This document discusses wastewater treatment and management. It begins by explaining that wastewater from homes and businesses goes through sewer systems to local wastewater treatment plants. It then describes the three main levels of wastewater treatment - primary, secondary, and tertiary. Primary treatment involves physical separation processes. Secondary treatment uses biological processes with microbes and oxygen to break down organic matter. Tertiary treatment provides additional treatment using chemical or physical methods. After treatment, effluent is discharged back into streams while sludge is disposed of through various methods. The document emphasizes that wastewater treatment protects water quality in receiving streams.

1. Wastewater –
Its Journey to Treatment and
Return to the Environment
Water & wastewater management

2. Where does it all go!
Where does the
water from the
washer go?
When you flush the
toilet where does
the contents go?
By gravity flow, the waste is on its way
to your local wastewater treatment plant!

3. Why treat wastewater?
• Causes a demand for dissolved oxygen
(lower DO levels of streams)
• Adds nutrients (nitrate and phosphate)
to cause excessive growth
• Increases suspended solids or sediments
in streams (turbidity increase)

4. Western
Branch
WWTP
Blue Plains
WWTP
Mattawoman
WWTP
Sewagesheds
Piscataway
WWTP
Parkway
WWTP
Marlboro
Meadows
WWTP
Bowie WWTP
approximate
boundaries
- an area where
sewage is collected
and delivered to a
WWPT

5. Where do you locate the
WWTP in the watershed?
A
B
C
D
Consider the four possible sites.

6. Levels of Treatment
Primary
– removal by physical separation of grit and large
objects (material to landfill for disposal)
Secondary
– aerobic microbiological process (sludge)
organic matter + O2  CO2 + NH3 + H2O
NH3  NO3
-
- lowers suspended solids content (into sludge)
aquatic nutrient
Mostly dead
microbes

7. Aeration
and rapid
mixing
Settling
collects sludge
on bottom
Secondary process
ir
iffuser
Fromprimaryprocess
Totertiaryprocess

8. Levels of Treatment continued
Tertiary (advanced)
– anaerobic microbiological process

9. Slow mixing
to keep suspended
and O2 out
Settling
collects sludge
on bottom
Tertiary process
Fromsecondaryprocess
Effluent
add methanol as food source

10. When the treatment is done…
• Effluent back to stream after
– a final carbon filtration and
– chlorination/dechlorination
• Sludge – very nutrient rich
– applied directly to land as fertilizer
– incinerated
– composted

11. • We all know that planet earth has more
water than land but sadly just about 3%
of the Earth’s total water is fresh
water and over two third of that is in
glaciers.
• That makes it about less than 0.5
percent of our fresh water available in
lakes, ponds and rivers
WATER MANAGEMENT

12. The availability and quality of water are being
improved.
•Rooftop rainwater harvesting systems, storage
tanks, bio-sand filters, and stand posts with
water taps in schools and homes provide water
for drinking and sanitation—
•Groundwater levels are augmented with check
dams, contour trenches, dug well recharging,
pressurized recharge wells, and pond
development; and
•Villagers and development committees are being
trained to effectively manage water resources,
and water literacy sessions motivate villagers to
conserve water.

13. Fig.: Projected water demand by different sectors

16. BIOMEDICAL
WASTE
MANAGEMENT IN
INDIA
)

17. Let the waste of the
“sick” not contaminate
the lives of “The
Healthy”

18. CONTENT
• Definition
• Categories of Biomedical Waste
• Problem associated with Biomedical
waste
• Need for Biomedical Waste
Management
• Treatment techniques
• Biomedical waste management in India
• Environmental legislation
• Conclusion

19. Biomedical Waste (BMW)
is…
• Solid waste generated during the diagnosis,
testing, treatment, research or production of
biological products for humans or animals
(WHO)
• WHO estimates
– 85% of hospital waste is non-hazardous
– 10% is infectious
– 5% is non-infectious but consists of hazardous
chemicals like methylchloride and formaldehyde.

20. TYPES OF BIOMEDICAL
WASTESWASTE CATEGORY TYPE OF WASTE
Category No. 1 Human Anatomical Waste
Category No. 2 Animal Waste
Category No. 3 Microbiology & Biotechnology Waste
Category No. 4 Waste Sharps
Category No. 5
Discarded Medicine and Cytotoxic
drugs
Category No. 6 Soiled Waste
Category No. 7 Solid Waste
Category No. 8 Liquid Waste
Category No. 9 Incineration Ash
Category No.10 Chemical Waste

21. Waste Sharps eg:
Needles
Human anatomical
waste
Discarded
medicines
Solid waste eg:
cotton swabs
Pharmaceutical Waste

22. PROBLEM ASSOCIATED
WITH BMW
ORGANISM DISEASES CAUSED RELATED WASTE
ITEM
VIRUSES
HIV, Hepatitis B,
Hepatitis A,C,
Arboviruses,
Enteroviruses
AIDS, Infectious
Hepatitis,
Infectious Hepatitis,
Dengue, Japanese
encephalitis, tick-borne
fevers, etc.
Infected needles, body
Fluids, Human excreta,
soiled linen, Blood, body
fluids.
BACTERIA
Salmonella typhi,
Vibrio cholerae,
Clostridium Tetani,
Pseudomonas,
Streptococcus
Typhoid, Cholera,
Tetanus
Wound infections,
septicemia, rheumatic
fever, endocarditis, skin
and soft tissue infections
Human excreta and
body fluid in landfills and
hospital wards, Sharps
such as needles, surgical
blades in hospital waste.
PARASITES
Wucheraria Bancrofti,
Plasmodium
Cutaneous leishmaniasis,
Kala Azar, Malaria
Human excreta, blood
and
body fluids in poorly

23. NEED FOR BMW
MANAGMENT
 Infections in patients from poor infection
control practices and poor waste
management.
Drugs which have been disposed of, being
repacked and sold off to unsuspecting
buyers.
Risk of air, water and soil pollution directly
due to waste, or due to defective
incineration emissions and ash.
Risk of infection outside hospital for
waste handlers and scavengers, other
peoples.

24. TECHNIQUES
SEGREGATION :- to segregate the
wastes.
Colour Coding Type of Container
Yellow Plastic Bag
Red
Disinfected
container/Plastic
bag
Blue/
White Translucent
Plastic Bag / punch
proof containers
Black Plastic Bag

25. TRANSPORTATION
• Transportation of BMW can be divided
into internal and external
transportation.
• INTERNAL: it is for yellow ,red ,blue
and white bags.
• EXTERNAL: it is for the general waste
collected in the black coloured plastic
bags.

26. Bio medical waste
management in India
Biomedical waste (management and handling) rule
1998, prescribed by The Ministry of Environment and
Forests, Govt of India, came into force on 20th July
1998.
 This rule applies to those who generate, collect,
receive, store, dispose, treat or handle bio medical
waste in any manner.
Thus bio medical waste should be segregated into
containers/bags at the point of generation of waste.
Thus Colour Coding & type of containers used for
disposal of waste is came into existence which is
shown as follows.
26

27. 27
Environmental LegislationEnvironmental Legislation
 The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986
 The Biomedical Waste (Management &The Biomedical Waste (Management &
Handling) Rules, 1998Handling) Rules, 1998
 The Municipal Solid Waste (Management &The Municipal Solid Waste (Management &
Handling) Rules, 2000Handling) Rules, 2000
 The Hazardous Waste (Management &The Hazardous Waste (Management &
Handling) Rules, 1989Handling) Rules, 1989
 The National Environmental Tribunal Act, 1995The National Environmental Tribunal Act, 1995
 The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution)The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution)
Act, 1981Act, 1981