World Bank estimated, in 2025 the production of municipal solid waste will be 2.2 billion tones worldwide. With this amount, we are more and more polluting our own environment. Seven to eight percent of the total greenhouse gas emissions arise from continued landfilling. EfW (WtE) does not only decrease the volume of waste, it also protects natural resources like land and water. There is no additional need for landfills, where leakage can occur and pollute our tap water. It also protects air and climate because the regulations by law for EfW are more stringent than for coal fired power plants or any other industry. EfW plants decrease the greenhouse gases which come from landfill.
Waste-to-energy (WtE) or energy-from-waste (EfW) is the process of generating energy in the form of electricity and/or heat from the primary treatment of waste. WtE is a form of energy recovery. Most WtE processes produce electricity and/or heat directly through combustion, or produce a combustible fuel commodity, such as methane, methanol, ethanol or synthetic fuels.
Waste-to-energy technologies convert waste matter into various forms of fuel that can be used to supply energy. Waste feed stocks can include municipal solid waste (MSW); construction and demolition (C&D) debris; agricultural waste, such as crop silage and livestock manure; industrial waste from coal mining, lumber mills, or other facilities; and even the gases that are naturally produced within landfills.
Waste to energy projects with reference to MSW, Sourabh Manuja, TERI, IndiaESD UNU-IAS
This lecture is part of the 2016 ProSPER.Net Young Researchers’ School on sustainable energy for transforming lives: availability, accessibility, affordability
Waste-to-energy (WtE) or energy-from-waste (EfW) is the process of generating energy in the form of electricity and/or heat from the primary treatment of waste. WtE is a form of energy recovery. Most WtE processes produce electricity and/or heat directly through combustion, or produce a combustible fuel commodity, such as methane, methanol, ethanol or synthetic fuels.
Waste-to-energy technologies convert waste matter into various forms of fuel that can be used to supply energy. Waste feed stocks can include municipal solid waste (MSW); construction and demolition (C&D) debris; agricultural waste, such as crop silage and livestock manure; industrial waste from coal mining, lumber mills, or other facilities; and even the gases that are naturally produced within landfills.
Waste to energy projects with reference to MSW, Sourabh Manuja, TERI, IndiaESD UNU-IAS
This lecture is part of the 2016 ProSPER.Net Young Researchers’ School on sustainable energy for transforming lives: availability, accessibility, affordability
Waste-to-energy uses trash as a fuel for generating power, just as other power plants use coal, oil, or natural gas. The burning fuel heats water into steam that drives a turbine to create electricity.
We are the global distributor of LTC technology. We supply sustainable green energy solutions. In all our projects we use LTC technology to ensure that all new facilities are cost-efficient and meet or exceed the highest environmental standards. Our objective is to supply our clients with tailor-made patented LTC technology power plant solutions that convert waste into sustainable energy. We execute all projects successfully by using the extensive experience at our disposal. Renewable Energy, Power plants without pollution, New technology power plant, LTC- Low Temperature Conversion
Waste-to-energy technologies convert waste matter into various forms of fuel that can be used to supply energy. Waste feed stocks can include municipal solid waste (MSW); construction and demolition (C&D) debris; agricultural waste, such as crop silage and livestock manure; industrial waste from coal mining, lumber mills, or other facilities; and even the gases that are naturally produced within landfills.
Widespread infectious disease, air and water pollution, energy poverty, and high unemployment are growing problems in many developing nations. These have become delicate issues for humanitarian organizations like the UN, OECD, WHO, and World Bank. Most of these developing countries have been struggling to meet the Millennium Development Goals. However, many of these problems can be linked together and solved with a new class of waste-to-energy (W2E) systems. Waste has become an uncontrollable problem in many developing countries and in Latin America. Nearly 100 percent of waste in low-income countries goes to landfills. However, a W2E system can reduce waste and generate electricity at the same time. The actual gasification and pyrolysis technologies used in waste to energy conversion are nothing new as it was widely used in Europe during WWII, but now several companies are packing the system in a convenient shipping container size. This means it can be deployed throughout the world quickly and efficiently, over both land and sea. These new W2E systems obviate the technological barriers to building a W2E facility in a developing country. And, the system can significantly improve both rural and urban communities in the following ways: 1. Improve health and sanitation The W2E systems use almost any organic waste as the fuel. This includes paper, plastics, used tires, spoiled food, and dry manure. Thus, it cuts down on the size of landfills and there is an incentive to collect waste together rather than littering along the roads. By cleaning up the streets and reducing landfill sizes, you have also eliminated the breeding grounds for many infectious diseases. Agricultural by-products such as saw mill waste, nut shells, sugar and rice bagasse, corn stoves, cassava peels, and sorghum. Many of these potential fuels are currently either left to rot or are disposed of by burning in the field, emitting dangerous plumes of greenhouse gasses and pollutants. 2. Improve local economy The W2E system does not require in depth technical knowledge to operate, but it still needs a workforce to maintain it. It will also create jobs for waste collection and sorting. . And, not only does the system create jobs, it creates sources of revenue for the entire community. The electricity can be sold; and depending on the W2E technology and feedstock, the end byproduct can be sold as well. In many cases the W2E system will displace a diesel powered generator, and even in an oil producing nation such as Nigeria, the return on investment can be 12 months or less based solely on fuel savings. 3. Increase productivity and raise living standards The W2E system will be able to provide rural communities with electricity and or heat. Electricity can extend working hours and productivity. Access to electricity has been closely linked to higher levels of education, lower levels of poverty, and reduced gender inequality in developing nations.
Conferencia de Jeffrey Sachs en Madrid el 28 de mayo de 2019, en la jornada "La transformación ineludible: investigación e innovación para acelerar el cumplimiento de la Agenda 2030"
Waste-to-energy uses trash as a fuel for generating power, just as other power plants use coal, oil, or natural gas. The burning fuel heats water into steam that drives a turbine to create electricity.
