Water scarcity is a growing issue in many parts of the world due to increasing demand and limited supply of fresh water resources. Over 2.8 billion people experience water scarcity for at least one month each year, and over 1.2 billion lack access to clean drinking water. Physical water scarcity occurs when there is insufficient water to meet demand, while economic scarcity is due to poor water management. Many regions, including parts of India, China, and countries in sub-Saharan Africa face increasing water stress as demand outpaces available supply. In India, per capita water availability has declined sharply from 3,000 cubic meters to 1,123 cubic meters over the past 50 years due to rising population and demand. Several measures
This document discusses global trends in water consumption and availability. It notes that while the total quantity of freshwater on Earth has remained constant, uneven distribution and human settlement patterns have created challenges accessing freshwater. Water use has been increasing to supply different sectors and to produce goods that are exported internationally, transferring water resources virtually. Key terms discussed include water footprint, embedded water, and maximum sustainable yield.
Global water resources are under increasing pressure from rising populations and changing climate. Most water on Earth is undrinkable saltwater, while freshwater is unevenly distributed and demand is growing. In India, irrigation accounts for 84% of total water usage, far exceeding the global average of 65%. Competing demands for water include agricultural, industrial, residential, and power generation uses. As populations increase, so does water consumption, depleting groundwater supplies. Conservation methods like rainwater harvesting, afforestation, and efficient irrigation can help reduce water demand and promote more sustainable water management.
Water is a vital resource for all life. However, 10% of India's rural and urban population lacks access to regular safe drinking water. Groundwater resources are being overexploited, causing problems like decreasing stream and river flows, rising salinity in coastal aquifers, and some aquifers being depleted entirely by heavy pumping. Population growth, urbanization, and industrialization are increasing pressure on water resources and ecosystems by driving up demand beyond natural supply levels in some areas.
The document discusses water resource management in India. It provides context on the evolution of water management from a local, community-based approach historically to a more centralized, state-controlled system introduced by the British. Key points discussed include the need for integrated water resource management across sectors, the appropriate roles of government and other institutions, and benefits of decentralized water management by empowering local communities and establishing management committees.
It includes:
1. what is a resource?
2. its types.
3. why do we need to conserve resources?
4. ways to conserve resources?
5. what is water resources?
6. Where and in what forms is water available on Earth?
7. How Can Human Actions Seriously Affect Water Resources?
8. How can the growing demand for water be met?
9. How could water resources be developed sustainably?
10. Conclusions On Water Resources
This document discusses approaches for water sustainability in India. It notes that while India has a large population, it only has 4% of the world's renewable water resources. The document outlines challenges around uneven rainfall distribution and frequent floods and droughts. It recommends adopting integrated water resource management and a holistic approach that focuses on water conservation techniques like watershed development, rainwater harvesting, and conjunctive use of surface and groundwater. The goal is to balance water supply and demand in a sustainable manner that supports ecosystems and human needs over the long term.
1) The document discusses global water resources and the growing water crisis facing the world. It notes that while the total amount of water on Earth has remained the same, the population demanding access to freshwater has increased dramatically.
2) Approximately 70% of the Earth is covered in water, but only 3% is freshwater and 1% is easily accessible for human use. However, water use has increased more than 4 times since 1940 due to rising populations and increasing industrial and agricultural demand.
3) By 2025, it is estimated that two-thirds of the world's population will live in conditions of freshwater stress as available resources become increasingly strained and unequally distributed between populated regions. Rising pollution is also impact
Water scarcity is a problem faced by many regions in Greece, especially during the summer months. It is caused by a combination of physical and economic factors like inadequate natural resources, overuse of water for irrigation, and poor management. Key areas that experience water scarcity include Attica due to its large population, Thessaly due to intensive irrigation needs, and the Aegean islands due to limited resources and seasonal tourism demands. Solutions proposed include improving irrigation efficiency, desalination, wastewater reuse, dam construction, and public education around sustainable water usage.
This document discusses global trends in water consumption and availability. It notes that while the total quantity of freshwater on Earth has remained constant, uneven distribution and human settlement patterns have created challenges accessing freshwater. Water use has been increasing to supply different sectors and to produce goods that are exported internationally, transferring water resources virtually. Key terms discussed include water footprint, embedded water, and maximum sustainable yield.
Global water resources are under increasing pressure from rising populations and changing climate. Most water on Earth is undrinkable saltwater, while freshwater is unevenly distributed and demand is growing. In India, irrigation accounts for 84% of total water usage, far exceeding the global average of 65%. Competing demands for water include agricultural, industrial, residential, and power generation uses. As populations increase, so does water consumption, depleting groundwater supplies. Conservation methods like rainwater harvesting, afforestation, and efficient irrigation can help reduce water demand and promote more sustainable water management.
Water is a vital resource for all life. However, 10% of India's rural and urban population lacks access to regular safe drinking water. Groundwater resources are being overexploited, causing problems like decreasing stream and river flows, rising salinity in coastal aquifers, and some aquifers being depleted entirely by heavy pumping. Population growth, urbanization, and industrialization are increasing pressure on water resources and ecosystems by driving up demand beyond natural supply levels in some areas.
The document discusses water resource management in India. It provides context on the evolution of water management from a local, community-based approach historically to a more centralized, state-controlled system introduced by the British. Key points discussed include the need for integrated water resource management across sectors, the appropriate roles of government and other institutions, and benefits of decentralized water management by empowering local communities and establishing management committees.
It includes:
1. what is a resource?
2. its types.
3. why do we need to conserve resources?
4. ways to conserve resources?
5. what is water resources?
6. Where and in what forms is water available on Earth?
7. How Can Human Actions Seriously Affect Water Resources?
8. How can the growing demand for water be met?
9. How could water resources be developed sustainably?
10. Conclusions On Water Resources
This document discusses approaches for water sustainability in India. It notes that while India has a large population, it only has 4% of the world's renewable water resources. The document outlines challenges around uneven rainfall distribution and frequent floods and droughts. It recommends adopting integrated water resource management and a holistic approach that focuses on water conservation techniques like watershed development, rainwater harvesting, and conjunctive use of surface and groundwater. The goal is to balance water supply and demand in a sustainable manner that supports ecosystems and human needs over the long term.
1) The document discusses global water resources and the growing water crisis facing the world. It notes that while the total amount of water on Earth has remained the same, the population demanding access to freshwater has increased dramatically.
2) Approximately 70% of the Earth is covered in water, but only 3% is freshwater and 1% is easily accessible for human use. However, water use has increased more than 4 times since 1940 due to rising populations and increasing industrial and agricultural demand.
3) By 2025, it is estimated that two-thirds of the world's population will live in conditions of freshwater stress as available resources become increasingly strained and unequally distributed between populated regions. Rising pollution is also impact
Water scarcity is a problem faced by many regions in Greece, especially during the summer months. It is caused by a combination of physical and economic factors like inadequate natural resources, overuse of water for irrigation, and poor management. Key areas that experience water scarcity include Attica due to its large population, Thessaly due to intensive irrigation needs, and the Aegean islands due to limited resources and seasonal tourism demands. Solutions proposed include improving irrigation efficiency, desalination, wastewater reuse, dam construction, and public education around sustainable water usage.
According to the UN report, The population of India expected to surpass China and become the largest country in population size by 2022.
Water-related challenges including water scarcity and water quality deterioration where the pace of urbanization is fastest and the local governments have limited capacity to deal with the rising water supply and sanitation challenges.
Industrial growth is completely related to the addition of a large number of toxic pollutants that are harmful to the environment, hazardous to human health.
This document discusses various aspects of water resources including:
1) Water is essential for life but only 3% of Earth's water is freshwater, with the majority being saltwater in oceans.
2) Freshwater sources include lakes, rivers, streams, groundwater and ice/snow, with only 1% of total water accessible for human and agricultural use.
3) The water cycle describes the continuous movement of water above, on, and below the Earth's surface through different states of matter and is driven by the sun's energy.
The document discusses various aspects of water resources in India. It notes that while India receives adequate average rainfall, it is unevenly distributed both seasonally and geographically. Nearly three-quarters of rainfall occurs in 120 days of the monsoon season. It also discusses India's surface and groundwater resources as well as the major issues around water scarcity, floods, droughts, and pollution facing the country. Sustainable management of water resources is important for India's development.
