This document discusses various causes and types of water pollution. It identifies two main sources of water pollution as point source pollution and non-point source pollution. Point source pollution originates from discrete sources like pipes or drains, while non-point source pollution has diffuse origins from a wide area. Common pollutants include pathogens, nutrients, organic matter, heavy metals, and chemicals from industrial, agricultural, and residential activities. The document also outlines several types of water pollution such as nutrients pollution, surface water pollution, oxygen depleting pollution, and groundwater pollution.
We can work together to keep the environment clean so the plants, animals and people who depend on it remain healthy :) Working together, we can make pollution less of a problem and make our world a better place :D :)
water pollution control and measurmentRekha Kumari
Today we all are facing the biggest problem that is scarcity of drinking water as the level of water is continually decreasing.
In many countries people die because of contaminated water as they do not have any water resources that contain pure water.
The first question comes in mind when we talk about water management is how can we manage water. For this we need some well-planned strategies like if we know the places where heavy rainfall occur, then we can put extra efforts there in order to save water for future use.
We can work together to keep the environment clean so the plants, animals and people who depend on it remain healthy :) Working together, we can make pollution less of a problem and make our world a better place :D :)
water pollution control and measurmentRekha Kumari
Today we all are facing the biggest problem that is scarcity of drinking water as the level of water is continually decreasing.
In many countries people die because of contaminated water as they do not have any water resources that contain pure water.
The first question comes in mind when we talk about water management is how can we manage water. For this we need some well-planned strategies like if we know the places where heavy rainfall occur, then we can put extra efforts there in order to save water for future use.
Definition, Composition of atmospheric air, Classification and sources of air
pollutants. Effects of air pollution on human, plant and material, Air pollution control methods, equipment and safety.
This ppt contains the information about environmental noise pollution. ppt contains information related to noise pollution, sources of noise pollution, their types, different noise levels, effects of noise pollution on animals as well as on humans and also contains the tips for prevention of noise pollution.
This presentation contains information about Radioactive pollution and its effects, sources etc.
It also contains where radiation is useful for human beings.
Some cases of radioactive blasts.
prevention of radiation and conclusion.
Environmental science Module 2 Topic. This PPT is not a work of mine and was provided by our college professor during our graduation, so I am not sure about the original author. The credit goes to the Original author.
Definition, Composition of atmospheric air, Classification and sources of air
pollutants. Effects of air pollution on human, plant and material, Air pollution control methods, equipment and safety.
This ppt contains the information about environmental noise pollution. ppt contains information related to noise pollution, sources of noise pollution, their types, different noise levels, effects of noise pollution on animals as well as on humans and also contains the tips for prevention of noise pollution.
This presentation contains information about Radioactive pollution and its effects, sources etc.
It also contains where radiation is useful for human beings.
Some cases of radioactive blasts.
prevention of radiation and conclusion.
Environmental science Module 2 Topic. This PPT is not a work of mine and was provided by our college professor during our graduation, so I am not sure about the original author. The credit goes to the Original author.
The Presentation briefly consists about what is water pollution,It's Sources, It's effects, Precautions, etc...
There is also a video about the some examples of the effects of Water Pollution on Humans,Animals and birds.
This slide contents
* What is Water Pollution?
* Types and sources of Water Pollution
* Water Pollutants
* Population and Water needs
* The Effects Of Water Pollution
* Solutions to Water Pollution
* Preventive Measures for Water Pollution
Water is very useful for our daily
life. We use it for various purpose like
cocking, washing cloths, cleaning,
drinking, industries and agriculture
etc.Undesirable change in the physical, chemical and
biological characteristics of water that may harmfully
affect the life or create a potential hazard for living
organism is called “water pollution”.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
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MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
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These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
1. Water Pollution –Cause, Effects
& Control
Presented By:
Jagan Kumar Ojha
M.Sc. in Community Health Nursing
SUM Nursing College
2.
3. What is water pollution?
Water pollution is the contamination of water bodies (e.g.
lakes, rivers, oceans, aquifers and groundwater), very
often by human activities. It occurs when pollutants
(particles, chemicals or substances that make water
contaminated) are discharged directly or indirectly into
water bodies without enough treatment to get rid of
harmful compounds.
4. Pollutants get into water mainly by human causes or
factors. Water pollution is the second most imperative
environmental concern along with air pollution. Any
change or modification in the physical, chemical and
biological properties of water that will have a detrimental
consequence on living things is water pollution.
What is water pollution?
5.
6. Sources of Water Pollution
There are various classifications of water
pollution. The two chief sources of water pollution
can be seen as Point andNon-Point.
7. 1.Point source pollution
Point source pollution refers to contaminants that enter a
waterway through a discrete conveyance, such as a pipe or
ditch.
Examples-
▫ discharges from a sewage treatment plant, a factory,
▫ a city storm drain.
8. 2. Non-point source pollution
Non-point source (NPS) pollution refers to diffuse
contamination that does not originate from a single discrete
source.
NPS pollution is often accumulative effect of small amounts of
contaminants gathered from a large area.
•The leaching out of nitrogen compounds from agricultural
land which has been fertilized is a typical example.
10. Pollutant Types and Sources
Pathogens: Disease causing organisms, such as bacteria,
viruses, protozoa, and parasitic worms.