We are the global distributor of LTC technology. We supply sustainable green energy solutions. In all our projects we use LTC technology to ensure that all new facilities are cost-efficient and meet or exceed the highest environmental standards. Our objective is to supply our clients with tailor-made patented LTC technology power plant solutions that convert waste into sustainable energy. We execute all projects successfully by using the extensive experience at our disposal. Renewable Energy, Power plants without pollution, New technology power plant, LTC- Low Temperature Conversion
Waste-to-energy technologies convert waste matter into various forms of fuel that can be used to supply energy. Waste feed stocks can include municipal solid waste (MSW); construction and demolition (C&D) debris; agricultural waste, such as crop silage and livestock manure; industrial waste from coal mining, lumber mills, or other facilities; and even the gases that are naturally produced within landfills.
Widespread infectious disease, air and water pollution, energy poverty, and high unemployment are growing problems in many developing nations. These have become delicate issues for humanitarian organizations like the UN, OECD, WHO, and World Bank. Most of these developing countries have been struggling to meet the Millennium Development Goals. However, many of these problems can be linked together and solved with a new class of waste-to-energy (W2E) systems. Waste has become an uncontrollable problem in many developing countries and in Latin America. Nearly 100 percent of waste in low-income countries goes to landfills. However, a W2E system can reduce waste and generate electricity at the same time. The actual gasification and pyrolysis technologies used in waste to energy conversion are nothing new as it was widely used in Europe during WWII, but now several companies are packing the system in a convenient shipping container size. This means it can be deployed throughout the world quickly and efficiently, over both land and sea. These new W2E systems obviate the technological barriers to building a W2E facility in a developing country. And, the system can significantly improve both rural and urban communities in the following ways: 1. Improve health and sanitation The W2E systems use almost any organic waste as the fuel. This includes paper, plastics, used tires, spoiled food, and dry manure. Thus, it cuts down on the size of landfills and there is an incentive to collect waste together rather than littering along the roads. By cleaning up the streets and reducing landfill sizes, you have also eliminated the breeding grounds for many infectious diseases. Agricultural by-products such as saw mill waste, nut shells, sugar and rice bagasse, corn stoves, cassava peels, and sorghum. Many of these potential fuels are currently either left to rot or are disposed of by burning in the field, emitting dangerous plumes of greenhouse gasses and pollutants. 2. Improve local economy The W2E system does not require in depth technical knowledge to operate, but it still needs a workforce to maintain it. It will also create jobs for waste collection and sorting. . And, not only does the system create jobs, it creates sources of revenue for the entire community. The electricity can be sold; and depending on the W2E technology and feedstock, the end byproduct can be sold as well. In many cases the W2E system will displace a diesel powered generator, and even in an oil producing nation such as Nigeria, the return on investment can be 12 months or less based solely on fuel savings. 3. Increase productivity and raise living standards The W2E system will be able to provide rural communities with electricity and or heat. Electricity can extend working hours and productivity. Access to electricity has been closely linked to higher levels of education, lower levels of poverty, and reduced gender inequality in developing nations.
Conferencia de Jeffrey Sachs en Madrid el 28 de mayo de 2019, en la jornada "La transformación ineludible: investigación e innovación para acelerar el cumplimiento de la Agenda 2030"
Integrated green technologies for msw (mam ver.)mamdouh sabour
SA is facing a great challenges for waste management due to the fast demographic and industrial growth, which left the country with accumulative amount of generated waste that needs to be managed in the most cost-effective, sustainable and green.
On 12 May 2011 the Bath Branch held a lively meeting at the Bath Spa Hotel at which Simon Drury, representing WRAP (Waste & Resources Action Programme), gave a presentation on the Waste Electrical & Electronic Equipment Regulations (WEEE). Simon's presentation really engaged with the members present and a lively evening was finished off with a practical demonstartion as participants were invited to dismantle common household items (and electric kettle and a desktop fan) to try to see how their design could be imporved to make their eventual recycling easier and more complete.
DESIGN & FABRICATION OF SHREDDING CUM BRIQUETTING MACHINE REPORT Eshver chandra
The demand for energy is becoming a critical challenge for the world as the population continues to grow. This call for Sustainable energy production and supply such as renewable energy technologies. Renewable energy technologies are safe sources of energy that have a much lower environmental impact than conventional energy technologies. So shredding machine is a key to make briquettes which will be used in industries as well as domestic purpose.
Feasibility Study of ‘INTEGRATED RESOURCE MANAGEMENT in Nepal’ Dr Ramhari Poudyal
१ फाल्गुन, २०७८
प्रविधिमार्फत फोहोर व्यवस्थापन गर्ने गरी पूर्वी चितवनका चार नगरपालिकालाई प्रस्ताव गरिएको छ । सफा उर्जा नामक गैरसहकारी संस्थाले चार पालिकाबाट निस्कने फोहोरको सामुहिक व्यवस्थापन गर्ने गरी प्रस्ताव गरेको हो । कार्यक्रममा सफा उर्जाका निर्देशक डा रामहरि पौडेलले फोहोर व्यवस्थापनमा पालिकाहरुको अवस्थाका कार्ययोजना प्रस्तुत गरेका थिए ।
https://echitwanpost.com/163834/2022021316/12/46/
फोहोरमैला व्यवस्थापनका चुनौतीः इतिहासदेखि वर्तमानसम्म
https://www.onlinekhabar.com/2022/07/1160574
लेखक सफा ऊर्जाका निर्देशक हुन्। उक्त कम्पनीले हालसालै पूर्वी चितवनका चारवटा नगरपालिकामा (रत्ननगर, खैरहनी, कालिका र राप्तीमा फोहोर सम्बन्धी आधिकारिक तथ्यांकका लागि विस्तृत सर्भे गरेको छ। भरतपुर महानगरपालिकामा फलफूल मन्डीको फोहोरलाई व्यवस्थापन गरी प्रांगारिक मल बनाउने काम लिएसँगै मेडिकल वेस्टको बारेमा समेत वास्तविक सर्भे गर्दैछ।)
Ending the era of landfills and waste discharges to waterways by converting biomass and organic waste into green fuels, power and products can also create prosperity and valuable jobs for many of the world\'s poor that are forced to survive by scavenging through landfill waste
Policy and legislative environment for value addition for agro-based industri...ILRI
Presented by Maurice Nyunja Otieno at the Bioinnovate Regional Experts Workshop on Industrial Effluents Management in East Africa, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 19-20 May 2014
Smart cities are driving economic competitiveness, environmental sustainability and livability. To make a city resourceful is to make it more efficient, more attractive, and more eco-friendly, all while making a real improvement to Citizens quality of life. While financing options are not evolving quite as fast as technology, they are evolving nonetheless. Lean how to fund and finance your smart city project.
