The document discusses the critical aspects of biomedical waste management (BMW) in healthcare settings, emphasizing the importance of proper handling, treatment, and disposal to prevent the transmission of diseases. It outlines various types of biomedical waste, their risks, and the legal framework governing their management in India, including rules set by the Ministry of Environment and Forests. Furthermore, it highlights the need for staff training, segregation of waste, and innovative measures to improve current practices for the protection of public health and the environment.

1. International Journal of Scientific Research and Review ISSN NO: 2279-543X
Volume 8, Issue 2, 2019 Page No: 410
Email id-neeleshkumar.maurya@gmail.com
HEALTH-CARE WASTE MANAGEMENT
Ankita Singh1,
Ajendra Singh2
,Neelesh Kumar Maurya3
1Institute of Architecture & Town planning, Bundelkhand University, Jhansi
2Integral University, Kursi road, Lucknow
3Research Scholar, Institute of Home Science, Bundelkhand University, Jhansi Uttar Pradesh,
India
Corresponding author-
Neelesh Kumar Maurya
Address -Research Scholar, Institute of Home Science, Bundelkhand University, Jhansi Uttar
Pradesh, India
DOI:16.10089.IJSRR.2019.V8I2.287391.3207
ABSTRACT
Proper handling, treatment and disposal of biomedical wastes are important elements of health care office infection control programme.
Pyperharin treatment and disposal of biomedical waste play a vital role in the hospital infection control programme. Objectives of BMW
(Biomedical waste) management mainly involves preventing transmission of disease from patient to patient, from patient to health worker and
vice versa to present injury to the healthcare worker and workers in support services, while handling biomedical waste, to prevent genital
exposure to the harmful effects of the cytotoxic, genotoxic ,Anatomical Waste, Bio Technology Waste and chemical biomedical waste
generated in hospitals. If properly designed and applied, waste management can be a relatively effective and effective compliance related
practice. This review article discusses the collection situation, treatment and disposal of biomedical waste and its various types Hospital are
one of the complex institutions which are frequently visited by people from every standard of life without any distinction between age, sex,
race and religion. Most of these hospitals and health clinics produce waste which is increasing in its amount and type and leading to risk for
patients and personnel who handle their wastes and the low threat to public health and environment.
KEYWORDS: Awareness, biomedical waste management, hospital waste management, anatomical waste, chemical waste, bio
Technology Waste.
INTRODUCTION
Biomedical waste or hospital waste is any category of waste containing infectious materials that are generated by waste
generated during the diagnosis, immunization of treatment of human beings or in research doing the waste produced is may be
infusion, unused bandaged, used kits, surgical waste etcand included laboratory origins biochemical, waste material, infectious
agents etc[1,2]
.Waste product direct contact blood Biomedical waste products is a type of bio-waste, Solid and liquid both type
biomedical waste generated in hospital andCausative infectious factor includes discarded blood, waste of microbial culture and
stock shares, body parts and human or animal tissue discarded gloves, body fluid, blood serum, lancet. Body skin penetrating
device, these are generated from medical and biological laboratories during diagnosis. Prevention, treatment of disease Main
biological waste producers is medical services such as a hospital. Medical college clinical, medical research
laboratories.Biomedical waste is distinctive from usual truth or general waste and differs from other types of hazardous wastes
such as chemical, radioactive, waste [3]
.
Medical amenities produce waste unsafe chemicals and radioactive materials. While such wastes are usually not infectious they
necessitate proper disposal [1]
. Biomedical waste has carried a higher potential for infection and injury rather than other type
waste hospital waste composition mainly are plastic-10%. Paper15 %, Rags-15 %,Metals(sharps, Needle, lancet)-1%, Infectious
waste-L.5%, Glas8-4.0% and other waste food waste, sweeping of premises ) -53,5% amount of waste 75-90% are a general
waste and 10 to 15% are hazardous wastes Biomedical waste Management (BMW) [4]
. Unfair bio-waste management is highly
prone various type infectious disease and health hazards o all living organism. Ministry Of Environment And Forest government
of India notified Act of Biomedical Waste Management and Handling) Rules 1998 under the Environment Protection Act [5]
.
This according to need improvement for better protection of living organisms and human being amended in 2003 hiring in the
armed forces also under preview. The hospitals, nursing homes, clinics, dispensary, animal house, pathological lab etc. are
therefore required to set in the place where the biological waste treatment facilities are available. It is however not incumbent
that every institution and health climes us to have its own waste treatment facility. However, it is incumbent on the occupier to