This document contains summaries of several topics related to global freshwater resources:
1) It discusses groundwater hydrology, which is the study of water beneath the earth's surface, and how it is important for water supply, irrigation, and understanding water development and conservation.
2) Several sections summarize topics like the distribution of freshwater, depletion of resources, water salinization, and diseases caused by lack of access to clean water.
3) The document also covers policies like the Reduction of Lead in Drinking Water Act and how stormwater runoff is regulated through the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System permit program to prevent pollution of surface waters.
New microsoft office power point presentationsuchi000
This document discusses water pollution as a major global problem, providing statistics on water pollution deaths in India and China. It notes that in addition to problems in developing countries, developed countries also struggle with water pollution. The document categorizes sources of surface water pollution into point sources like pipes and ditches, and non-point sources like agricultural runoff. It discusses that groundwater pollution is more complex given interactions between surface and groundwater, and defines groundwater contamination. Finally, it states that decisions on pollution treatment and control must consider technical factors to prevent further environmental harm.
This document discusses drought and was submitted by several students to their professor. It begins by defining drought and then discusses the main causes of drought such as temperature changes, air circulation patterns, soil moisture levels, and the supply and demand of water. It also covers the effects of drought including hunger, disease, wildfires, impacts on wildlife, social conflicts, reduced electricity generation, and migration. Prevention methods involve better water management through interlinking resources, monitoring water levels, changing agricultural practices, and developing water storage. Control measures include prioritizing water use, identifying root zones, irrigation techniques, applying mulch, and checking soil moisture.
Water resources assessment is important for developing and managing water resources sustainably. A water resources assessment was conducted for Guatemala City that analyzed current water usage and quality issues. It found that while Guatemala has abundant water resources, rapid population growth and lack of management have led to uneven distribution, water contamination, and overuse. Surface water is largely unusable due to pollution. The assessment evaluated water usage by sector, legislative framework, and recommended improved data collection, management, and investment in wastewater treatment to address Guatemala's water challenges.
ppt on 10th class social science topic- Water resources.It contains topics like water sources, types of sources, water scarcity, water conservation and conservation methods.
Types of water resources,Use Of water, overview of global distribution, reuse of water, Water Requirements,Water Scarcity, Cause of Water Scarcity, Water Management, Uses of Reclaimed Water, Water Budget of India etc. presented in this presentation
The document discusses world water resources. Of the total water resources on Earth, 97.2% is salt water found mainly in oceans and only 2.8% is available as fresh water. Of this fresh water, 2.2% is available as surface water such as lakes and streams, while 0.6% exists as groundwater. Even within surface water, the majority (2.15%) is locked up in glaciers and icecaps. Only 0.01% of total water is readily available in lakes and streams, while just 0.25% of groundwater can currently be extracted using existing drilling technology. The document also mentions water resources in India but does not provide details.
Roof
The document discusses water resources in India. It notes that only 0.014% of the Earth's water is readily available as freshwater. In India, the total annual precipitation is 4000 billion cubic meters, but average annual runoff is only 1896 billion cubic meters due to evaporation losses. Per capita water availability in India is declining as the population grows. The key sources of water discussed are surface water sources like rivers, lakes and reservoirs, and groundwater sources like wells and springs. Agriculture, industry, and domestic use are the major consumers of India's water resources, utilizing about 34% of the reliable annual runoff. Overutilization of water resources is a growing problem and can lead to issues like water
Water supply, use, pollution and treatmentsRikiAcanto1
The document provides information on global water supply and issues related to water use, pollution, and treatment. It discusses the following key points:
1) A growing global water shortage is linked to food supply as the human population grows and water is needed to grow more food. Only 1% of the world's water is available for human use.
2) Water pollution from sources like agricultural and urban runoff degrades water quality and exposes billions of people to waterborne diseases. Pollution increases biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) in water.
3) Eutrophication from excess nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus entering water bodies from fertilizers and sewage kills aquatic plants and reduces dissolved oxygen, harming ecosystems
Water is an essential resource for all life on Earth, yet only a small percentage is available for human use. Most of the Earth's water is salt water located in oceans, while freshwater is found in ice caps, glaciers, groundwater, lakes, and rivers. However, water scarcity is a growing problem as over two billion people lack access to clean drinking water and agriculture, which uses 70% of the world's freshwater, is inefficient. Conservation of our limited freshwater resources is critical to sustain life and protect the environment.
This document outlines the content of a course on water demand management (WDM). The course covers WDM in context, municipal WDM options, benefits and a WDM plan. Key topics include the links between WDM and integrated water resources management, definitions of WDM, motivations for WDM, available WDM measures and the status of WDM in Southern African Development Community (SADC) countries. The document provides learning outcomes for students and discusses constraints and incentives for implementing WDM.
Shallow rooted crops are very sensitive to both nutrients and water stresses; thus, they have to be frequently irrigated and fertilized with balanced nutrients or the two materials together as fertigation especially in semi-arid and arid areas of agriculture. So, this paper was reviewed with the objective of evaluating the effects of soil water and nutrients interaction on the yields and nutrients use efficiency of shallow rooted vegetable crops. Many research activities have been done regarding the interactions of water and nutrients and their use efficiency in different vegetable crops under different agro-ecological conditions. Short supply of fresh water and fertilizer pollution has promoted many investigations into the interaction effects of water and nutrients on crop yield and nutrient and water use efficiency of crops, and some achievements have been made. The value of soil nutrients in plant growth and agricultural output is closely related to water availability and also the agricultural water productivity is in larger part determined by nutrient supplies. Yield or crop productivity is more or less closely correlated with water and nutrients utilization. Nutrient and water application can destabilize the soil nutrient balance and have long-term negative impacts on crop growth and harvest then on the final productivity of the crop. To overcome these problems it requires different mechanisms to be adopted in areas where nutrients and water stresses are a serious problem. Thus, it is possible to increase crop productivity through utilization of an opportunity of selecting improved variety and balanced nutrients application or application of organic fertilizers for dry areas. In conclusion, integrated nutrient and water management is an important issue to minimize the negative impacts of water and nutrients stresses and to increase both yield potential and quality of shallow rooted crops for producers.
The document discusses water scarcity issues facing Western US states. It notes that the population in Western states grew significantly in the 1990s and 2000s, increasing demand for water resources. Several Western states are also among the driest in the nation. The document outlines that thermoelectric power generation, irrigation, and public supply account for the majority of water usage in the Western US. Sustainable water resource management is challenging given population growth, limited opportunities for developing new water supplies, and competing demands.
Water resources are sources of water that are useful or potentially useful for various human uses. Virtually all human uses require fresh water, but only 3% of the water on Earth is fresh, and over two thirds of that is frozen in glaciers and ice caps. As the global population rises, water demand is exceeding supply in many areas, so there is increasing scarcity of accessible, clean fresh water. The major sources of fresh water are surface water, groundwater, and frozen water. Water is used for agricultural, industrial, household, and environmental purposes.
Water is a unique and vital resource that is under threat due to increasing scarcity, pollution, conflicts, and climate change. Only 1% of water is available for human use, yet water is essential and used in many areas like agriculture, industry, households, and recreation. Conservation aims to ensure sufficient water availability for future generations through reduced usage, energy savings, and habitat protection. Major challenges to water resources include pollution, drought, desertification, conflicts between regions over access, and diseases caused by contaminated water. Increased conservation efforts are needed to address these issues and protect this critical resource.
Nearly all (97.5%) of the water on Earth is salt water found in oceans and seas. Only 2.5% of the water on Earth is fresh water, with over two-thirds of that being frozen in ice caps and glaciers. Less than 1% of the world's total water is accessible for direct human use from sources like lakes, rivers, and groundwater. Freshwater biomes, which cover about 20% of the Earth's surface, consist of bodies of fresh water like lakes, ponds, streams, and rivers that support various fish and plant life.
Vijay's presentation discusses water resources and related topics. It notes that fresh water is a renewable yet decreasing resource. It describes the major uses of water as agricultural, industrial, household, and environmental. The document then discusses sources of fresh water such as surface water and groundwater. It also covers topics like floods, drought, conflicts over water, and more.
Krishnan C is seeking a challenging position utilizing his 1 year 5 month experience in structural engineering for offshore oil and gas platforms. He has an M.Tech in offshore structural engineering from IIT Madras and a B.E. in civil engineering. His experience includes structural analysis, design, weight reports, and analysis of decks, pipe supports, and jackets using software like SACS and ANSYS. He is proficient in codes like AISC, IS 800, and API RP2A.