Transport sectors projects are very political entities and governments are still held responsible should there be revenue short fall or distressed situation. further modes of transport do compete with each other but in a limited manner, however, global threats nowadays require certain redundancy in transport network, this affects PPP structure!
Also experience suggests that negotiations between public authorities and prospective concessionaires are rather asymmetrical, and lead to asymmetric risk sharing. Concessionaires have extraordinary bargaining powers as they know no competition exists after the concession is signed.
Contractor’s ability to mitigate damages can be limited if coupled with uncertainty of the duration of the delay. HOOH is recoverable in certain prolonged delay situations and has been granted by courts and amicable settlements for more than half a century. The Contractor may recover the return that he would have achieved on other work had his resources not been detained on the Works due to the delay. The presentation highlights the different formulae used in the calculations and conditions precedent to do so.
Many countries are embarking to rehabilitate its aging sewer & water network where sewer infiltration and water loss can reach 50%. The presentation highlights the strategies to tender and implement efficient rehabilitation program with a preview of trenchless technologies in rehabilitation while highlighting the technical and contractual challenges.
There is a huge need for infrastructure developments and service quality improvement at many airports markets, but public budgets are limited. PPPs can provide a solution when the resources of private and public partners are bundled where conventional privatizations are not possible. The uniqueness of each airport development requires always a tailored approach structuring a PPP.
PPPs with a fair allocation of risks and rewards provide a means to raise necessary funds and know-how on the basis of a realistic business case. Risk mitigation strategies have to be developed to protect the public and private partners, including e.g. re-definition of the airport value chain, tax advantages, direct subsidies, etc.
Infrastructure whether financed through traditional methods or PPPs relies on funding sources to repay financing, whether debt, equity, or a combination. All infrastructure investments ultimately depend on either user fees, government tax revenues, or a combination of both. Transport has a great impact on economic growth and poverty alleviation.
Therefore, community and political support for greater investment of government tax revenues or the imposition of user fees is critical to expanding investment in public infrastructure. The challenge is for PPPs to demonstrate overall cost savings and efficiencies that outweigh the lower-cost financing advantage of traditional procurement.
Creation of Infrastructure has economics both of scale and scope (i.e., minimum size of facilities, inelastic adjustment of capacity to demand, long term project completion, etc..
ITS allows support travelers of all classes and to assist in road network management and performance by using systems for information, communication, and control, to provide improved safety and an enhanced traveling experience. The presentation provides highlights on Bahrain ITS Efforts.
Renewable Energy comes from sources that do not deplete over years such as sun, wind, oceans and plants. There are numerous ways to convert primary energy forms into consumable forms of energy including heat and electricity; however, due to the intermittent nature of many renewable sources, the issue of storing electricity is of particular importance. Further its worth to note renewable energy technologies do NOT necessarily compete with each other purely based on price. It depends on geographic location, availability of space, capital costs, operational costs, and environmental concerns.
The housing crisis continues to worsen as cities are increasingly falling behind in building housing solutions. As Cities become denser, bringing the modules in by crane and dropping them atop the podium may be sometimes the only solution.
With the right use of Modular technology the gap between aesthetics and affordability can be closed.
A bridge is the key element in a transportation system; it controls both the volume and weight of the traffic. Balance must be achieved between handling future traffic volume and loads and the cost of heavier and wider bridge structure. Economic Analysis and comparisons against competing alternatives is required as Bridges are the most expensive part of a road transportation network. Monetized & Non-Monetized Benefits that will accrue like time savings to road users, benefits to business activities (and to the economy in general) and salvage value benefits like Right-of-Way and substructure use need to be assessed as well.
Facilities management sector is populated by a wide range of professionals from a variety of different backgrounds, many of whom have come to the profession with experience in the construction and servicing of buildings. There is little unanimity about the definition of facilities management but it’s about the effective management of place and space, integrating an organization’s support infrastructure to deliver services to staff and customers at best value whilst enhancing organizational performance.
While new software platforms & BIM had taken the facility management industry by a storm and allowed enhanced interdisciplinary collaboration, yet other changes are affecting the industry. The presentation provides insights into these factors including a preview of Global Facilities Management M&A and industry trends.
Railways are undergoing major industry changes with management and business planning at the forefront that encompasses operational, customer and intermodal competition issues with innovative technologies removing earlier barriers. The presentation highlights trends in engineering, operations, stations design, passengers’ expectations and ticketing & collection while touching on issues like network capacity, demand forecasting & fare policies.
Constructions projects have become of increasing technological complexity with relationships of those involved are also more complex and contractually varied. Additionally global trends are dramatically impacting contracting activity. Success depends on new and innovative ways to manage uncertainty and complexity.
Increasing traffic in major urban regions leads to congestion which challenges cities and urban regions in terms of mobility, pollution and safety. ITS is application of information and communications technology (ICT) to the transport sector in the interests of safer, more sustainable & more efficient movement of goods & people.
The integration of intelligent infrastructure and intelligent vehicles had gained wide acceptance yet understanding the various options without incurring unnecessary expenditure is core in ITS planning and implementation. The presentation explains various ITS portfolios, value chain and life-cycle management with focus on the appropriate level of integration.
Loay Ghazaleh, a 1986 Texas A & M Civil Engineer with MBA 2000 Finance from Thunderbird – Arizona, backed by over 25 years diverse experience in both government and private businesses in Bahrain, UAE, Jordan, India, Brazil, Philippines, Saudi Arabia & Palestine.