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ensure that the waste is treated within a period of 48 hours. Keeping in view inappropriate biomedical waste management, the
Ministry of Environment and Forests notified the "Biomedical Waste (management and handling Rules 1998 in July 1998. In
accordance with these Rules, it is the duty of every occupied a person who has the control over the institution and or its promises
to take all steps to ensure that waste generated is handled without any adverse effect to human health and environment. The aim
of the present article is to enlighten in detail regarding the different types of water, the side effects from these wastes and
different modalities of their management [1, 3, and 5]
.
Additions made in biomedical wasterules 2016[7]
.
Laboratory waste. Microbiological waste, blood samples and blood bags are to be pre-treated through disinfection or sterilisation
on site in the same manner as prescribed by WHO or NACO guidelines which should then be sent to the BMWTF for final
disposal.
Within 2 years from the date of notification of these rules the use of chlorinated plastic bags gloves and blood bags are to be
phased out.
The healthcare workers and others involved in the handling of BMW need to be trained at the time of induction, and at least
once every year thereafter.
Immunise all its healthcare workers and others involved in the handling of BMW for protection against diseases including
hepatitis B and tetanus.
Major accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts occurring while handling BMW and the remedial action accordingly taken need to
be reported to the State Pollution Control Board.
TABLE -1
WASTE CATEGORY TYPE AND TREATMENT
Waste Waste category type Treatment
Category No.1 Human Anatomical Waste (tissue body parts, organs or
equipments that have been in contact with infected
patients.)
Incretion/deep burial
Category No.2 Animal waste (Animal tissue, organs, bleeding parts,
fluid blood)
Incretion/deep burial
Category No.3 Microbiology and Biotechnology waste (waste form
attenuated Vaccines, specimens. Lobotomyculture,
biological toxin, etc)
Autoclaving/ microwave/incretion
Category No.4 Waste Sharps ( waste e.g. needles infusion sets;
scalpels;knives:broken glass, blades)
Chemical treatment Autoclaving
microwave/insertion
Category No.5 Genotoxic waste/ DiscardedMedicine and Cytotoxic
drugs(Waste comprising of outdatedcontaminated and
discardedmedicine)
Incretion/destruction/Secured
landfill
Category No.6 Soiled waste(Items contaminated with blood and body
fluids includingdressing, cotton, soiled plaster
casts.bedding, contaminated with blood)
Microwave/ insertion/ autoclaving
Category No.7 Soiled waste disposal items(expect sharps) including
tubing intravenous sets, Catheters
Chemicaltreatment/Autoclaving/shredding/microwave
Category No.8 Liquid Waste (waste generated form laboratory and
Washing, housekeeping, cleaning, and disinfecting
activities)
Chemical treatment
Category No.9 Incretion Ash Disposal in municipal landfill
Category No.10 Chemical waste (chemical used inproduction of
biological, chemicalsused in disinfection)
Chemical treatment and secured
landfill
Source: The Bio-Medical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 1998, Park K editor. Park's
textbook ofpreventive and social medicine, 24th edition [8].

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SEGREGATION OF WASTE-BIOMEDICAL
Source: Biomedical Waste Management (Biljana Shikoska 2000) [9, 10].
TABLE 2
COLOUR CODING AND TYPE OF CONTAINER OR DISPOSAL OF BIOMEDICAL WASTE.
Color coding Type of container Waste category Treatment options
Yellow Plastic bag Cat.1, Cat.2, and
Cat.3, Cat.6
Incretion/deep burial
Red Disinfected
container/plastic bag
Cat.3, Cat.6 & Cat.8 Autoclaving/Microwaving/Chemical
treatment
Blue/White
translucent
Plastic bag/puncture
proof container
Cat. 4 and Cat. 7 Autoclaving/Microwaving/Chemical
Treatment and Destruction/Shredding
Black Plastic bag Cat. 5 and Cat. 9 and
Cat. 10 (solid)
Disposal in secured landfill
Source: Park K editor. Park's textbook of preventive and social medicine, 18th edition [10]
.
1. Segregation of waste-biomedical waste should be segregation according to their source of generation the responsibility taken
by relevant person like Doctor, nurse, Pharmacists Technicians. The biomedical waste should be differentiating as per categories
mention in these rules [8,9]
.
2. Collection of biomedical waste-
All biomedical waste collection under the guideline of Biomedical Waste Rules 1998. Bio medical waste cannot store more than
24 hours in ordinary room tempters [5, 9, 10]
.