Este documento describe una sociedad sin fines de lucro dedicada a la investigación de la medicina bioenergética y ancestral. Su misión es investigar y difundir paradigmas de salud humana basados en conocimientos ancestrales, y su visión es promover una cultura de salud holística e integral con enfoque alternativo. Ofrece varios servicios y terapias complementarias y naturales centrados en procesos de sanación que consideran todos los aspectos del ser humano.
According to the UN report, The population of India expected to surpass China and become the largest country in population size by 2022.
Water-related challenges including water scarcity and water quality deterioration where the pace of urbanization is fastest and the local governments have limited capacity to deal with the rising water supply and sanitation challenges.
Industrial growth is completely related to the addition of a large number of toxic pollutants that are harmful to the environment, hazardous to human health.
This document discusses various aspects of water resources including:
1) Water is essential for life but only 3% of Earth's water is freshwater, with the majority being saltwater in oceans.
2) Freshwater sources include lakes, rivers, streams, groundwater and ice/snow, with only 1% of total water accessible for human and agricultural use.
3) The water cycle describes the continuous movement of water above, on, and below the Earth's surface through different states of matter and is driven by the sun's energy.
The document discusses various aspects of water resources in India. It notes that while India receives adequate average rainfall, it is unevenly distributed both seasonally and geographically. Nearly three-quarters of rainfall occurs in 120 days of the monsoon season. It also discusses India's surface and groundwater resources as well as the major issues around water scarcity, floods, droughts, and pollution facing the country. Sustainable management of water resources is important for India's development.
This document contains summaries of several topics related to global freshwater resources:
1) It discusses groundwater hydrology, which is the study of water beneath the earth's surface, and how it is important for water supply, irrigation, and understanding water development and conservation.
2) Several sections summarize topics like the distribution of freshwater, depletion of resources, water salinization, and diseases caused by lack of access to clean water.
3) The document also covers policies like the Reduction of Lead in Drinking Water Act and how stormwater runoff is regulated through the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System permit program to prevent pollution of surface waters.
New microsoft office power point presentationsuchi000
This document discusses water pollution as a major global problem, providing statistics on water pollution deaths in India and China. It notes that in addition to problems in developing countries, developed countries also struggle with water pollution. The document categorizes sources of surface water pollution into point sources like pipes and ditches, and non-point sources like agricultural runoff. It discusses that groundwater pollution is more complex given interactions between surface and groundwater, and defines groundwater contamination. Finally, it states that decisions on pollution treatment and control must consider technical factors to prevent further environmental harm.
This document discusses drought and was submitted by several students to their professor. It begins by defining drought and then discusses the main causes of drought such as temperature changes, air circulation patterns, soil moisture levels, and the supply and demand of water. It also covers the effects of drought including hunger, disease, wildfires, impacts on wildlife, social conflicts, reduced electricity generation, and migration. Prevention methods involve better water management through interlinking resources, monitoring water levels, changing agricultural practices, and developing water storage. Control measures include prioritizing water use, identifying root zones, irrigation techniques, applying mulch, and checking soil moisture.
Water resources assessment is important for developing and managing water resources sustainably. A water resources assessment was conducted for Guatemala City that analyzed current water usage and quality issues. It found that while Guatemala has abundant water resources, rapid population growth and lack of management have led to uneven distribution, water contamination, and overuse. Surface water is largely unusable due to pollution. The assessment evaluated water usage by sector, legislative framework, and recommended improved data collection, management, and investment in wastewater treatment to address Guatemala's water challenges.
ppt on 10th class social science topic- Water resources.It contains topics like water sources, types of sources, water scarcity, water conservation and conservation methods.
Types of water resources,Use Of water, overview of global distribution, reuse of water, Water Requirements,Water Scarcity, Cause of Water Scarcity, Water Management, Uses of Reclaimed Water, Water Budget of India etc. presented in this presentation
The document discusses world water resources. Of the total water resources on Earth, 97.2% is salt water found mainly in oceans and only 2.8% is available as fresh water. Of this fresh water, 2.2% is available as surface water such as lakes and streams, while 0.6% exists as groundwater. Even within surface water, the majority (2.15%) is locked up in glaciers and icecaps. Only 0.01% of total water is readily available in lakes and streams, while just 0.25% of groundwater can currently be extracted using existing drilling technology. The document also mentions water resources in India but does not provide details.
Roof
The document discusses water resources in India. It notes that only 0.014% of the Earth's water is readily available as freshwater. In India, the total annual precipitation is 4000 billion cubic meters, but average annual runoff is only 1896 billion cubic meters due to evaporation losses. Per capita water availability in India is declining as the population grows. The key sources of water discussed are surface water sources like rivers, lakes and reservoirs, and groundwater sources like wells and springs. Agriculture, industry, and domestic use are the major consumers of India's water resources, utilizing about 34% of the reliable annual runoff. Overutilization of water resources is a growing problem and can lead to issues like water
Water supply, use, pollution and treatmentsRikiAcanto1
The document provides information on global water supply and issues related to water use, pollution, and treatment. It discusses the following key points:
1) A growing global water shortage is linked to food supply as the human population grows and water is needed to grow more food. Only 1% of the world's water is available for human use.
2) Water pollution from sources like agricultural and urban runoff degrades water quality and exposes billions of people to waterborne diseases. Pollution increases biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) in water.
3) Eutrophication from excess nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus entering water bodies from fertilizers and sewage kills aquatic plants and reduces dissolved oxygen, harming ecosystems
Water is an essential resource for all life on Earth, yet only a small percentage is available for human use. Most of the Earth's water is salt water located in oceans, while freshwater is found in ice caps, glaciers, groundwater, lakes, and rivers. However, water scarcity is a growing problem as over two billion people lack access to clean drinking water and agriculture, which uses 70% of the world's freshwater, is inefficient. Conservation of our limited freshwater resources is critical to sustain life and protect the environment.
This document outlines the content of a course on water demand management (WDM). The course covers WDM in context, municipal WDM options, benefits and a WDM plan. Key topics include the links between WDM and integrated water resources management, definitions of WDM, motivations for WDM, available WDM measures and the status of WDM in Southern African Development Community (SADC) countries. The document provides learning outcomes for students and discusses constraints and incentives for implementing WDM.
Shallow rooted crops are very sensitive to both nutrients and water stresses; thus, they have to be frequently irrigated and fertilized with balanced nutrients or the two materials together as fertigation especially in semi-arid and arid areas of agriculture. So, this paper was reviewed with the objective of evaluating the effects of soil water and nutrients interaction on the yields and nutrients use efficiency of shallow rooted vegetable crops. Many research activities have been done regarding the interactions of water and nutrients and their use efficiency in different vegetable crops under different agro-ecological conditions. Short supply of fresh water and fertilizer pollution has promoted many investigations into the interaction effects of water and nutrients on crop yield and nutrient and water use efficiency of crops, and some achievements have been made. The value of soil nutrients in plant growth and agricultural output is closely related to water availability and also the agricultural water productivity is in larger part determined by nutrient supplies. Yield or crop productivity is more or less closely correlated with water and nutrients utilization. Nutrient and water application can destabilize the soil nutrient balance and have long-term negative impacts on crop growth and harvest then on the final productivity of the crop. To overcome these problems it requires different mechanisms to be adopted in areas where nutrients and water stresses are a serious problem. Thus, it is possible to increase crop productivity through utilization of an opportunity of selecting improved variety and balanced nutrients application or application of organic fertilizers for dry areas. In conclusion, integrated nutrient and water management is an important issue to minimize the negative impacts of water and nutrients stresses and to increase both yield potential and quality of shallow rooted crops for producers.
The document discusses water scarcity issues facing Western US states. It notes that the population in Western states grew significantly in the 1990s and 2000s, increasing demand for water resources. Several Western states are also among the driest in the nation. The document outlines that thermoelectric power generation, irrigation, and public supply account for the majority of water usage in the Western US. Sustainable water resource management is challenging given population growth, limited opportunities for developing new water supplies, and competing demands.
Water resources are sources of water that are useful or potentially useful for various human uses. Virtually all human uses require fresh water, but only 3% of the water on Earth is fresh, and over two thirds of that is frozen in glaciers and ice caps. As the global population rises, water demand is exceeding supply in many areas, so there is increasing scarcity of accessible, clean fresh water. The major sources of fresh water are surface water, groundwater, and frozen water. Water is used for agricultural, industrial, household, and environmental purposes.