Warming is believed to be caused by increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases produced by human activities such as the burning of fossil fuels and deforestation. The effects of an increase in global temperature include a rise in sea levels and a change in the amount and pattern of precipitation, as well a probable expansion of subtropical deserts.
With the façade embodying up to 35% of the construction costs as well as being hugely accountable for the buildings' response to climate change, it has never been so important to understand which façade solutions deliver not only a cost effective and sustainable façade, but also one that is aesthetically pleasing and technically performing.
The Second Edition of the Rainbow Suite is considerably longer, more detailed. The update addresses issues raised by users over the past 18 years and reflects current international best practice. The presentation analysis changes in Yellow & Silver Books as they apply to EPC & PPP Contracts from the perspectives of Public Entities, Contractors and Lenders.
The high rates of non-communicable diseases combined with large expatriate populations leads GCC countries to use different strategies to control healthcare expenditure among which is the PPP solution. This presentation highlights the formula for PPP success based on international cases.
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
Micro RNA genes and their likely influence in rice (Oryza sativa L.) dynamic ...Open Access Research Paper
Micro RNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs molecules having approximately 18-25 nucleotides, they are present in both plants and animals genomes. MiRNAs have diverse spatial expression patterns and regulate various developmental metabolisms, stress responses and other physiological processes. The dynamic gene expression playing major roles in phenotypic differences in organisms are believed to be controlled by miRNAs. Mutations in regions of regulatory factors, such as miRNA genes or transcription factors (TF) necessitated by dynamic environmental factors or pathogen infections, have tremendous effects on structure and expression of genes. The resultant novel gene products presents potential explanations for constant evolving desirable traits that have long been bred using conventional means, biotechnology or genetic engineering. Rice grain quality, yield, disease tolerance, climate-resilience and palatability properties are not exceptional to miRN Asmutations effects. There are new insights courtesy of high-throughput sequencing and improved proteomic techniques that organisms’ complexity and adaptations are highly contributed by miRNAs containing regulatory networks. This article aims to expound on how rice miRNAs could be driving evolution of traits and highlight the latest miRNA research progress. Moreover, the review accentuates miRNAs grey areas to be addressed and gives recommendations for further studies.
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
Natural farming @ Dr. Siddhartha S. Jena.pptxsidjena70
A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
Diabetes is a rapidly and serious health problem in Pakistan. This chronic condition is associated with serious long-term complications, including higher risk of heart disease and stroke. Aggressive treatment of hypertension and hyperlipideamia can result in a substantial reduction in cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes 1. Consequently pharmacist-led diabetes cardiovascular risk (DCVR) clinics have been established in both primary and secondary care sites in NHS Lothian during the past five years. An audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery at the clinics was conducted in order to evaluate practice and to standardize the pharmacists’ documentation of outcomes. Pharmaceutical care issues (PCI) and patient details were collected both prospectively and retrospectively from three DCVR clinics. The PCI`s were categorized according to a triangularised system consisting of multiple categories. These were ‘checks’, ‘changes’ (‘change in drug therapy process’ and ‘change in drug therapy’), ‘drug therapy problems’ and ‘quality assurance descriptors’ (‘timer perspective’ and ‘degree of change’). A verified medication assessment tool (MAT) for patients with chronic cardiovascular disease was applied to the patients from one of the clinics. The tool was used to quantify PCI`s and pharmacist actions that were centered on implementing or enforcing clinical guideline standards. A database was developed to be used as an assessment tool and to standardize the documentation of achievement of outcomes. Feedback on the audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery and the database was received from the DCVR clinic pharmacist at a focus group meeting.
6. 6
What are Wastes?
Basel Convention Definition
Wastes ; “substances or objects which are disposed of or are intended to be disposed of or are
required to be disposed of by the provisions of the law”
Disposal ; “any operation which may lead to resource recovery, recycling, reclamation, direct re-
use or alternative uses (Annex IVB of the Basel convention)”
Wastes can be;
Solid wastes: plastics, styrofoam containers, bottles, cans, papers, scrap iron, and other trash
Liquid Wastes: domestic washings, chemicals, oils, waste water from ponds, manufacturing
industries and other sources
Classification of Wastes according to their Properties;
Bio-degradable; can be degraded (paper, wood, fruits and others)
Non-biodegradable; cannot be degraded (plastics, bottles, old machines, cans, styrofoam
containers and others)
Wastes can also be classified according to their Effects on Human Health and the
Environment (Hazardous and Non-hazardous wastes)
7. Why WtE - Protect Human Habitat
World Bank estimated, in 2025 the production of municipal solid waste will be
2.2 billion tones worldwide. With this amount, we are more and more polluting
our own environment. Seven to eight percent of the total greenhouse gas
emissions arise from continued landfilling.
EfW (WtE) does not only decrease the volume of waste, it also protects natural
resources like land and water. There is no additional need for landfills, where
leakage can occur and pollute our tap water.
It also protects air and climate because the regulations by law for EfW are more
stringent than for coal fired power plants or any other industry. EfW plants
decrease the greenhouse gases which come from landfill.
Tthe energy from waste process fights the deforestation. Waste is a locally
available fuel in all industrialized areas – unlike biomass.
8. WtE Advantages
Using waste as a combustion material can reduce landfill volumes by 80 - 90 percent.
Less spending on developing and maintaining landfills,
Saving subsidy that the government allocates on fuel sources with energy recovery
Tackling the issue of potable water capacity (when combined with desalination)
Waste to Energy prevents one ton of CO2 release for every ton of waste burned. C02 is
released to the atmosphere by the burning of fossil fuels, wood and solid waste.
Potential for earning carbon credits!
Waste to Energy eliminates methane that would have leaked with landfill disposal. CH4
is emitted from the decomposition of organic wastes in landfills
Best practices rely on the “FOUR Rs“ Reduce , Reuse, Recycle, Recovery”
Plastics, glass, paper, metals, and wood can be recycled.
kitchen refuse, bio waste, and commercial garbage are ideal for combustion.