-Mostly non-point sources; sewage or animal feces,
livestock feedlots, and poultry farms; sewage from
overburdened wastewater treatment plants.
11. Organic Matter: animal and plant matter remains. Feces,
food waste, and debris from food processing plants
-Mostly non-point sources.
Organic chemicals: pesticides, fertilizers, plastics,
gasoline and oil, and other products made from petroleum
-Mostly non-point sources: farms, lawns, golf courses,
roads, wastewater, unlined landfills, and leaking
underground storage tanks.
Pollutant Types and Sources
12. Inorganic chemicals: acids, bases, salts, and industrial
chemicals
-Point-sources and non-point sources
• Industrial waste, road surfaces, wastewater, and polluted
precipitation
Pollutant Types and Sources
13. Heavy Metals: lead, mercury, cadmium, and arsenic
-Point sources and non-point sources
Industrial discharge, unlined landfills, some household
chemicals, and mining processes.
Heavy metals can also occur naturally in some
groundwater.
Pollutant Types and Sources
14. Physical Agents: heat and suspended solids
-Point sources and non-point sources
• Heat from industrial processes and suspended solids
from soil erosion
Pollutant Types and Sources
15. What are the types of water
pollution?
There are many types of water pollution
because water comes from many sources.
Here are a few types of water pollution:
16. 1. Nutrients Pollution
Some wastewater, fertilizers and sewage contain high
levels of nutrients. If they end up in water bodies, they
encourage algae and weed growth in the water. This will
make the water undrinkable, and even clog filters. Too
much algae will also use up all the oxygen in the water,
and other water organisms in the water will die out of
oxygen starvation.
17. 2. Surface water pollution
Surface water includes natural water found on
the earth's surface, like rivers, lakes, lagoons and
oceans. Hazardous substances coming into contact
with this surface water, dissolving or mixing
physically with the water can be called surface water
pollution.
18. 3. Oxygen Depleting
Water bodies have micro-organisms. These include aerobic
and anaerobic organisms. When to much biodegradable
matter (things that easily decay) end up in water, it
encourages more microorganism growth, and they use up
more oxygen in the water. If oxygen is depleted, aerobic
organisms die, and anaerobic organism grow more to produce
harmful toxins such as ammonia and sulfides.
19. 4. Ground water pollution
When humans apply pesticides and chemicals to soils,
they are washed deep into the ground by rain water. This
gets to underground water, causing pollution underground.
This means when we dig wells and bore holes to get water
from underground, it needs to be checked for ground water
pollution.
21. 5. Microbiological
In many communities in the world, people drink
untreated water (straight from a river or stream).
Sometimes there is natural pollution caused by micro-
organisms like viruses, bacteria and protozoa. This
natural pollution can cause fishes and other water life to
die. They can also cause serious illness to humans who
drink from such waters.
22.
23. 6. Suspended Matter
Some pollutants (substances, particles and chemicals)
do not easily dissolve in water. This kind of material
is called particulate matter. Some suspended
pollutants later settle under the water body. This can
harm and even kill aquatic life that live at the floor of
water bodies.
24. 7. Chemical Water Pollution
Many industries and farmers work with chemicals that end up
in water. This is common with Point-source Pollution. These
include chemicals that are used to control weeds, insects and
pests. Metals and solvents from industries can pollute water
bodies. These are poisonous to many forms of aquatic life and
may slow their development, make them infertile and kill
them.
25. 8. Oil Spillage
Oil spills usually have only a localized effect on
wildlife but can spread for miles. The oil can cause
the death to many fish and get stuck to the feathers of
seabirds causing them to lose their ability to fly.
26. Industrial causes of water pollution
Industrial waste
Industries cause huge water pollution with their
activities. These come mainly from: Sulphur – This is
a non-metallic substance that is harmful for marine
life.
27. Oil Pollution by Oil Industries
Routine shipping, run-offs and dumping of oils on the
ocean surfaces happen everyday. Oil spills cause major
problems, and can be extremely harmful to local marine
wildlife such as fish, birds and sea otters and other aquatic life.
Because oil does not dissolve, it stays on the water surface and
suffocates fish. Oil also gets caught in the feathers of sea birds,
making it difficult for them to fly. Some animals die as a result.
28.
29.
30. Other causes of water pollution
Sewage and waste water
Sewage is the term used for wastewater that often
contains feces, urine and laundry waste. The sewage and
waste water that is produced by each household is
chemically treated and released in to sea with fresh
water. The sewage water carries harmful bacteria and
chemicals that can cause serious health problems.
Pathogens are known as a common water pollutant.
31.
32. Mining activities
Mining is the process of crushing the rock and
extracting coal and other minerals from underground.
These elements when extracted in the raw form
contains harmful chemicals and can increase the
amount of toxic elements when mixed up with water
which may result in health problems.
33.
34. Ocean and marine dumping
Again, think of the rubbish we all make each day.
Paper waste, food waste, plastic, rubber, metallic and
aluminum waste. In some countries, they are deposited
into the sea. All these waste types take time to
decompose.
35.
36. Underground storage and tube leakages
Many liquid products (petroleum products) are stored
in metal and steel tubes underground. Other sewage
systems run in underground tubes. Overtime, they rust
and begin to leak. If that happens, they contaminate
the soils, and the liquids in them end up in many
nearby water bodies.