Water is a unique and vital resource that is under threat due to increasing scarcity, pollution, conflicts, and climate change. Only 1% of water is available for human use, yet water is essential and used in many areas like agriculture, industry, households, and recreation. Conservation aims to ensure sufficient water availability for future generations through reduced usage, energy savings, and habitat protection. Major challenges to water resources include pollution, drought, desertification, conflicts between regions over access, and diseases caused by contaminated water. Increased conservation efforts are needed to address these issues and protect this critical resource.
Nearly all (97.5%) of the water on Earth is salt water found in oceans and seas. Only 2.5% of the water on Earth is fresh water, with over two-thirds of that being frozen in ice caps and glaciers. Less than 1% of the world's total water is accessible for direct human use from sources like lakes, rivers, and groundwater. Freshwater biomes, which cover about 20% of the Earth's surface, consist of bodies of fresh water like lakes, ponds, streams, and rivers that support various fish and plant life.
Vijay's presentation discusses water resources and related topics. It notes that fresh water is a renewable yet decreasing resource. It describes the major uses of water as agricultural, industrial, household, and environmental. The document then discusses sources of fresh water such as surface water and groundwater. It also covers topics like floods, drought, conflicts over water, and more.
Krishnan C is seeking a challenging position utilizing his 1 year 5 month experience in structural engineering for offshore oil and gas platforms. He has an M.Tech in offshore structural engineering from IIT Madras and a B.E. in civil engineering. His experience includes structural analysis, design, weight reports, and analysis of decks, pipe supports, and jackets using software like SACS and ANSYS. He is proficient in codes like AISC, IS 800, and API RP2A.
Este documento describe una sociedad sin fines de lucro dedicada a la investigación de la medicina bioenergética y ancestral. Su misión es investigar y difundir paradigmas de salud humana basados en conocimientos ancestrales, y su visión es promover una cultura de salud holística e integral con enfoque alternativo. Ofrece varios servicios y terapias complementarias y naturales centrados en procesos de sanación que consideran todos los aspectos del ser humano.
Distribution involves releasing a film to audiences and ensuring its commercial success in the market. Major film distribution companies include Fox, Universal, Disney, Sony, and TimeWarner. Marketing is an important part of distribution and is used to advertise films through techniques such as teaser trailers, theatrical trailers on the film's official website, press junkets, publicity blitzes near the release date, product tie-ins, and publicity stunts. Teaser and theatrical trailers aim to intrigue audiences with snippets of a film without revealing too much, while a film's website provides information about characters and the release date to build hype.
Eurostat 1 salarié sur 6 dans l'ue est travailleur à bas salaireSociété Tripalio
Eurostat a publié le 8 décembre 2016 un communiqué de presse relatif à une enquête sur la structure des salaires.
Eurostat révèle que dans l'UE, 1 salarié sur 6 est un travailleur à bas salaire.
La proportion de bas salaires parmi les salariés s'élevait à 17,2% dans l'UE en 2014. Ces salariés gagnaient deux-tiers ou moins du salaire horaire national brut médian.
Selon Eurostat, de grandes différences subsistent entre hommes et femmes: dans l'UE en 2014, 21,1% des femmes salariées percevaient un bas salaire, contre 13,5% des salariés homme.
En France, la proportion de bas salaires est de 8,8%. La France compte parmi les pays de l'UE ayant la proportion de bas salaires la plus faible. Des pays comme la Lettonie, la Roumanie et la Lituanie ont enregistré les plus hauts pourcentages de bas salaire avec respectivement 25,5%, 24,4% et 24,0%.
Overview of drinking water procurement and processing in plant No.1 (Hesar br...Hanieh Farzaneh
The water is a simple chemical compound, but with complex properties because of its bias. The chemical formula of water is H2O. That is, each water molecule consists of one oxygen atom between two hydrogen atoms. Water is essential for human health and well-being; there can be no life on Earth without water. Specifically in Iran country, freshwater availability is too scarce and it is necessary to provide clean drinking water to all citizens. In the Karaj city drinking water is one the main issues and challenges of the government, due to the decrease in the quality of raw water because of environmental and ecological changes, disposal of solid wastes and wastewaters, and also increase in the population and per capita consumption of drinking water, uncontrolled usage of drinking water as result of lack of appropriate consumption patterns of water and drought seasons, are just a few examples of the major challenges of drinking water faced by people and the government. So it is very important to know and to understand different technologies that have been adopted for drinking water to ensure health and safety of the citizens. This study talks about the overview of drinking water procurement, processing in Karaj city-Iran.
The job of anyone in the hospitality industry is to feed, nurture and entertain people. It makes sense that social media has entered the hospitality as a natural extension of that goal, since much of social media is meant to entertain. Ça Va’s owner and general manager Caitlin Corcoran will discuss what it looks like to develop a social media strategy for a hospitality brand and how that strategy ultimately enables guests to build a lasting relationship with that brand.
1. The document provides biographical information on notable figures like Albert Einstein, Abraham Lincoln, and Abdul Kalam. It includes quotes and highlights of their accomplishments.
2. Albert Einstein was a revolutionary physicist best known for his theory of relativity. He made profound contributions to science through his intellect and unique way of thinking.
3. Abraham Lincoln was the 16th president of the United States who led the country during the American Civil War. He issued the Emancipation Proclamation and helped end slavery in America. Dr. Abdul Kalam was an Indian scientist best known for his work on missile and space programs in India.
This document outlines potential risks for a film production and steps to minimize those risks. It identifies hazards like actors falling, tripping over cables, spilling liquids on electronics, traffic accidents, injuries during scenes, and equipment issues. For each hazard, it assigns a risk rating and lists precautions like being cautious of cables and floors, keeping liquids away from electronics, having first aid available, and taking care when operating equipment.
Landmasses and bodies of water (blank map long)rowena nadao
This document defines four geographic land features: a peninsula is an area of land surrounded by water on three sides and connected to a larger landmass; a continent is one of Earth's largest continuous expanses of land; an isthmus is a narrow strip of land connecting two larger land areas and bordered by water on both sides; and an archipelago is a group of islands or area of sea containing many islands.
This document discusses the modification of yoga postures using ropes, belts, and other domestic supports. It notes that these modifications can help address issues like vata imbalance, general musculoskeletal strength and flexibility. Specific postures discussed include those that help straighten the cervical spine and lumbar spine. Diagrams show x-rays highlighting spinal issues like reduced disc spaces and osteophyte formation. The document emphasizes thinking about the functional anatomy involved in poses and using props to create more space and ideal angular proportions in the torso and spine.
Respiratory physiology & Respiratory Distress syndrome in a newborn.Sonali Paradhi Mhatre
Hi guys, This ppt shows the pathophysiology of pulmonary surfactant in newborn and respiratory distress syndrome. Main focus is towards management of RDS esp. exogenous surfactant administration. Your comments are welcome. Thank you.
Short introductive course for the adoption of eBIZ, the data exchange specification for eBusiness in European textile clothing and footwear industry.
It has been produced in the framework of the eBIZ 4.0 project funded in the framework of the COSME programme of the European Union
The course is based on 7 short modules
1 Terminology
2 eBIZ
3 eBIZ applicative domain
4 Focus on…
4a Focus on… Fabric
4b Focus on… Garment
5 The adoption path
6 Resources and documentation
7 Validation and control
More information in www.ebiz-tcf.eu and www.moda-ml.org
The content of this course represents the views of the authors only and is their sole responsibility;
it cannot be considered to reflect the views of the European Commission and/or the Executive Agency for Small and Medium-sized Enterprises or any other body of the European Union.
The European Commission and the Agency do not accept any responsibility for use that may be made of the information it contains.
La empresa carece de una organización de mantenimiento formal. No tiene un organigrama, programas de mantenimiento preventivo o correctivo, personal capacitado, herramientas o recursos adecuados para el mantenimiento. Los operarios realizan tareas de mantenimiento básico pero no existe un departamento de mantenimiento formal. Debido a esto, la confiabilidad y disponibilidad de los equipos está en riesgo.