12. Sustainable Waste Management
Not only collection and separation…
• The first step of a waste management system is reduction and complete
collection of waste as well as separation for recycling of waste fractions which
have a market value.
• A modern waste management system does not only focus on protecting health
and environment, it also makes maximum use of the waste to reduce the
exploitation of our limited natural resources.
• This applies to densely populated and highly industrialized countries just as it
does to rural regions worldwide.
..but also thermal waste treatment
Recovery of materials and energy from waste by thermal & biological waste
treatment is an integral part of any modern waste management system
which does no longer focus on discarding waste but on maximized utilization of all
resources contained in the waste with minimized burden on society and
environment.
13. Municipal Waste Processing Cycle
Processing can reduce waste disposal by 80 % THUS reducing pressure on scarce land
Refuse
derived
fuel
16. Municipal Waste-to-Energy
Combustion / Incineration
Waste is used as a fuel
for generating power
The burning fuel heats water into steam
that drives a turbine to create electricity.
20. Waste IN GCC
Kuwait ranks among the highest global producers
of solid waste @1.4 kg per capita daily.
21. Introduction to ME WTE Market
• The market of waste-to-energy (WTE) is growing at an unprecedented
rate, with the global industry expected to grow to at least $30 billion by
2022.
• ME countries are expected to produce around 27% more solid waste by
2017; making 29 million tons in all for the year 2017.
• The GCC states rank among the highest per-capita producers of
municipal solid waste in the world with the majority of waste dumped in
landfills using valuable land and resulting in quantified environmental
damage.
• Kuwait ranks among the highest global producers of solid waste and
noted that it produces 1.4 kg of solid waste per capita daily.
• Following the good example made by Qatar, the rest of the Gulf region
states are already starting to develop WTE capabilities of their own.
• UAE goal for 2021 is to divert 75 percent of solid waste from landfills to
WTE and produce 7% of its energy from WTE.
22. GCC WtE Projects
Low-cost landfills are no longer the economically
sound process that it used to be a few years ago
23. Oman - Dhofar
700,000 Ton / Yr. WTE
Plant
Oman produces around 1.8 million tons annually, a figure
that has risen by 25% over the last decade due to its growing
population.
Many of Oman’s 350 landfills and dumpsites are close to
residential areas, causing further environmental issues.
To improve its solid waste management capacity,
government-owned Oman Environmental Services Holding
Company (Be’ah) has begun feasibility studies with the
Dhofar plant were 2,100 tons per day of recycled calorific
would be converted into Refuse Dried Fuel for use as an
industrial fuel source in place of natural gas.
The plant will be able to supply sufficient energy to the
proposed South Al Batinah desalination plant via Reverse
Osmosis technology, planned to produce 73 million cubic
meters of potable water annually, which is around 30% of
Oman’s total installed desalination capacity.
A smaller plant in Sharqiya based on, say 500 - 1000 tons of
waste per day is also being considered.
Location: Oman
Project Investment:
$600-$700 million
Key Stakeholders:
Be’ah
Project Initiation
date: April 2015
Estimated Project
Completion: TBC
(Project is at
feasibility stage)
24. Kuwait - Kabd
1,000,000 Ton / Yr.
WTE Plant (DBOFT)
Having started off with 18 waste landfills a few decades ago,
the authorities have been forced to close down 14 of them
before their scheduled time of closure due to rampant growth
of residential buildings in their immediate surroundings.
With only three operating landfill sites, the rising flow of solid
waste is becoming increasingly difficult to manage Kuwait
produced 2.1 million tons of solid waste in 2015 and is
expected to produce 2.75 million tons by 2025.
Kuwaiti Government tasked Partnerships Technical Bureau
(PTB) in collaboration with Kuwait Municipality with
developing a construction agenda for a one million ton
capacity (household, commercial and agricultural waste) WTE
plant located in the Kabd area, 35 km from Kuwait city, with
an area of 500,000 square meters that will be able to produce
650 Giga watt hours per year.
The recovery of slag and flue gas residues is to be disposed
into separate sanitary landfills on the Site.
The term of the design, build, finance, operate and transfer
structure (DBOFT) Agreement will commence on financial
close and expire 25 years after the anticipated date for the
commencement of operations. Construction period estimated
to be four years.
Location: Kuwait
Project Investment: $1.5
Billion
Key Stakeholders:
Partnerships Technical
Bureau (PTB)
Project Initiation date: 17
November, 2013
Estimated Project
Completion: TBA,
preferred bidder will be
announced Q3 2016
25. UAE, Sharja - Sajja
300,000 Ton / Yr. WTE
Plant
Be’ah currently collects around 2.3 million tons of
waste from nearly 1 million households in Sharjah
annually, with 70% of all waste being diverted its
Waste Management Center (WMC) converting
facilities - organic fertilizer facilities, and advanced
metal recycling facilities
The ambitious Sajja thermal-based WTE facility, in
partnership with Masdar, shall incinerate as much as
300,000 tons of solid waste from landfill each year
amounting to 37.5 tons of solid waste per hour to
create 30 megawatts (MW) of energy. This will add
more power to what is produced by Bee'ah's auxiliary
waste-to-energy project, which will eventually
produce a total of 90MW.
The WTE system at the plant will use a combination of
the gasification and pyrolysis systems to produce gas
as fuel, as well as heat to turn water into steam to
generate 80MW of clean energy every year.
Location: Sajja, Sharjah
Project Investment:
$505 million
Key Stakeholders:
Sharjah Environment
Company (Be’ah),
Chinook Sciences
Project Initiation date:
May 2014
Estimated Project
Completion: TBA,
construction due to start
in 2016
26. UAE, Dubai - Warsan
700,000 Ton / Yr. WTE
Plant Dubai aims to be the leading emirate in the UAE to
achieve the highest rate of solid waste-to-energy
management while also reducing landfill waste by 75
per cent over the next five years.
