This document discusses water pollution as a major global problem, providing statistics on water pollution deaths in India and China. It notes that in addition to problems in developing countries, developed countries also struggle with water pollution. The document categorizes sources of surface water pollution into point sources like pipes and ditches, and non-point sources like agricultural runoff. It discusses that groundwater pollution is more complex given interactions between surface and groundwater, and defines groundwater contamination. Finally, it states that decisions on pollution treatment and control must consider technical factors to prevent further environmental harm.

1. PRESENTATIO
N ON
BY
SUCHITRA
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2. Water pollution is a major global problem which requires ongoing
INTRODUCTION
evaluation and revision of Water resources policy at all levels (international
down to individual aquifers and wells). It has been suggested that it is the
leading worldwide cause of deaths and diseases and that it accounts for
the deaths of more than 14,000 people daily. An estimated of 580 people in
India die of water pollution related illness every day. Around 90% the water
in the cities of China is polluted, and as of 2007, half a billion Chinese had
no access to safe drinking water. In addition to the acute problems of water
pollution in developing countries, developed countries continue to struggle
with pollution problems as well. In the most recent national report on water
quality in the United States, 45 percent of assessed stream miles, 47% of
assessed lake acres, and 32 percent of assessed bays and estuarine
square miles were classified as polluted. The head of Chinas national
development agency in 2007 said 1/4th the length of China's seven main
rivers were so poisoned the water harmed the skin. Water is typically
referred to as polluted when it is impaired by anthropogenic contaminants
and either does not support a human use, such as drinking water , or
undergoes a marked shift in its ability to support its constituent biotic
communities, such as fish. Natural phenomena such as
volcanoes,algae,blooms, storms, and earthquakes also cause major
changes in water quality and the ecological status of water.

4. Water is typically referred to as polluted when it is impaired by
anthropogenic contaminants and either does not support a human use,
such as drinking water, or undergoes a marked shift in its ability to support
its constituent biotic communities, such as fish. Natural phenomena such
as volcanoes, algae, blooms, storms, and earthquakes also cause major
changes in water quality and the ecological status of water

5. CATEGORY
Surface water and groundwater have often been studied and managed as
separate resources, although they are interrelated. Surface water seeps
through the soil and becomes groundwater. Conversely, groundwater can
also feed surface water sources. Sources of surface water pollution are
generally grouped into two categories based on their origin.
POINT SOURCES
Point source water solution refers to contaminants that enter a waterway from a
single, identifiable source, such as a pipe or ditch. Examples of sources in this
category include discharges from a sewage treatment plant, a factory, or a city
storm drain. The U.S. Clean water Act(CWA) defines point source for regulatory
enforcement purposes. The CWA definition of point source was amended in 1987
to include municipal storm sewer systems, as well as industrial storm water, such
as from construction sites.

6. NON POINT SOURCES
Non point power solution refers to diffuse contamination that does not
originate from a single discrete source. NPS pollution is often the cumulative
effect of small amounts of contaminants gathered from a large area. A
common example is the leaching out of nitrogen compounds from fertilized
agricultural lands. Nutrient runoff in storm water from "sheet flow" over an
agricultural field for a forest are also cited as examples of NPS pollution.
Contaminated storm water washed off of parking lots, roads and highways,
called urban runoff, is sometimes included under the category of NPS
pollution. However, this runoff is typically channeled into storm drain systems
and discharged through pipes to local surface waters, and is a point source.

7. GROUNDWATER POLLUTION
See also: Groundwater round water& Pollution and Hydrology
Interactions between ground water and surface water are complex. Consequently,
groundwater pollution, sometimes referred to as groundwater contamination, is
not as easily classified as surface water pollution By its very nature, groundwater
aquifers are susceptible to contamination from sources that may not directly affect
surface water bodies, and the distinction of point vs. non-point source may be
irrelevant. A spill or ongoing releases of chemicuclial or radionuclide contaminants
into soil (located away from a surface water body) may not create point source or
non-point source pollution, but can contaminate the aquifer below, defined as a
toxin plume. The hydrological transport movement of the plume, called a plume
front, may be analyzed through a model or groundwater. Analysis of groundwater
contamination may focus on the soil characteristics and site geology,
hydrobiology, hydrology, and the nature of the contaminants.

8. CONTROL OF POLLUTION
Decisions on the type and degree of treatment and control of wastes, and the
disposal and use of adequately treated waste water, must be based considering all
the technical factors of each drainage basin, in order to prevent any further
contamination or harm to the environment.
DOMESTIC SEWAGE
Deer Island Waste Water
Treatment Plant
INDUSTRIAL WASTE WATER
Dissolved air flotation system