This document outlines the agenda for a COMM 202 tutorial covering skills matrices. It includes a timeline for the course assignments, which will have students developing stories demonstrating skills for their matrices. The tutorial will provide guidance on creating STAR stories highlighting skills and situations from students' backgrounds, as well as failure stories. Students will work on drafting stories in class and receive peer feedback. Their skills matrix draft with 3 STAR stories and 1 failure story is due next tutorial.
- Fresh water resources, though renewable, are decreasing as usage increases due to population growth and other factors. While water covers over two-thirds of the Earth's surface, only a small portion is freshwater and available for human use.
- The majority of available freshwater is locked in icecaps and glaciers. Water is essential for life and is needed for agriculture, municipal use, industry, power generation, and other human and ecosystem needs. However, overuse of water resources can lead to problems like scarcity, depletion of aquifers, and conflicts over access to water. Water conservation efforts are needed to help ensure available freshwater keeps up with growing demand.
Water resources are sources of water that are useful for human uses like agriculture, industry, households, recreation and the environment. Only 3% of water on Earth is fresh water, with the majority found as groundwater or frozen in glaciers and ice caps. Water is a renewable resource, but groundwater depletion is occurring in many places around the world. Water is essential for agriculture, which accounts for about 70% of water usage globally. Managing water resources sustainably is important for reducing poverty, maintaining environmental health, and supporting economic development.
IRJET- Ground Water Analysis in and Around Peenya Industrial AreaIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study analyzing groundwater quality in and around the Peenya Industrial Area of Bengaluru, India. Water samples were collected from bore wells in the area and tested for 22 parameters including pH, turbidity, hardness, chlorides, nitrates and more. The results found pH ranging from 6.65 to 7.35. Hardness ranged from 520 to 1100 mg/L. Nitrates were between 11 to 22 mg/L. The study aims to assess groundwater quality in the area and compare it to national standards to protect water resources.
Over 97% of the world's water is salt water found in oceans, while only 2.5% is freshwater. Most freshwater is frozen in glaciers and icebergs, while 30% is underground. India has only 4% of the world's precipitation and ranks low in available water. It is predicted large parts of India will face absolute water scarcity by 2025 due to overexploitation from population growth, farming, deforestation, and pollution from fertilizers and sewage that contaminate sources.
On Earth water has too many forms and variety which
are necessary specifically for particular geographical as well as
environmental surroundings. Below 1% of the world's fresh
water (0.007% of all water on earth) is reachable for direct
human uses. Water pollutions now become a part of concern and
disquiet in country like India. Large parts of water which are life
supportive get contaminated because of illegal activities of human
beings. Water effluence is a major problem globally. It is the
leading worldwide cause of deaths and diseases, and that it
accounts for the deaths of more than 14,000 people daily. In
addition to the acute problems of different problems in
developing countries, industrialized countries continue to
struggle with water pollution problems as well. There are many
inorganic metals which are contaminating water bodies which
serve life to large part of India, Arsenic (As) is one of the biggest
threats for water bodies. High toxicity of Arsenic poses a serious
risk not only to ecological systems but also for human health.
There is availability of sophisticated techniques for arsenic
removal from contaminated water, development of new
laboratory based techniques along with cost reduction and
enhancement of conventional techniques are essential for the
benefit of common people. This paper is based on the future
aspects, for removal of Arsenic from drinking water or the water
of different rivers like Ganga, Gomti and Yamuna etc which
humans are consuming for domestic purpose. Demograph
estimate that around 52 millions peoples are drinking ground
water with arsenic concentrations above the guidelines of World
Health Organization. WHO proposed a parameter or MIC for
Arsenic i.e. of 10 parts per billion (ppb) or 0.010 Mg/L, it is found
that level of Arsenic has been increased vigorously in many
rivers. Objective is to apply Bioremediation technique with the
help of batch culture that needs Bioremediators to detoxify
contaminated water and helps in maintaining the original quality
of water.
Virtual water refers to the water used in food production and supply chains. Green water comes from rainfall while blue water is from surface and groundwater sources, which are being depleted faster than they can be replenished in many areas. Infrastructure development and poverty reduction are keys to ensuring access to sufficient and sustainable water supplies. Growing populations and economic development are exacerbating water scarcity issues, especially in arid and drought-prone regions.
This document discusses water resources and water scarcity. It defines water resources and their key characteristics of utility, limited availability, and potential for depletion. It classifies water resources based on origin (natural vs human) and availability (renewable vs non-renewable). The document outlines different types of water resources like groundwater, surface water, and their various sources. It discusses increasing global water scarcity and its physical and economic causes. It also summarizes various factors contributing to water scarcity and some strategies for water conservation.
Water Resources Scenario in India Its Requirement, Water Degradation and Poll...Venkataraju Badanapuri
Earth's water resources, including rivers, lakes,
oceans, and underground aquifers, are under stress in
many regions. Humans need water for drinking,
sanitation, agriculture, and industry; and
contaminated water can spread illnesses and disease
vectors, so clean water is both an environmental and a
public health issue. In this article, learn how water is
distributed around the globe; how it cycles among the
oceans, atmosphere, and land; and how human
activities are affecting our finite supply of usable water.
This document discusses World Water Day, which is observed annually on March 22nd to promote sustainable management of water resources. It notes that water use has been growing faster than population increases, with the majority used for irrigation and a smaller portion for household and industrial purposes. Water scarcity in cities is exacerbated by population growth, urbanization, industrialization, climate change, pollution, and conflicts. The document outlines various efforts by the UN and countries like India to improve access to water and promote conservation and sustainable water management.
World Water Day is observed annually on March 22nd to promote sustainable management of water resources. The UN established the day to implement recommendations around clean water and sustainable aquatic habitats. A key focus is on providing safe and affordable water in rapidly growing cities in developing nations. Water use has been growing faster than population increases, with industrial and agricultural uses being the largest. Managing water resources in urban areas is challenging due to population growth, pollution, and overexploitation of sources. The Indian government aims to develop water resources through integrated management and non-conventional methods like inter-basin transfers.
Water is essential for life and is used in many ways by humans and industries. A typical person uses between 50-100 liters of water per day for drinking, hygiene, cooking and other domestic purposes. Agriculture accounts for the largest use of water globally at around 69% of total usage. Industries also utilize significant amounts of water, especially industries like power generation, mining and manufacturing. Proper storage of water is important to prevent contamination, and water should be kept in a cool, dark place away from chemicals. Global water demand is increasing due to population growth and rising standards of living, while available supplies are under threat from overuse, pollution and climate change effects like drought. Water scarcity already affects over 1 billion people and
2013 my lect -wwd hotel palash-“international year of water cooperation-bra...SG PHADKE
International year of WaterCooperation-Brain stormingissues today”
The document discusses water issues in India on World Water Day, which is observed annually on March 22nd. It summarizes the status of water and wastewater in India, including pollution issues affecting surface and groundwater sources. Key problems outlined are inadequate infrastructure, population growth, and depletion of resources. Water conflicts, diseases caused by contaminated water sources, and lack of proper sanitation are also addressed. The document advocates for improved management and cooperation to tackle India's water challenges.
The document discusses the global water crisis from ecological, humanitarian, and economic perspectives. It notes that over-exploitation of water resources through activities like unsustainable agriculture, pollution from industry and agriculture, and climate change have led to a deterioration of freshwater supplies globally. This poses risks to ecosystems and species, as well as human populations through issues like restricted access to drinking water, famine, and increased economic burdens from the need to obtain water through more expensive means. The crisis disproportionately impacts developing nations.
The document discusses water resources and related topics. It begins by introducing the student project and listing the contents to be covered, which include the hydrosphere, features of water, types of water resources, uses of water, the water cycle, water as a precious resource, freshwater resources, water pollution, water-related diseases, floods, droughts, and dams. It then provides details on these topics, describing things like the water cycle, groundwater resources, surface water resources, uses of water in agriculture, industry, domestic applications, and hydropower generation. It also discusses issues like water pollution, diseases related to water, and environmental problems caused by dams.
This document discusses water resources and issues related to their over-exploitation and management. It notes that while water covers 70% of the Earth, only 3% is freshwater and a small fraction of that is available for human use. Nearly 90% of India's water is used for agriculture. The document outlines over-utilization of surface and groundwater resources, which has led to problems like decreasing water tables, land subsidence, saltwater intrusion in coastal areas, and drying of wells. Droughts and floods are also discussed, including their causes and effects on environments, economies, and human and animal populations. Solutions for managing water resources like dams, desalination, and rainwater harvesting are mentioned.
pollution of water and water source, water qualitysarahrashid24
This document provides an overview of water resources and water pollution. It discusses how most of Earth's water is salt water and only 3% is freshwater, with much of the freshwater locked up in glaciers and ice caps. It outlines the water cycle and sources of water for human use. It also discusses the many purposes of water for public supplies, industrial processes, agriculture, recreation, and more. Finally, it defines water pollution and notes that pollution is a major global problem caused by both natural phenomena and human activities.