Construction has already begun on a Dh 2 billion
facility ($545m) in Warsan district and once the first
phase of operations begins by 2020, the plant will be
able to convert 2,000 metric tons municipal solid
waste per day to produce 60 megawatts of power.
Location: Al Warsan
2, Dubai
Project Investment:
$545 Million
Key Stakeholders:
Dubai Municipality
Project Initiation
date: June 2016
Estimated Project
Completion: 2020
27. UAE - Northern
Emirates 500,000 Ton /
Yr. WTE Plant The UAE’s Ministry of Climate Change and
Environment is planning to invite private-sector
bidders to run a huge project to handle waste in the
Northern Emirates, capable of processing between
1,000 and 1,500 tons per day.
Location: Northern
Emirates
Project Investment :
TBA
Key Stakeholders:
UAE’s Ministry of
Climate Change and
Environment
28. UAE, Abu Dhabi -
Mussaffah 1,000,000
Ton / Yr. WTE Plant
With more than 1.5 million tons waste per year, this
facility will help Abu Dhabi to reach its ambitious 80%
land fill diversion target and reduce CO2 emissions by
more than one million tons per year and generate at
least 7% of its power from renewable energy by 2020.
The Abu Dhabi, National Energy Company (TAQA), has
developed a facility near the sea port in Mussaffah
that has an annual capacity of 1 million tons of solid
waste which can be converted into 100 MW of energy,
sufficient to power around 20,000 Abu Dhabi homes.
The proposed plant would be up and running by 2017,
its size is around 200 meters by 500 meters costing
near $850m project
Location: Near
Mussaffah, Abu
Dhabi
Project Investment:
$859 million
Key Stakeholders:
TAQA, Ramboll
Project Initiation
date: Feb 2013
Estimated Project
Completion: Project
on hold
29. Qatar - Messaieed
800,000 Ton / Yr.
DSWMC
Qatar is the only Gulf region country to have a fully completed and
operational large-scale WTE facility.
Qatar Domestic Solid Waste Management Centre (DSWMC) located
near Messaieed is capable of processing 2,300 tons of mixed solid
domestic waste every day around 95% of which is recycled (producing
solid and liquid organic fertilizers) or converted to energy producing
around 50 megawatt (MW) of clean energy 8 of which will be used to
run the center. The remaining 5% goes for landfill in the form of ash.
Qatar has invested (funded) around QR 4bn for the center, with QR2bn
to be spent on designing and building while QR2bn will be for
operating it for 20 years averaging around QR 100m annual
expenditure.
The center is composed of five sections, including areas for waste
segregation, landfill, a compost area, an area for construction and
demolition materials, and staff accommodation. The center was
executed by Singaporean company, Keppel Seghers.
Further Qatar is putting in place measures that enhance the capacity of
its DSWMC from 2,300 to 5,300 tons of waste a day to gain full
capacity by 2022 with the aim to integrate all recycling facilities in one
place such as incinerators, composting plant, segregation areas, as well
as landfill and energy recovery facilities. Also within three to four
years, another 3,000 tons a day WTE plant is planned on an area of 3
sqkm in the north.
Location: Near
Mesaieed, Qatar
Project Investment:
$1.7 billion
Key Stakeholders:
Keppel Integrated
Engineering (KIE)
Project Initiation
date: Early 2007
Project Completion:
June 2012
30. Bahrain - 390,000
Ton / Yr. WTE Plant
(BOT) Earlier , Bahrain planned to construct a 390,000 tons
per year waste to energy facility on a Build Own
Transfer (BOT) basis under a 25 Year Public-Private
Partnership Concession.
Although originally posted as a waste processing
project, an alternative “Waste to Water Facility” bid
from a consortium including ACWA Water, local waste
management company Beatona and Spanish
infrastructure firm, FCC, has been submitted to the
Ministry of Works, Municipalities Affairs and Urban
Planning.
Currently Bahrain studies having a full strategy of
solid waste management such as Construction waste
recycling , Green compost , Sludge to energy plant
Location: Bahrain
Project Investment:
Key Stakeholders:
Ministry of Works,
Municipalities Affairs
and Urban Planning
Project Initiation
date: TBA
Project Completion:
TBA
31. Planning a WtE Project
Survey of waste characteristics, calorific value,
amount of waste and Waste stream are paramount
32. WtE Project Planning - Feasibility
Research of Technical Feasibility
– Survey of waste characteristics, CV (calorific value) and amount of
waste. Calorific value in GCC usually from 2000 – 2500 Kcal due to non
uniform norms of segregation.
– Waste stream
– Proposal of suitable waste treatment system
– Estimation of electricity output
Evaluation of Environmental and Social Impacts
– GHG Emission Reduction Effect
– Research of legal system and procedure related to Environmental
Assessment
Site Location & Size
Power Purchase Price
Technology Options & Costs (including O&M)
Financial and Economic Model
Financing Options (Funded, Subsidy, PPP, Etc.)
Terms of Contract
34. WtE Project Planning - Technology
A Number of technologies are currently available for Waste to Energy (WtE);
• Thermal Treatments
– Combustion / Incineration
– Autoclaving
– Thermal Treatment
• Gasification
• Pyrolysis
• Biological Treatments
– Composting
– Anaerobic Digestion
• Mechanical Biological Treatments (MBT) and Mechanical Heat Treatments
The optimum combination of technologies depend on the following parameters:
– Landfill diversion targets
– CO2 reduction / Environmental targets
– Energy recovery and material recovery targets
– Affordability targets (Capex, Opex, household levy /gate fee)
– Procurement, ownership & financing strategy (risk allocation)
NOTES!
– A 1,000 ton-per-day WTE plant produces enough electricity for 15,000
households.
– Each ton of waste can power a household for a month. 34
35. Combustion
/Incineration
Typical fuels
• Municipal Solid Waste (MSW)
• Commercial & Industrial Waste (C&I)
• Refuse derived fuel (RDF) or Solid Recovered
Fuel (SRF)
Outputs
• Electricity or Heat – or both together if a
Combined Heat and Power Plant (CHP)
• Bottom ash - This is what is left after combustion
and it can be used as an aggregate or road bed
material.