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Problems relating to biomedical waste
In major problem in biomedical waste management that staff of hospital or health care institute have no proper training and
education to biomedical waste products segregation and disposed[11]
.Some institute are running unethicallystammered, lack of
space, improper collect waste, store and disposed properly . Improper Bio-Medical waste management thus will cause potential
environmental pollution, fetid smell. Growth and multiplication of infectious vectors like parasites, rodents and worms and
possibly will lead to the transmission of diseases like cholera, hepatitis, typhoid, and AIDS through injuries from syringes and
needles. [12, 13]
. Contaminated with human biomedical waste has become reservoir of communicable disease if it’s not done
proper treatment and disposal. Various communicable diseases, which infected through water, sweat, blood, body fluids and
contaminated organs, are significant to be prevented. The Bio Medical Waste scattered in and around the health services spread
by flies, insects, rodents, etc that are responsible for the spread of communication disease like plaguerabies Hepatitis
A&E..EyeSweeper in the health care institute and pathology laboratories, sorting out the garbage is at a potential risk of infected
tetanus and HIV, hepatitis A&E. infections. The healthcare institutes have reasonability to proper management of biomedical
waste and should be ecofriendly[12]
.
The problem of bio-medical waste disposal in the hospitals and other healthcare establishments has become any issue of
increasing concern, prompting hospital administration to seek new ways of scientific, safe and cost-effective WHO stated that
85% of hospital wastes are actually non-hazardous, around 10% are infectious and around 5% are non-infectious but hazardous
wastes. In The USA, about 15% of hospital waste is regulated as infectious waste. In India this could range from 15 to 35%
depending on the total amount of waste generated [13, 14]
.
TABLE-3 COMPOSITION
OF BIOMEDICAL WASTE
S.N. Type of waste Components Heat Value
(K cal/kg.)
Moisture
Content (%)
1 Kitchen waste Food and peelings, fruit and vegetable scraps. Egg shells
(Crushed) Coffee filters
1400 70
2 Clinical
Waste
Gauze and bandages, humantissue waste, andanimal waste
residuefrom medical,laboratory waste orveterinary research
3600-4500 0-30
3 Paper waste Packing andpacking boxes 4700 0-10
4 Waste cotton Cotton 4700 0-10
5 Anatomical
waste
Anatomical issues, includingorgans, body partsand blood
bag
50-800 70-90
Source- The typical compositions of biomedical wastes (Gupta and Boojh 2006) [15].
Benefits of Biomedical Waste Management [16, 17]
.
1. Cleaner and healthier surroundings.
2. Reduction in the incidence of hospital-acquired and general infections.
3. Reduction in the cost of infection control within the hospital.
4. Reduction in the possibility of disease and death due to reuse and repackaging of infectious disposables
5. Low incidence of community and occupational health hazards.
6. Reduction in the cost of waste management and generation of revenue through appropriate treatment and disposal of waste
7. Improved image of the healthcare establishment and increase the quality of life.
Recommendations [18, 19, 20]
.
1. For the use of incinerator, Training should be given to some number of persons from staff
2. The specific fund should be allocated for the use of incinerator
3. Every hospital should have special boxes to use as a dustbin for biomedical waste
4. Bio-medical waste should not be mixed with other waste of Municipal Corporation

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5. Private hospitals should also be allowed to use incinerator, which is installed in govt. hospital. For this purpose of a specific
fee can be charged from private hospitals.
6. Special vehicle i.e. bio-medical waste vehicle should be started to collect waste from private hospitals and private medical
clinics and carry it up to the main incinerator
7. As provided by bio-medical waste rules, the whole of the waste should be fragmented into colours due totheir hazardous
nature.
8. Bio-medical waste Management Board can be established in each District.
9. Either judicial powers should be given to the management board or special court should be established inthe matters of
environmental pollution for imposing fines and awarding damages eye.
10. Housekeeping staff wear protective devices such as gloves, face masks, gowned while handling the waste.
11. There is the biomedical waste label on waste carry bags and waste carry trolley and also poster has put on the wall adjacent
to the bins (waste) giving details about the type of waste that has to dispose of in the base asper biomedical waste management,
my Carry bags also have the biohazard symbol on them.
CONCLUSION
Medical wastes should be classified in two categories first according to their source, typology and risk factors and second
associated with their handling storage and ultimate disposal. The segregation of waste at source is the key step and reduction.
Reuse and recycling should be considered improper perspectives. We need to consider innovative and radical measures to clean
up the distressing picture of lack of civic concern on the part of hospitals and slackness in government implementation of a bare
minimum of rules as waste generation particularly biomedical waste imposes increasing direct and indirect costs on society. The
challenge before us, therefore, is to scientifically manage growing quantities of biomedical waste that go beyond past practices.
If we want to protect our environment and health of the community we must sensitize ourselves to this important issue not only
in the interest of health managers but also in the interest of the community. Waste generation should be minimized for the
protection of the environment and general public health People must be sensitized to the issues related to biomedical waste and
should participate in the programs organized for waste minimization. The medical employees must be trained to create
awareness and foster responsibilities for the prevention of exposure and unsafe disposal to the waste. Medical personnel should
strictly follow all the rules and regulations implemented by concerned governing bodies
Conflict of interest
The author(s) declares (s) that there is no conflict of interest.

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