India has enough water but lacks water management.docxS K SHUKLA
India has abundant water resources but lacks proper water management. While India receives over 4000 cubic km of rainfall annually, only 6% is stored and India faces increasing water stress due to factors like unsustainable groundwater usage, poor irrigation practices, lack of water storage, and pollution of existing water sources from agricultural, industrial, and domestic waste. Improving water management through measures like drip irrigation, rainwater harvesting, inter-linking rivers, restoring wetlands and watersheds, and sustainable groundwater usage is needed to address India's growing water challenges.
This document discusses rainwater harvesting, which involves collecting and storing rainwater from rooftops and surfaces where rain falls. It notes that rainwater harvesting is important for replenishing groundwater supplies and addressing water scarcity issues. The document provides details on the components of a rainwater harvesting system, including catchment areas, gutters, filters, and storage tanks. It discusses the benefits of rainwater harvesting and how to estimate the potential water harvest from a given area based on rainfall amounts. Overall, the document promotes rainwater harvesting as a sustainable and cost-effective way to conserve water resources.
Similar to Water economic importance and global water scarcity (20)
ENVIRONMENT~ Renewable Energy Sources and their future prospects.tiwarimanvi3129
This presentation is for us to know that how our Environment need Attention for protection of our natural resources which are depleted day by day that's why we need to take time and shift our attention to renewable energy sources instead of non-renewable sources which are better and Eco-friendly for our environment. these renewable energy sources are so helpful for our planet and for every living organism which depends on environment.
Evolving Lifecycles with High Resolution Site Characterization (HRSC) and 3-D...Joshua Orris
The incorporation of a 3DCSM and completion of HRSC provided a tool for enhanced, data-driven, decisions to support a change in remediation closure strategies. Currently, an approved pilot study has been obtained to shut-down the remediation systems (ISCO, P&T) and conduct a hydraulic study under non-pumping conditions. A separate micro-biological bench scale treatability study was competed that yielded positive results for an emerging innovative technology. As a result, a field pilot study has commenced with results expected in nine-twelve months. With the results of the hydraulic study, field pilot studies and an updated risk assessment leading site monitoring optimization cost lifecycle savings upwards of $15MM towards an alternatively evolved best available technology remediation closure strategy.
Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...Open Access Research Paper
Water polluted by dyestuffs compounds is a global threat to health and the environment; accordingly, we prepared a green novel sorbent chemical and Physical system from an algae, chitosan and chitosan nanoparticle and impregnated with algae with chitosan nanocomposite for the sorption of Malachite green dye from water. The algae with chitosan nanocomposite by a simple method and used as a recyclable and effective adsorbent for the removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solutions. Algae, chitosan, chitosan nanoparticle and algae with chitosan nanocomposite were characterized using different physicochemical methods. The functional groups and chemical compounds found in algae, chitosan, chitosan algae, chitosan nanoparticle, and chitosan nanoparticle with algae were identified using FTIR, SEM, and TGADTA/DTG techniques. The optimal adsorption conditions, different dosages, pH and Temperature the amount of algae with chitosan nanocomposite were determined. At optimized conditions and the batch equilibrium studies more than 99% of the dye was removed. The adsorption process data matched well kinetics showed that the reaction order for dye varied with pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order. Furthermore, the maximum adsorption capacity of the algae with chitosan nanocomposite toward malachite green dye reached as high as 15.5mg/g, respectively. Finally, multiple times reusing of algae with chitosan nanocomposite and removing dye from a real wastewater has made it a promising and attractive option for further practical applications.
Recycling and Disposal on SWM Raymond Einyu pptxRayLetai1
Increasing urbanization, rural–urban migration, rising standards of living, and rapid development associated with population growth have resulted in increased solid waste generation by industrial, domestic and other activities in Nairobi City. It has been noted in other contexts too that increasing population, changing consumption patterns, economic development, changing income, urbanization and industrialization all contribute to the increased generation of waste.
With the increasing urban population in Kenya, which is estimated to be growing at a rate higher than that of the country’s general population, waste generation and management is already a major challenge. The industrialization and urbanization process in the country, dominated by one major city – Nairobi, which has around four times the population of the next largest urban centre (Mombasa) – has witnessed an exponential increase in the generation of solid waste. It is projected that by 2030, about 50 per cent of the Kenyan population will be urban.
Aim:
A healthy, safe, secure and sustainable solid waste management system fit for a world – class city.
Improve and protect the public health of Nairobi residents and visitors.
Ecological health, diversity and productivity and maximize resource recovery through the participatory approach.
Goals:
Build awareness and capacity for source separation as essential components of sustainable waste management.
Build new environmentally sound infrastructure and systems for safe disposal of residual waste and replacing current dumpsites which should be commissioned.
Current solid waste management situation:
The status.
Solid waste generation rate is at 2240 tones / day
collection efficiently is at about 50%.
Actors i.e. city authorities, CBO’s , private firms and self-disposal
Current SWM Situation in Nairobi City:
Solid waste generation – collection – dumping
Good Practices:
• Separation – recycling – marketing.
• Open dumpsite dandora dump site through public education on source separation of waste, of which the situation can be reversed.
• Nairobi is one of the C40 cities in this respect , various actors in the solid waste management space have adopted a variety of technologies to reduce short lived climate pollutants including source separation , recycling , marketing of the recycled products.
• Through the network, it should expect to benefit from expertise of the different actors in the network in terms of applicable technologies and practices in reducing the short-lived climate pollutants.
Good practices:
Despite the dismal collection of solid waste in Nairobi city, there are practices and activities of informal actors (CBOs, CBO-SACCOs and yard shop operators) and other formal industrial actors on solid waste collection, recycling and waste reduction.
Practices and activities of these actor groups are viewed as innovations with the potential to change the way solid waste is handled.
CHALLENGES:
• Resource Allocation.
Climate Change All over the World .pptxsairaanwer024
Climate change refers to significant and lasting changes in the average weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. It encompasses both global warming driven by human emissions of greenhouse gases and the resulting large-scale shifts in weather patterns. While climate change is a natural phenomenon, human activities, particularly since the Industrial Revolution, have accelerated its pace and intensity
Microbial characterisation and identification, and potability of River Kuywa ...Open Access Research Paper
Water contamination is one of the major causes of water borne diseases worldwide. In Kenya, approximately 43% of people lack access to potable water due to human contamination. River Kuywa water is currently experiencing contamination due to human activities. Its water is widely used for domestic, agricultural, industrial and recreational purposes. This study aimed at characterizing bacteria and fungi in river Kuywa water. Water samples were randomly collected from four sites of the river: site A (Matisi), site B (Ngwelo), site C (Nzoia water pump) and site D (Chalicha), during the dry season (January-March 2018) and wet season (April-July 2018) and were transported to Maseno University Microbiology and plant pathology laboratory for analysis. The characterization and identification of bacteria and fungi were carried out using standard microbiological techniques. Nine bacterial genera and three fungi were identified from Kuywa river water. Clostridium spp., Staphylococcus spp., Enterobacter spp., Streptococcus spp., E. coli, Klebsiella spp., Shigella spp., Proteus spp. and Salmonella spp. Fungi were Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus flavus complex and Penicillium species. Wet season recorded highest bacterial and fungal counts (6.61-7.66 and 3.83-6.75cfu/ml) respectively. The results indicated that the river Kuywa water is polluted and therefore unsafe for human consumption before treatment. It is therefore recommended that the communities to ensure that they boil water especially for drinking.
Optimizing Post Remediation Groundwater Performance with Enhanced Microbiolog...Joshua Orris
Results of geophysics and pneumatic injection pilot tests during 2003 – 2007 yielded significant positive results for injection delivery design and contaminant mass treatment, resulting in permanent shut-down of an existing groundwater Pump & Treat system.