• If metal was not removed pre-combustion, it is
recycled at this point.
• Fly ash - This is the material collected by the
pollution control equipment.
Combustion plants are
often referred simply as
EfW plants.
The residual waste is burned
at 850 C and the energy
recovered as electricity or
heat.
They have a boiler to
capture and convert the
released heat into electricity
and steam, and extensive air
pollution control systems
that clean the combustion.
These plant typically use
between 50 – 300 thousand
tons per year of fuel.
36. Gasification &
Pyrolysis
Typical fuels
• Municipal Solid Waste (MSW)
• Commercial & Industrial Waste (C&I)
• Refuse derived fuel (RDF) or Solid Recovered Fuel (SRF)
• Non-waste fuels, e.g. wood / other forms of biomass
Outputs
• Electricity or Heat – or both together if a Combined Heat
and Power Plant (CHP)
• Syngas, which can be purified to produce “biomethane”,
• biofuels, chemicals, or hydrogen
• Pyrolysis oils – these can be used to fuel engines, or
turned into diesel substitute
• Feedstocks for the chemical industry – allowing biomass to
substitute for oil in the production of plastics for example
• Bottom ash, Char, or Slag – by-products which can be used
for beneficial purposes such as aggregates or road bed
material
• Fly ash - produced by some but not all plants
Sometimes referred to as
ATTs (Advanced Thermal
Treatments).
The fuel is heated with little or
no oxygen to produce
“syngas” which can be used to
generate energy or as a
feedstock for producing
methane, chemicals, biofuels,
or hydrogen.
They are typically smaller and
more flexible than combustion
plants
Typically they consume
between 25 and 150
thousand tons of waste per
year, although some can
consume up to 350 thousand
tons per year.
37. Anaerobic
Digestion (AD) /
Biogas
Typical fuels
• Food wastes
• Some forms of industrial and commercial waste,
e.g. abattoir waste
• Agricultural materials and sewage sludge
Outputs
• Biogas, which can be used to generate electricity
and heat – CHP is the norm for such plants
• Biomethane for the gas grid, with the
appropriate gas scrubbing and injection
technologies
• Digestate - a material which can be used as a
useful fertiliser / soil conditioner on agricultural
land in lieu of chemical fertilisers
• Biogas/AD plants operate at
low temperature, allowing
microorganisms to work on
organic or food waste,
turning it into biogas.
• The biogas is a mixture of
carbon dioxide and methane
that can be combusted to
generate electricity and heat
or converted to bio methane.
The other output is a bio
fertilizer.
• They are typically much
smaller than the combustion
or gasification plants.
38. Notes On Technologies for Waste to Energy
(WtE).
• Lack of standardization of the complete waste disposal
cycle is a major constraint.
• Best technology should fulfill the following criterion;
– Lowest life cycle cost
– Least land area requirement
– Meets air , water and land pollution standards.
– Produce more power with less waste
– Result in Maximum volume reduction.
• The EU issued (BAT) - Best Available European Technologies
for WtE
40. The grate transports the waste through the
combustion chamber. Unburnable material is
left as bottom ash at the end of the grate.
The boiler recovers over 80% of the
energy contained in the waste and
makes it usable as steam.
The energy recovered is
usable as electricity and/or
heat.
Pollutants contained in the waste and
transferred into the flue gas through
combustion are eliminated
41. For Efficient Combustion
Waste material is received in an enclosed receiving area, where it is more thoroughly mixed
in preparation for combustion.
Mixed waste enters the combustion chamber on a timed moving grate, which turns it over
repeatedly to keep it exposed and burning.
Highly efficient superheated steam powers the steam turbine generator. The cooling steam
is cycled back into water through the condenser or diverted as a heat source for buildings
or desalinization plants. Cooled stream is reheated in the economizer and super heater to
complete the steam cycle.
Although fly ash is captured throughout the process, the finest airborne particulates are
removed in the filter bag house. Ash is generated at a ratio of about 10 percent of the
waste’s original volume and 30 percent of the waste’s original weight.
The acidic combustion gasses are neutralized with an injection of lime or sodium hydroxide.
The chemical reaction produces gypsum. This process removes 94 percent of the
hydrochloric acid.
The bottom ash are passed by magnets and eddy current separators to remove both
ferrous and other non ferrous metals. The remaining ash can be used as aggregate for
roadbeds and rail embankments. Activated carbon (charcoal treated with oxygen to
increase its porosity) is injected into the hot gases to absorb and remove heavy metals,
such as mercury and cadmium.
Nitrogen oxide in the rising burn gases is neutralized by the injection of ammonia or urea.
42. WtE – Technology Issues
Scale Of Operations : Smaller WtE Projects 3 to 24 MW, resulting in higher
cost per MW.
Fuel Preparation : Full scale pre-processing plant for conversion to Good
quality waste derived fuel involves higher capital cost.
Boiler : Waste derived fuel being low density fuel, generates more fly ash
during combustion. Fly ash acts as catalyst for production of dioxins &
Furans. THUS fly ash should be removed before gases cool which results
in a bigger boiler size.
Flue Gas Treatment: Flue gases from WtE Plants have many pollutants
which need to be treated before discharge through stack.
Manpower To Operate: WtE Plant is manpower intensive. Skill
Development of the workers is necessary.
Corrosive Nature Of Fuel : Heterogeneous nature of Waste and emissions
being corrosive in nature, the equipment used in pre-processing has
typically 7 years life and needs to be replaced.
44. The Leading Companies in WtE in 2015 / 2016
A2A
AEB Amsterdam
Attero
AVR
Babcock & Wilcox / B&W Vølund
China Everbright
Chongqing Iron & Steel Company (CISC) /
Chongqing Sanfeng Covanta
EDF / TIRU
EQT / EEW Energy from Waste
GCLPoly
Grandblue Environment
Hunan Junxin Environmental Protection
China Metallurgical Group (MCC) / ENFI
MVV Energie / MVV Umwelt / MVV Environment
Shenzhen Energy
National Environment Agency of Singapore
Suez Environnement / SITA
Tianjin Teda
Clean Association of Tokyo 23
Veolia
Viridor
Wheelabrator / Energy Capital Partners
45. To Get The Municipal Waste-to-Energy Market
Up And Running
• Low-cost landfills will need to be addressed as “Land Filling of
Waste” is no longer the economically sound process that it
used to be a few years ago.
