTS
FOCUS: Performance of System
not necessarily of its individual components.
GOAL: Maximize System Performance.

Water Resource System-
Basic Concepts
It consists of different elements of two distinct
environment
 Physical, chemical and biological environment -
interdependent water bodies and structures, each
impacting the state and performance of the others.
 Cultural environment - encompasses the various
social constraints that are mainly focused on us and
our interactions with physical environment.
 The physical and cultural environments are
inseparable.

Process of
Water
resources
planning

Why Plan & Manage
 Too little water
 Too much water
 Polluted water
 Degradation of aquatic and riparian ecosystem
 Other planning and management issues:
 Navigation
 River bank erosion
 Reservoir related issues

Planning and Management –
Approaches & Aspects
 Approaches
• Top down also called command and control
• Bottom up also called grass-roots
• Integrated Water Resources Management
 Aspects
• Technical Aspect
• Economic and financial Aspects
• Institutional Aspects

Water Resources Systems Modeling
A Model:
A mathematical description of some
system.
Model Components:
Variables, parameters, functions, inputs,
outputs.
A Model Solution Algorithm:
A mathematical / computational
procedure for performing operations on
the model – for getting outputs from

Model Types:
• Descriptive (Simulation)
• Prescriptive (Optimization)
• Deterministic
• Probabilistic or Stochastic
• Static
• Dynamic
• Mixed

Algorithm Types:
• Descriptive (Simulation)
• Prescriptive (Constrained
Optimization)
• Mathematical Programming
• Lagrange Multipliers
• Linear Programming
• Non-linear Programming
• Dynamic Programming
• Evolutionary Search Procedures
• Genetic Algorithms, Genetic Programming

Simulation:
Optimization:
WATER RESOURCE
SYSTEM
System
Inputs
System Design and
Operating Policy
System
Outputs
WATER RESOURCE
SYSTEM
System
Inputs
System Design and
Operating Policy
System
Outputs

Modeling Example
• Problem.
Need a water tank of capacity  V.
• Performance Criterion.
Cost minimization.
• Numerous alternatives.
Shape, dimensions, materials.
• Best design not obvious.

H
R
Modeling Example Continued
Consider a cylindrical tank  V.
having radius R and height H.
Average costs per unit area:
Ctop
Cside
Cbase

Model:
Minimize Total_cost (Objective)
subject to: (Constraints)
Volume = (R2H)  V.
Total_cost =
Rs_Side+Rs_Base+Rs_Top
Rs_Side = Cside(2RH)
Rs_Base = Cbase(R2)
Rs_Top = Ctop(R2)

Solution:
Rs_Side / Total_cost = 2/3
(Rs_Base+Rs_Top) / Total_cost =
1/3
No matter what shape and unit
costs.

Solution: a tradeoff between cost and volume.
Total
Cost
Tank Volume

Other Modeling Examples
Water Pollution Control
Water Allocations to Competing
Uses
Tradeoffs!

Other Modeling Examples
Water Quality – Aquatic
Ecosystems
Silt
Acid
Mine
Drainag
e
Point-
Source
Pollution
Fish Kill Ecosystem
Enhanceme
nt

A multi-purpose river basin planning example:
Stakeholder Participation: Shared Vision
Modeling

Irrigation
Urban area
Levee
protection
Pumped
storage
hydropower
Recreation
Flood
storage
•
Gage
A multi-purpose river basin planning example:
Shared Vision Modeling

Challenges in Water Resource
System Modeling
 Challenges of Planners and Managers
 identify creative alternatives for solving problems
 find out what each interest group wants to know in order to reach an
understanding of the issues and a consensus on what to do
 develop and use models and present their results so that everyone can
reach a common or shared understanding and agreement that is
consistent with their individual values
 make decisions and implement them, given differences in opinions, social
values and objectives.
 Challenges of Modeling
 A final solution to a water resources planning problem rarely exists:
plans and projects are dynamic.
 For every major decision there are many minor decisions
 The time normally available to study particular water resources
problems is shorter than the time needed;
 Challenges of applying models in practice
 a gap between what researchers in water resources systems modeling
produce and publish, and what the practitioner finds useful and uses

Water Resource Systems Engineering
Planning & Management Objectives
Types of Objectives or Measures of
Performance:
• Physical
• Statistical
• Economic
• Environmental – Ecological
• Social
• Combinations
• Multi-objective analyses.