Accessible source areas were subsequently removed (2011) by soil excavation and treated with the placement of Emulsified Vegetable Oil EVO and zero-valent iron ZVI to accelerate treatment of impacted groundwater in overburden and weathered fractured bedrock. Post pilot test and post remediation groundwater monitoring has included analyses of CVOCs, organic fatty acids, dissolved gases and QuantArray® -Chlor to quantify key microorganisms (e.g., Dehalococcoides, Dehalobacter, etc.) and functional genes (e.g., vinyl chloride reductase, methane monooxygenase, etc.) to assess potential for reductive dechlorination and aerobic cometabolism of CVOCs.
In 2022, the first commercial application of MetaArray™ was performed at the site. MetaArray™ utilizes statistical analysis, such as principal component analysis and multivariate analysis to provide evidence that reductive dechlorination is active or even that it is slowing. This creates actionable data allowing users to save money by making important site management decisions earlier.
The results of the MetaArray™ analysis’ support vector machine (SVM) identified groundwater monitoring wells with a 80% confidence that were characterized as either Limited for Reductive Decholorination or had a High Reductive Reduction Dechlorination potential. The results of MetaArray™ will be used to further optimize the site’s post remediation monitoring program for monitored natural attenuation.
Improving the viability of probiotics by encapsulation methods for developmen...Open Access Research Paper
The popularity of functional foods among scientists and common people has been increasing day by day. Awareness and modernization make the consumer think better regarding food and nutrition. Now a day’s individual knows very well about the relation between food consumption and disease prevalence. Humans have a diversity of microbes in the gut that together form the gut microflora. Probiotics are the health-promoting live microbial cells improve host health through gut and brain connection and fighting against harmful bacteria. Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus are the two bacterial genera which are considered to be probiotic. These good bacteria are facing challenges of viability. There are so many factors such as sensitivity to heat, pH, acidity, osmotic effect, mechanical shear, chemical components, freezing and storage time as well which affects the viability of probiotics in the dairy food matrix as well as in the gut. Multiple efforts have been done in the past and ongoing in present for these beneficial microbial population stability until their destination in the gut. One of a useful technique known as microencapsulation makes the probiotic effective in the diversified conditions and maintain these microbe’s community to the optimum level for achieving targeted benefits. Dairy products are found to be an ideal vehicle for probiotic incorporation. It has been seen that the encapsulated microbial cells show higher viability than the free cells in different processing and storage conditions as well as against bile salts in the gut. They make the food functional when incorporated, without affecting the product sensory characteristics.
Presented by The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action at GLF Peatlands 2024 - The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies.EpconLP
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies. With over 4000 installations worldwide, EPCON has been pioneering new techniques since 1977 that have become industry standards now. Founded in 1977, Epcon has grown from a one-man operation to a global leader in developing and manufacturing innovative air pollution control technology and industrial heating equipment.
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies.
Water economic importance and global water scarcity
1. Economic value of Water:
Water provides goods (e.g. drinking-water, irrigation water) and services (e.g.
hydroelectricity generation, recreation and amenity) that are utilized by agriculture,
industry and households. Provision of many of these goods and services is interrelated,
determined by the quantity and quality of available water. Management and allocation of
water entails consideration of its unique characteristics as a resource. These are discussed
in brief below.
Water used for irrigation can be pumped from reserves of groundwater, or abstracted from
rivers or bodies of stored surface water. It is applied to crops by flooding, via channels, as a
spray or drips from nozzles. Crops also obtain water from precipitation. Water infiltrates
into the soil, evaporates, or runs off as surface water. Of the water that infiltrates the soil,
some is taken up by plants (and later lost through transpiration) and some percolates more
deeply, recharging groundwater. This water can be polluted with agrochemicals (fertilizers,
herbicides and pesticides), with salts leached from the soil and with effluent from animal
waste. However, pollution can be attenuated as the water moves through the ground by
processes that include sorption, ion exchange, filtration, precipitation and biodegradation.
Aquifers can also be sources of pollution. Pollutants can be released into groundwater from
pockets of contaminants or natural materials (e.g. sources of fluoride) within the aquifer.
When river levels are low and groundwater levels are high, groundwater can recharge the
levels of surface water, which creates a two-way linkage between resources of surface and
groundwater.
It is not easy to control or prevent water use. Many uses of water involve the withdrawal of
water from the hydrological system (known as 'extractive' or 'off-stream' use). Typically,
only a small proportion of the water withdrawn is consumed. Water consumption is
exclusive in its use. Consumed water is retained in plants, animals, or industrial products,
so it is not available for other uses. However, most of the water withdrawn is not consumed
and it returns to the water system for reuse at a later time and a different location. Water in
return flows can reenter the surface water system further downstream, can percolate into
aquifers, or evaporate, returning to the hydrological system in gaseous form. Therefore,
water withdrawals are not exclusive within a broad perspective on water use, but only
within a narrow location- and time-specific context. Water can also be used in-stream
without removal from the hydrological system (e.g. in hydroelectric power generation or
boating). Such uses generally entail little or no consumption of water but do affect the
location and time at which water is available for consumption by other uses (Young, 1996).
Water is a 'bulky' resource. This means that its economic value per unit weight or volume
tends to be relatively low. Therefore, its conveyance entails a high cost per unit of volume
and is often not economically viable over long distances unless a high marginal value can
be obtained. The costs of abstraction, storage and any conveyance tend to be high relative
to the low economic value that is placed on the use of an additional unit of water. This can
create values for water that are location specific (Young, 1996). A further characteristic of
water is that the quantity of supply cannot be readily specified; it is determined by various
processes: the flow of water; evaporation from the surface; and percolation into the
ground. In the case of surface water, supply is determined largely by the climate.
Consequently, the quantity supplied is variable and can be unreliable. This can preclude
certain uses of water (e.g. the development of water-dependent industries) and affect the
value of water in some uses (e.g. irrigation). The quality of water (i.e. the nature and
concentrations of pollutants) can exclude certain uses (e.g. drinking-water for household
use), but have no impact on others (e.g. hydroelectric power generation).
Characteristics of demand for water for irrigation relate to quantity, location, timing and
quality. Irrigation generally requires large volumes of water, which can be low in quality.
This is in contrast to household use of water, for example, which requires low quantities of
water of high quality. The large volumes of water required for irrigation usually have to be
transported over some distance to the field. For surface water, canals and pipes can enable
conveyance; in the case of groundwater, extraction is provided via tubewells. In terms of
timing, demand for irrigation water can extend through the growing season and, where
adequate supplies are available, extend into the dry season for multiple cropping. Peak
demand for irrigation water does not usually coincide with peak flows of surface water.
2. This creates the need for storage capacity, which naturally occurring waterbodies (lakes,
wetlands and aquifers) or specially constructed dams may provide. Although the quality of
water required for irrigation is low, high levels of salinity preclude its use for irrigation,
and contaminated supplies can reduce the quality of produce (e.g. contamination of
horticultural produce with pathogens in polluted water supplies). Agriculture is implicated
in issues that concern water quality. Leaching of effluent from animal wastes, especially
from intensive livestock production, can pose a serious water pollution risk. Both return
flows of irrigation water and precipitation runoff from arable land can pollute surface
water with nutrients, herbicides, pesticides, salts leached from the soil, and sediment.
Irrigation is a vital component of agricultural production in many developing countries. In
1997-99, irrigated land provided two-fifths of crop production in developing countries, and
accounted for about one-fifth of the cultivated area. The divergence in these statistics
reflects the high crop yields and multiple cropping that are achieved through irrigation
(FAO, 2002a). Developing countries are particularly dependent on irrigation: in 1997-99,
59 percent of cereal production in developing countries was irrigated (Bruinsma, 2003).
Food production in developing countries is increasing in response to the demands of an
expanding population and rising prosperity. Some of this demand will be met by increased
productivity of rainfed agriculture, some by increased imports, but irrigated agriculture
will be a major contributor.
Agriculture is the largest user of water in all regions of the world except Europe and
North America (FAO, 2002b). In 2000, agriculture accounted for 70 percent of water
withdrawals and 93 percent of water consumption worldwide, where consumption
refers to withdrawals net of returns flows and evaporation (Figure 1). This is in
contrast to industry, which accounted for 20 percent of withdrawals and 4 percent
of consumption worldwide in 2000, and household use, which accounted for 10
percent of withdrawals and 3 percent of consumption (FAO 2004 (AQUASTAT-
database) FAO, 2002b). The water requirements of agriculture are large relative to
water requirements for other human needs. The human body needs about 3 litres of
water per day;
For domestic uses people use approximately 30 - 300 litres of water per person per
day;
To grow their daily food needs people require 3000 litres of water per person per
day. (FAO 2003)
FIGURE 1
Water withdrawals and consumption
Demand for water in India:
The forecast of a below normal monsoon for the second consecutive year has brought the
focus on the perilous state of water resources in the country, but India’s water crisis has
been in the making for a long time.