• A secondary recycling market need to open up with the by-
products from these plants being used in areas such as road
construction.
46. PPP in WtE
Most often absence of capacity is the hurdle in
rationalizing Tariff and user charges in PPP.
47. Public Private Partnership (PPP)
• A PPP is a long-term public & private sector partner relationship to deliver
public services. It Makes optimal use of public and private sectors’
expertise, resources and innovation;
– More value for money public services
– Meet public needs effectively and efficiently
• PPP Shifts most risks to private sector; Public sector focus on acquiring
services at most cost-effective basis.
• Project bankability depends on; tenure, tariff adjustment, transparency,
private sector risk exposure.
• Implementation of PPP project can be complex and requires specialist
financial, legal, and contracts expertise that are not readily available in the
public sector. Thus selection of Transaction Advisors is important.
• Also , a proactive top level management on both sides and close
partnership approach in needed to reach a win-win implementation.
48. PPP in Waste to Energy (WtE).
• The rationale for bringing in private sector participation in this
sector is primarily to; leverage private sector efficiency, expertise
and technology and gauge the commercial potential of the
operation and viability of tipping fee as O&M cost.
• Significant cost reduction can be done with private sector
participation in MSW service delivery.
• Step-in agreements by financers or Government are key feature in
most WtE PPP’s.
• Most often absence of capacity is the hurdle in rationalizing Tariff
and user charges in PPP.
• The collection is usually undertaken by private companies other
than the consortium.
49. WTE Key Features of DBOO/BOT Schemes
• Client buys services for incineration of refuse, instead of
owning an incineration plant.
• Take-or-Pay payment structure with guaranteed refuse
amount or conversion coefficient from MSW to grid-
connected power is needed to make the project bankable.
• Long term contract : 20 - 30 years from commencement of
plant operation
• Private sector financing : both equity and debt financing for
the scheme provided by the private sector
50. WTE Key Performance Indicators of a Typical
DBOO/BOT Scheme
• Clear and measurable outcomes specified for
performance;
– Quantity: Available Plant Capacity; Contracted Unit of
Electricity Export
– Quality: water quality to meet contractual
requirements ; flue gas to meet emission standards
– Plant Service Level : EHS, turnaround time
• Penalty imposed for non-conformance of quality
and quantity requirements
52. State Grid
Corporation
Private Sector
(Equity) Consortium
Project
Company
Residents
Treatment
Subsidy /
Contribution
Fees & Subsidies in WtE Transaction
*Government Treatment Subsidy / Contribution depends on the transaction
53. Evolving Model: Direct Business to Business
Scheme w/ Commercial Areas
Applies when Local Government / Municipality Does not Collect
Waste from Commercial / Industrial Areas
54. Key PPP Agreements in WtE
Incineration Services Agreement (ISA)
• Provides for the delivery of refuse incineration service by the BOT
contractor to the Client, based on agreed prices, terms and conditions.
• Contains technical, commercial , environmental and legal terms and
conditions for refuse incineration services to be rendered.
• Its a long-term ‘take-or-pay’ agreement to purchase 100% of capacity.
The Tripartite Agreement
• Signed between SPV, Financier and Client
• Financier reserves the right to step-in and take over the plant and
/or its operation when the SPV is in default.
• Client may at any time, step in if in the reasonable opinion of the
Client, there is a real and immediate risk that the SPV’s ability to
render service is affected due to an insolvency event.
Power Purchase Agreement (PPA)
• Export of electricity to grid
• Technical, commercial and legal terms & conditions
57. Key Commercial Risks in WtE
• Equitable Risk Allocation
• Fixed + Variable Tariff Structure
• Partial indexation on tariff
• Contractual review at agreed interval
Risk Allocation
/Tariff
Adjustment
• Refuse quality and quantity
• Plant service level
• Appropriate construction and
operations insurances
Non-
Conformance/
Penalty
58. Key Long Term Risks in WtE
• Capital Investments are sizeable and are with
long term horizon
• Built-in Indexation for tariff adjustment,
mismatch in Inflation Index; Fuel oil price index.
• Foreign Exchange exposure and mismatch in
foreign exchange exposure for foreign suppliers.
Financial
Exposure
• Long term (20 - 30 years) performance commitment
with penalty clauses, However, supplier warranty
are short term, hence mismatch in
warranty/guarantee
• Mismatch in exposure: SPV risk exposure is much
higher than subcontractors/suppliers which are
limited to size of contract.
Long-
Term
Risk
Exposure
59. Key Management Risks in WtE
• Fostering of good Multi-parties (Procurer, Public
and Service Provider) relationship to encourage
improvements and quality of services provided
• Active role of Client
Management of Client-
Contractor Relationship
• Levels of Communications (Strategic, Business and
Operational)
Continuous monitoring
of quality relationship
and management
process
• Mechanism needs to be in place for change in
scope and basis for payment without need for
tariff re-negotiation, new financial modeling,
contract change, or supplemental agreements
Flexibility in Contracts
60. PPP Financial/Commercial Learning Points
Choice of payment structure important for viability of project.
DBOO (Design, Build, Own, Operate) scheme is common.
Step-in agreements by financers or Government are key feature
in most WtE PPP’s.
USUALLY Government to enter into ‘take-or-pay’ agreement
with developer to buy 100% of incineration capacity at a price
determined through the tender).
Two-part payment structure
Fixed payment (available incineration capacity) and
Variable payment (consumables).
Developers unable to bear the demand risks owing to
Uncertain waste growth; and
Waste stream for plant not guaranteed
Project Tenure : should be long enough for capital recovery by
the private sector.