Why?
How?
Broad Goals  Aims  Objectives  Specific Strategies:
• National Security and Welfare.
• Self Sufficiency.
• Regional Economic Development.
• Public and Environmental Health.
• Economic Efficiency and Equity.
• Environmental Quality.
• Ecosystem Biodiversity and Health.
• System Reliability, Resilience, Robustness.
• Water supply: quantity, quality, reliability,
cost.
• Flood protection, flood plain zoning.
• Energy and food production.
• Recreation, navigation, wildlife habitat.
• Water and wastewater treatment.

Objectives expressed as functions to be maximized
or minimized or as constraints that have to
satisfied.
Economic objectives:
• Maximize benefits: improvement in
income, welfare, or willingness to pay.
• Minimize costs: benefits forgone,
opportunity costs, adverse externalities.
• Maximize net benefits: benefits less losses
and costs.
• Minimize inequity: differences in

Economic objectives:
Maximize Net Revenue (Private):
Marginal Revenue = Marginal cost
Maximize Net Social Benefits (Public):
Unit Price = Marginal cost
Unit price = Po – bQ
Marginal cost = c
Q
Po
2b b Marginal revenue = Po –
2bQ
P*pri.
P*pub.
Q*pri. Q*pub.
Private:
Consumer’s
surplus
Producer’s surplus
Public: All consumer
surplus.

Nura-Ishim River Basin Management
Decision Support System

River Basin Management Decision Support System
OBJECTIVES
• Information System to assist in river basin planning and
management
• Database of water resources and water quality data for each river
basin
• Assessment of current water use in each river basin
• Prediction of future water usage over 20 year planning horizon
• Assessment of current and future predicted water balance in each
basin
• Basis for determining basin-wide water allocations
• Analysis of alternative water management strategies
• Analytical tool for evaluating alternative water development options
• Application of systematic approach to development of river basin

COMPONENTS
• Geographic Information System (GIS)
GIS database showing location of catchment areas, rivers, river gauging stations, reservoirs,
lakes, aquifers, river abstraction points, wellfields, trans-basin diversion schemes and principal
demand centres for municipal, industrial and irrigation water users;
• Database
MicroSoft Access database, containing detailed data for use in the integrated water resources
model, such as historic monthly time-series river flow data, groundwater yields, water quality
data, rainfall data, evaporation data, reservoir characteristics and water demand projection
data for municipal, industrial and irrigation water users;
• Integrated Water Resources Planning Model
Integrated Water Resources Planning Model for simulating the water resources system within
each river basin, for the purposes of assessing the present water demand/supply balance
across each basin and for evaluating alternative future water resources development
scenarios as well as assessing their impacts, in terms of both water quality and quantity,
across each basin

SYSTEM STRUCTURE
MicroSoft Access Database ArcView 8.2 GIS
Integrated Water Resources
Planning Model

 Country boundaries
 Oblast boundaries
 District boundaries
 River basin boundaries
 Sub-catchment areas
 Rivers
 Reservoirs, lakes & wetlands
 Protected conservation areas
 Recreation & angling facilities
 Commercial fisheries
 River gauging stations
 River abstraction points
 Groundwater aquifers
 Groundwater wellfields
 Wastewater discharge points
 Water quality monitoring points
 Trans-basin diversion canals
 Irrigation canals
 Water transfer pipelines
 Pumping stations
 Hydropower stations
 Water treatment plants
 Wastewater treatment plants
 Urban areas
 Industrial areas
 Irrigation areas
 Municipal demand centres
 Industrial demand centres
 Irrigation demand zones
 Rural water supply schemes
Geographic Information System (GIS)
GIS database to comprise a spatial data covering the following features:

Geographic Information System – ArcView 8.2 GIS

MicroSoft Access Database
• Time-series inflow data for each gauging station;
• Groundwater yields for each aquifer source;
• Water quality data for relevant contaminants at each source;
• Rainfall data from selected stations where data is available;
• Evaporation data from reservoirs;
• Reservoir characteristics;
• Municipal water demand data;
• Industrial demand data;
• Irrigation demand data;
• Development option data;
• Capital cost data;
• Operating cost data;
• Economic criteria.
Database comprising the following non-spatial data:

Integrated Water Resources Planning Model
Application to assist Integrated River Basin Planning and Management:
• Assessment of water resource yields (surface water and groundwater);
• Water demand forecasting (municipal, industrial and irrigation);
• Assessment of environmental/ecological flow requirements;
• Assessment of water quality requirements;
• Derivation of water demand/supply balance projections;
• Formulation of alternative demand management strategies;
• Formulation of alternative resource development strategies;
• Derivation of water allocations for licensing purposes;
• Estimation of cost of raw water delivery to principal users;
• Evaluation of range of development scenarios;
• Identification of least cost development scenario.

• Water resources database;
• Water demand forecasting module;
• Water balance module;
• Water quality module;
• Water allocation/costing module;
• Resource management/development option module;
• Development scenario evaluation module.
Time-series Water Balance Model, comprising the followin

Demand Forecasting module:
• Municipal water supply demands;
• Commercial/institutional demands;
• Industrial water supply demands;
• Irrigation water demands;
• Rural water supply demands;
• Environmental/ecological water requirements.
Demand Forecasting criteria:
• Population projections for each identified urban centre;
• Projected service ratio (% of population served);
• Forecast per-capita consumption;
• Forecast un-accounted for water (leakage losses etc);
• Industrial economic forecasts;
• Agricultural forecasts (irrigated areas, crop mix, livestock etc);
• Ecological habitat criteria.

• River network flow simulation;
• Reservoir operations simulation;
• Conjunctive use of groundwater/surface water;
• Simulation of abstractions/discharges;
• 70 year time-series simulation in monthly time-steps;
• Target supply reliability criteria;
• Operations optimization;
• System yield maximization;
• Demand/supply balance analysis.
Basin Water Balance module:
Water Quality module:
• Simulates variation in water quality through river network;
• Preserves dissolved solids balance for conservative parameters;
• Takes account of concentration effects of reservoirs / mixing.

• New groundwater developments;
• Development of snow-melt interception reservoirs;
• Dam raising of existing reservoirs;
• Rehabilitation of water transfer schemes (Irtysh-Karaganda canal);
• River/reservoir clean-up projects (Nura river clean-up);
• Demand management options (leakage reduction, metering etc);
• Improved water and wastewater treatment.
Resource development / Demand management options module:
Development scenario evaluation module:
• Incremental yields for range of options;
• Capital and O&M costs for range of options;
• Option ranking;
• Evaluation of alternative development scenarios;
• Identification of optimum least-cost development scenario.

Use of the Decision Support System in this Study
1. Analysis of particular water supply issues relating to:
• Astana
• Karaganda
• Temirtau
2. Analysis of general water management issues in:
• Nura river basin
• Ishim river basin
3. Replication of generalised model into the other six basins:
• Irtysh river basin;
• Balkash-Alakol river basin;
• Shu-Talas river basin;
• Tobol-Torgay river basin;
• Ural-Caspian river basin;
• Syr Darya river basin.

References
• Beeks E. and Loucks D.; Water Resources System Planning and
Management An Introduction to Methods, Models and Applications.
Studies and Reports in Hydrology,UNESCO Publishing.
• Karamouz M., Szidarovszky F. and Zahraie B.; Water Resources System
Analysis. Lewis Publishers.
• Nura-Ishim River basin Water Management Project, Department for
International Development and Committee for Water Resource.
• www.google.co.in

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