The rapid growth of population and its growing needs has meant that per capita availability
of fresh water has declined sharply from 3,000 cubic metres to 1,123 cubic metres over the
past 50 years. The global average is 6,000 cubic metres. As water demand is expected to
rise further, the future does not appear rosy.
The pace of growth in demand halves between 2025 and 2050, but remains high enough to
outstrip supply. Unit is billion cubic metre
3. The forecast of a below normal monsoon for the second consecutive year has brought the
focus on the perilous state of water resources in the country, but India’s water crisis has
been in the making for a long time.
The rapid growth of population and its growing needs has meant that per capita availability
of fresh water has declined sharply from 3,000 cubic metres to 1,123 cubic metres over the
past 50 years. The global average is 6,000 cubic metres. As water demand is expected to
rise further, the future does not appear rosy.
Future projection
The demand supply mismatch is more severe in certain areas. In urban areas, where the
demand of 135 litres per capita daily (lpcd) is more than three times the rural demand of
40 lpcd, the scarcity assumes menacing proportions. Already, Delhi and Chennai are fed
with supply lines stretching hundreds of kilometres. According to projections by the UN,
India’s urban population is expected to rise to 50% of the total population by 2050. This
would mean 840 million people in the most water-starved parts of the country compared
with 320 million today. The issue of inequity in water availability has already proved to be
fertile ground for several inter-state and intra-state disputes, and unless mitigating steps
are taken now, these conflicts would only escalate.
By 2050, energy generation is set to assume a much larger proportion of water usage. This
should further nudge India towards renewable resources since thermal power plants are
highly water-intensive and currently account for maximum water usage among all
industrial applications.
In order to match rapidly increasing demand, India needs to make judicious use of its two
sources of fresh water — surface water and groundwater. Surface water — with rivers as
its main source — is being relentlessly utilised through dams. These dams have robbed
some rivers of their usual water flow, while diverting the course of others.
As much as 55% of India’s total water supply comes from groundwater resources, which is
also a cause of concern. Unbridled exploitation by farmers has led groundwater levels to
plummet dangerously across large swathes of the countryside. Groundwater is critical to
India’s water security. Irrigation, of which over 60% comes from groundwater, takes up
over 80% of total water usage in India. Besides, nearly 30% of urban water supply and
70% of rural water supply comes from groundwater.
Global Water Scarcity:
Water scarcity is the lack of sufficient available water resources to meet water needs
within a region. It affects every continent and around 2.8 billion people around the world at
least one month out of every year. More than 1.2 billion people lack access to clean
drinking water.[1]
Water scarcity involves water shortage, water stress or deficits, and water crisis. The
relatively new concept of water stress is difficulty in obtaining sources of fresh water for
use during a period of time; it may result in further depletion and deterioration of available
water resources.[2] Water shortages may be caused by climate change, such as altered
weather-patterns (including droughts or floods), increased pollution, and increased human
demand and overuse of water.[3] The term water crisis labels a situation where the available
potable, unpolluted water within a region is less than that region's demand.[4] Two
converging phenomena drive water scarcity: growing freshwater use and depletion of
usable freshwater resources.[5]
Water scarcity can result from two mechanisms:
physical (absolute) water scarcity
economic water scarcity
Physical water scarcity results from inadequate natural water resources to supply a
region's demand, and economic water scarcity results from poor management of the
sufficient available water resources. According to the United Nations Development
Programme, the latter is found more often to be the cause of countries or regions
experiencing water scarcity, as most countries or regions have enough water to meet
household, industrial, agricultural, and environmental needs, but lack the means to provide
it in an accessible manner.[6]
Many countries and governments aim to reduce water scarcity. The UN recognizes the
importance of reducing the number of people without sustainable access to clean water
and sanitation. The Millennium Development Goals within the United Nations Millennium
4. Declaration aimed by 2015 to "halve the proportion of people who are unable to reach or to
afford safe drinking water.
Water stress:
The United Nations (UN) estimates that, of 1.4 billion cubic kilometers (1 quadrillion acre-
feet) of water on Earth, just 200,000 cubic kilometers (162.1 billion acre-feet) represent
fresh water available for human consumption.[9]
More than one in every six people in the world is water stressed, meaning that they do not
have access to potable water.[6] Those that are water stressed make up 1.1 billion people in
the world and are living in developing countries. According to the Falkenmark Water Stress
Indicator,[10] a country or region is said to experience "water stress" when annual water
supplies drop below 1,700 cubic metres per person per year. At levels between 1,700 and
1,000 cubic meters per person per year, periodic or limited water shortages can be
expected. When a country is below 1,000 cubic meters per person per year, the country
then faces water scarcity . In 2006, about 700 million people in 43 countries were living
below the 1,700 cubic metres per person threshold.[6] Water stress is ever intensifying in
regions such as China, India, and Sub-Saharan Africa, which contains the largest number of
water stressed countries of any region with almost one fourth of the population living in a
water stressed country.[6] The world's most water stressed region is the Middle East with
averages of 1,200 cubic metres of water per person.[6] In China, more than 538 million
people are living in a water-stressed region. Much of the water stressed population
currently live in river basins where the usage of water resources greatly exceed the
renewal of the water source.
Water Scarcity in India:
Water resources in India are increasingly becoming scarce. Since rainfall occurs only for
three months in a few spells, storage by dams is imperative to utilize waters. On account of
topographic limitations, ultimate storage capacity is only 16% of average annual flows and
utilizable water is only 38% of the available total. The Indian economy is predominantly
agricultural. Irrigation and power have brought self‐reliance in food production and
economic prosperity but with an increasing population, demands for water are rising fast.
By 2025, all utilizable waters will be consumed. This article presents the existing and
future scenarios, answers criticisms and brings out the inevitable necessity of major dams.
Water scarcity involves water stress, water shortage or deficits, and water crisis. This may
be due to both natural and human factors. But, many reports suggest that the scarcity is
more due to the human factor than anything – such as industrialization, irrigation,
domestic use, etc. The acute water shortage prevailing in the forest areas of Tamil Nadu's
districts of Madurai and Dindigul has led to the deaths of Indian gaurs found in the forest of
the region, as they come in search of water are killed falling into the wells.With support
from government and UNICEF, villagers in Palve Budruk, located in the drought-prone
Parner Block in Ahmednagar district of Maharashtra, developed a catchment plan covering
5. 1,400 hectors – over 80% of the land available. The system has three check dams, 20 canal
bunds, two small percolation tanks linked to the main tank and 19 village ponds. Water
stored in the percolation tank, is strictly meant for domestic use only. Piped water is
supplied for an hour a day in the morning, during which time families fill up water for
drinking and cooking.
The Central Ground Water Authority (CGWA) has notified 82 areas (Districts, Blocks,
Mandals, Talukas, Municipalities) for regulation of ground water development.[4] In these
areas, installation of new ground water abstraction structures is not permitted without
prior specific approval of the Authority / Authorized officer. Moreover, proposals for
setting up/expansion of ground water based industries including bottled water
manufacturing units are forwarded by State Pollution Control Boards and Bureau of Indian
Standards to CGWA for seeking No Objection Certificate (NOC) for ground water
withdrawal. NOC is not accorded to such industries including bottled water manufacturing
units proposed to be located in areas notified by the Authority. In non-notified areas, NOC
is issued with mandatory pre-conditions of adoption of rain water harvesting system,
monitoring of ground water abstraction as well as monitoring of ground water level and
quality etc. by the industry. For enforcement of the regulatory directions issued under
Section 5 of Environment (Protection) Act, 1986, concerned Deputy
Commissioners/District Collectors have been authorized to take necessary action in case of
violations of directives of CGWA in the notified areas.
Rainwater harvesting – Rain water is accumulated and used for ground water
recharge. This increases the ground water availability.[5]
Farm pond – Farm ponds are constructed near the farming field. The rain water
which runs off the ground are collected by these ponds. These ponds helps
agriculture in dry lands.[6][7]
Sources: Google.