The document describes Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome (WFS), which is defined as adrenal gland failure caused by hemorrhaging into the adrenal glands due to severe bacterial infection, most commonly by Neisseria meningitidis bacteria. WFS is characterized by petechial rashes, fever, septic shock, and disseminated intravascular coagulation. It typically affects infants and children under 10 years old. Treatment involves antibiotics, adrenal hormone replacement, and managing shock. Two case studies are presented of patients who died from WFS caused by group A streptococcus and Streptococcus pneumoniae respectively.
Have you ever had
the "stomach flu?" What you probably had was gastroenteritis - not a
type of flu at all. Gastroenteritis is an inflammation of the lining of the
intestines caused by a virus, bacteria or parasites. Viral gastroenteritis is
the second most common illness in the U.S. It spreads through contaminated food
or water, and contact with an infected person. The best prevention is frequent
hand washing.
Symptoms of
gastroenteritis include diarrhea, abdominal pain, vomiting, headache, fever
and chills. Most people recover with no treatment.
The most common
problem with gastroenteritis is dehydration. This happens if you do not drink
enough fluids to replace what you lose through vomiting and diarrhea. Dehydration
is most common in babies, young children, the elderly and people with weak
immune systems.
is an upper respiratory tract bacterial infection associated with a characteristic rash, which is caused by an infection with pyrogenic exotoxin (erythrogenic toxin) -producing GAS in individuals who do not have antitoxin antibodies In the past.
scarlet fever was thought to reflect infection of an individual lacking toxin-specific immunity with a toxin-producing strain of GAS.
Subsequent studies have suggested that development of the scarlet fever rash may reflect a hypersensitivity reaction requiring prior exposure to the toxin.
Have you ever had
the "stomach flu?" What you probably had was gastroenteritis - not a
type of flu at all. Gastroenteritis is an inflammation of the lining of the
intestines caused by a virus, bacteria or parasites. Viral gastroenteritis is
the second most common illness in the U.S. It spreads through contaminated food
or water, and contact with an infected person. The best prevention is frequent
hand washing.
Symptoms of
gastroenteritis include diarrhea, abdominal pain, vomiting, headache, fever
and chills. Most people recover with no treatment.
The most common
problem with gastroenteritis is dehydration. This happens if you do not drink
enough fluids to replace what you lose through vomiting and diarrhea. Dehydration
is most common in babies, young children, the elderly and people with weak
immune systems.
is an upper respiratory tract bacterial infection associated with a characteristic rash, which is caused by an infection with pyrogenic exotoxin (erythrogenic toxin) -producing GAS in individuals who do not have antitoxin antibodies In the past.
scarlet fever was thought to reflect infection of an individual lacking toxin-specific immunity with a toxin-producing strain of GAS.
Subsequent studies have suggested that development of the scarlet fever rash may reflect a hypersensitivity reaction requiring prior exposure to the toxin.
Infections and salivary gland disease in pediatric age: how to manage - Slide...WAidid
The slideset by Professor Susanna Esposito aims at explaining how to manage the salivary gland infections in pediatric age, from pathogenesis, to transmission, treatments and vaccination coverage, that should be urgently increased in Italy as well as in EU Countries.
Rheumatology MCQs Practice questions with explanationDr. Almas A
Topic: Rheumatology
Exam type: MCQs Practice questions
Q. A 26-year-old female presented to ER with dry cough and shortness of breath and often complains of chest pain. Chest x-ray shows bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy. Which of the following will indicate that the patient suffers from sarcoidosis?
Q: A 50-year-old female presents to ER with dyspnea on exertion and orthopnea, red painful eyes. She complains of chronic dull pain in the gluteal region for the last 5 years and stiffness in the lower back that wakes her up in the morning. X-ray spine reveals squaring of vertebrae with bone spur formation. On MRI sacroiliitis is seen. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
Q: A 60-year-old female presents in OPD with knee joint stiffness in the morning and increases with activity and decreases on rest. She also complains about a crackling noise on joint movement. X-ray shows narrowing of the joint space and osteophytes. Which of the following treatments is recommended in this patient?
