The document discusses water treatment and quality control for dialysate used in hemodialysis. It describes the various components of a water treatment system, including backflow preventers, temperature blending valves, filters, softeners, carbon tanks, reverse osmosis membranes, and ultraviolet irradiation. The water treatment system aims to remove contaminants and achieve a composition similar to extracellular fluid for the dialysate. Proper functioning and monitoring of the water treatment system is important for patient safety and preventing toxic effects of contaminants.

1. Dr.praveen.malavade WATER TREATMENT AND QUALITY CONTROL OF DIALYSATE

4. Toxic effects of water contaminants in hemodialysis patients

5. Schematic representation of a water treatment device for haemodialysis

13. Booster Pump

16. Multi-Media and Cartridge Filter

20. Water Softener

23. RO Pre-filter

31. Bacterial filters

34. Composition of extracellular fluid and a standard dialysis fluid Serum water (mmol/l) Dialysis fluid (mmol/l) Sodium 152 140–145 Potassium 4.5 0-4 Calcium 1.5 1.5 Magnesium 0.5 0.5 Chloride 109 100–110 Acetate 0 2-4 or Bicarbonate 32–38 Glucose 5 0–10

35. Scheme of dialysate flow

36. Water Treatment System

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