Q: A 70-year-old female presented to ER with swelling of knee joint and severe pain. Arthrocentesis revealed rhomboid-shaped crystals that stained deeply blue with H&E stain, and show weak positive birefringence on light microscopy. X-ray reveals chondrocalcinosis. Which of the following statements is true?
Q: A 40-year-old female comes to OPD with dry eyes and dyspareunia for the last 6 months. She also complains of cough and fatigue with joint pains. On examination, her parotid gland was enlarged and laboratory tests revealed anti-Ro antibodies are positive. Which of the following tests is recommended to this patient?
CDSCO and Phamacovigilance {Regulatory body in India}NEHA GUPTA
The Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) is India's national regulatory body for pharmaceuticals and medical devices. Operating under the Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, the CDSCO is responsible for approving new drugs, conducting clinical trials, setting standards for drugs, controlling the quality of imported drugs, and coordinating the activities of State Drug Control Organizations by providing expert advice.
Pharmacovigilance, on the other hand, is the science and activities related to the detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects or any other drug-related problems. The primary aim of pharmacovigilance is to ensure the safety and efficacy of medicines, thereby protecting public health.
In India, pharmacovigilance activities are monitored by the Pharmacovigilance Programme of India (PvPI), which works closely with CDSCO to collect, analyze, and act upon data regarding adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Together, they play a critical role in ensuring that the benefits of drugs outweigh their risks, maintaining high standards of patient safety, and promoting the rational use of medicines.
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TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
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Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
2. Waterhouse–Friderichsen syndrome (WFS) or
hemorrhagic adrenalitis or Fulminant
meningococcemia, is defined as adrenal gland
failure due to bleeding into the adrenal glands,
caused by severe bacterial infection (most
commonly the meningococcus Neisseria
meningitidis).
Another definition is; acute and severe
meningococcemia with hemorrhage into the
adrenal glands
3. 1. Most common causes
Group B streptococcus
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
S. pneumoniae
Staphylococcus aureus
2. Rarely, Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome can
be caused by the use of medications that promote
blood clotting.
3. Other causes include:
Low platelet counts
Primary antiphospholipid syndrome
Renal vein thrombosis
Steroid use
4. Occur usually in infants or children younger
than 10, occasionally in adults.
The Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome may
develop in 10 to 20 percent of children with
meningococcal infection.
This syndrome is characterized by:
Large petechial hemorrhages in the skin and
mucous membranes
Fever
Septic Shock
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation
5. Onset of the syndrome is dramatically sudden.
Nonspecific with fever (initially moderate, then
high), rigors, cough, vomiting, and headache.
Dysphagia, atrophy of the tongue, and cracks at
the corners of the mouth are also characteristic
features.
Soon a rash appears; first macular, not much
different from the rose spots of typhoid, and
rapidly becoming petechial and purpuric with a
dusky gray color and sometimes large purpuric
cutaneous haemorrhages often followed by
necrosis and sloughing.
Exhibits a cyanotic pallor, patients are alert but
pale with coldness and cyanosis of the extremities
due to generalized vasoconstriction.
Hypotension and rapidly leads to septic shock.
6. Shock, extensive haemorrhage within the skin
and fall into coma.
Death usually after a few hours, adrenal
insufficiency being the immediate cause.
Patients who recover may suffer from
extensive sloughing of the skin and loss of
digits due to gangrene.
MENINGITIS GENERALLY DOES NOT
OCCUR.
7. There is hypoglycemia with hyponatremia and
hyperkalemia, and the ACTH stimulation test
demonstrates the acute adrenal failure.
Leukocytosis but if leukopenia is seen, it became a
very poor prognostic sign.
C-reactive protein levels can be elevated or almost
normal.
Thrombocytopenia , with alteration in
prothrombin time (PT) and partial thromboplastin
time (PTT) suggestive of diffuse intravascular
coagulation (DIC).
Acidosis and acute renal failure can be seen as in
any severe sepsis.
Meningococci can be readily cultured from blood
or CSF or smears of cutaneous lesions.
8. Routine vaccination against meningococcus is
recommended by the Centers for Disease
Control for;
1. All 11–18 year olds
2. People who have poor splenic function (who,
for example, have had their spleen removed or
who have sickle-cell disease which damages the
spleen)
3. Who have certain immune disorders, such as a
complement deficiency.
9. The treatment is as that for meningococcal
infection, fulminant meningococcemia is a medical
emergency and needs to be treated with adequate
antibiotics as fast as possible.
Ceftriaxone is an antibiotic commonly employed
today. Ceftriaxone is a third-generation
cephalosporin antibiotic. Like other third-
generation cephalosporins, it has broad spectrum
activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative
bacteria. In most cases, it is considered to be
equivalent to cefotaxime in terms of safety and
efficacy.
Benzylpenicillin was once the drug of choice with
chloramphenicol as a good alternative in allergic
patients.
10. Addition of adrenal support with
hydrocortisone, given intravenously in a
dose of 200 mg per square metre body
surface per four hours. Hydrocortisone can
sometimes reverse the hypoadrenal shock.
Hypovolaemia is treated with colloids,
dopamine and coagulation factors.
Sometimes plastic surgery and grafting is
needed to deal with tissue necrosis.
11. Case 1
A 4 year old, previously healthy boy has a
short history of cough and malaise, which had
also affected other family members. On
attending the accident and emergency
department he was found to have a fever of
39°C, an erythematous, blanching skin rash,
mild pharyngitis, and cervical
lymphadenopathy. A diagnosis of viral
infection was made and he was sent home.
Five days later his condition worsened, with
shock and a confluent haemorrhagic rash. His
temperature remained high and he was noted
to be tachypnoeic. Clotting parameters,
including D dimers, were abnormal and his
platelet count was low, consistent with
disseminated intravascular coagulation.
Despite resuscitation, he died.
12. At necropsy there were signs of upper airway
infection and bilateral basal bronchopneumonia,
with consolidation. Massive haemorrhage was
present in the right adrenal gland, but not the left.
There was no evidence of meningitis or
haemorrhage elsewhere. Microvascular thrombi
were not seen on histology.
The cause of death was given as acute adrenal
haemorrhage as a result of meningococcal
septicaemia. Family members were given antibiotic
prophylaxis and the consultant in communicable
diseases was informed. Blood cultures and skin
scrapings taken before death were unhelpful. Blood
and pleural fluid taken aseptically at necropsy grew
a heavy pure growth of β haemolytic streptococcus
group A. Other surface swabs also grew
streptococcus group A. The isolates typed as the M1
strain and contained genes for toxins A and B (the
cause of streptococcal toxic shock syndrome).
Polymerase chain reaction for meningococcal DNA
was negative.
13. Case 2
Case 2 was a 64 year old man who died suddenly
and unexpectedly at home, with no known
preceding illness. He had undergone a laparotomy
following abdominal trauma at age 14 years, with
splenectomy, and had a history of rheumatoid
arthritis treated with methotrexate.
At necropsy a skin rash was noted. The lungs were
congested and massive bilateral adrenal
haemorrhages were present (fig 1). The spleen was
absent and the upper peritoneum was studded with
multiple soft splenunculi. The brain showed severe
vascular congestion within the choroid plexus, with
mild cerebral oedema. There was no evidence of
meningitis or haemorrhage elsewhere and
microvascular thrombi were not seen on histology.
Postmortem blood cultures, taken aseptically, grew a
pure growth of S pneumoniae.
14. Figure 1 Postmortem histology from case 2 showing
massive adrenal haemorrhage, low power and (inset)
high power. Haematoxylin and eosin stain.