This document discusses water distribution systems. It describes the purpose of distribution systems is to deliver water to consumers with appropriate quality, quantity and pressure. There are four main types of distribution network layouts - dead end, radial, grid iron and ring systems. The document also discusses distribution reservoirs, their functions and types. Storage capacity in distribution reservoirs includes balancing storage to equalize demand and breakdown storage for emergencies.
Different modes of water distribution and their mechanism
Characteristics of a good pipe material and its types
Manufacturing methods, properties, advantages and disadvantages of different types of pipe materials
Pipe material selection
Pipe networks and joints
Types of joints in pipe network and their specifications
Steps involved in laying of pipelines
8.1 Pipe Materials
8.1.1 Requirements of Good Pipe materials
8.1.2 Types of Pipe Materials
8.2 Pipe Joints
8.3 Laying of Pipes
Here you will get all information about sewer design, its type & various tests carried out on it for any leakage or any obstruction present and of improper joints.
supplying wholesome water to consumers with suitable methods in economical way,to exist human life water is very important as air is,so,as a civil engineer's we have to supply safe water to consumers in economical way,in this we are going to explain about component parts of water supply scheme,systems of water distribution and layouts of distribution system according to their suitability.
Different modes of water distribution and their mechanism
Characteristics of a good pipe material and its types
Manufacturing methods, properties, advantages and disadvantages of different types of pipe materials
Pipe material selection
Pipe networks and joints
Types of joints in pipe network and their specifications
Steps involved in laying of pipelines
8.1 Pipe Materials
8.1.1 Requirements of Good Pipe materials
8.1.2 Types of Pipe Materials
8.2 Pipe Joints
8.3 Laying of Pipes
Here you will get all information about sewer design, its type & various tests carried out on it for any leakage or any obstruction present and of improper joints.
supplying wholesome water to consumers with suitable methods in economical way,to exist human life water is very important as air is,so,as a civil engineer's we have to supply safe water to consumers in economical way,in this we are going to explain about component parts of water supply scheme,systems of water distribution and layouts of distribution system according to their suitability.
Water distribution System In Water Supply Schemes Vaibhav Kambale
This Presentation deals in details with respect to Water distribution System In Water Supply Schemes. Types and layout of water distribution system has been explained in detail
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Water distribution System In Water Supply Schemes Vaibhav Kambale
This Presentation deals in details with respect to Water distribution System In Water Supply Schemes. Types and layout of water distribution system has been explained in detail
Present slideshow provides brief introductory part of various Intake Structures. This is useful for Environmental Engineering Students, faculties and learners.
This presentation includes the estimation of storm sewage generated as a result of storm/rainfall events. It includes the detailed usage of rational formula for quantity estimation with solved examples.
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Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
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Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
Diabetes is a rapidly and serious health problem in Pakistan. This chronic condition is associated with serious long-term complications, including higher risk of heart disease and stroke. Aggressive treatment of hypertension and hyperlipideamia can result in a substantial reduction in cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes 1. Consequently pharmacist-led diabetes cardiovascular risk (DCVR) clinics have been established in both primary and secondary care sites in NHS Lothian during the past five years. An audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery at the clinics was conducted in order to evaluate practice and to standardize the pharmacists’ documentation of outcomes. Pharmaceutical care issues (PCI) and patient details were collected both prospectively and retrospectively from three DCVR clinics. The PCI`s were categorized according to a triangularised system consisting of multiple categories. These were ‘checks’, ‘changes’ (‘change in drug therapy process’ and ‘change in drug therapy’), ‘drug therapy problems’ and ‘quality assurance descriptors’ (‘timer perspective’ and ‘degree of change’). A verified medication assessment tool (MAT) for patients with chronic cardiovascular disease was applied to the patients from one of the clinics. The tool was used to quantify PCI`s and pharmacist actions that were centered on implementing or enforcing clinical guideline standards. A database was developed to be used as an assessment tool and to standardize the documentation of achievement of outcomes. Feedback on the audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery and the database was received from the DCVR clinic pharmacist at a focus group meeting.
Micro RNA genes and their likely influence in rice (Oryza sativa L.) dynamic ...Open Access Research Paper
Micro RNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs molecules having approximately 18-25 nucleotides, they are present in both plants and animals genomes. MiRNAs have diverse spatial expression patterns and regulate various developmental metabolisms, stress responses and other physiological processes. The dynamic gene expression playing major roles in phenotypic differences in organisms are believed to be controlled by miRNAs. Mutations in regions of regulatory factors, such as miRNA genes or transcription factors (TF) necessitated by dynamic environmental factors or pathogen infections, have tremendous effects on structure and expression of genes. The resultant novel gene products presents potential explanations for constant evolving desirable traits that have long been bred using conventional means, biotechnology or genetic engineering. Rice grain quality, yield, disease tolerance, climate-resilience and palatability properties are not exceptional to miRN Asmutations effects. There are new insights courtesy of high-throughput sequencing and improved proteomic techniques that organisms’ complexity and adaptations are highly contributed by miRNAs containing regulatory networks. This article aims to expound on how rice miRNAs could be driving evolution of traits and highlight the latest miRNA research progress. Moreover, the review accentuates miRNAs grey areas to be addressed and gives recommendations for further studies.
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Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
3. Introduction…
The purpose of distribution system is to deliver
water to consumer with appropriate quality,
quantity and pressure.
Distribution system is used to describe
collectively the facilities used to supply water
from its source to the point of usage.
4. Requirements of Good Distribution
System...
Water quality should not get deteriorated in the
distribution pipes.
It should be capable of supplying water at all
the intended places with sufficient pressure
head.
It should be capable of supplying the requisite
amount of water during fire fighting.
5. The layout should be such that no consumer
would be without water supply, during the
repair of any section of the system.
All the distribution pipes should be preferably
laid one metre away or above the sewer lines.
It should be fairly water-tight as to keep losses
due to leakage to the minimum.
6. Layouts of Distribution Network
The distribution pipes are generally laid below
the road pavements, and as such their layouts
generally follow the layouts of roads.
There are, in general, four different types of
pipe networks; any one of which either singly or
in combinations, can be used for a particular
place.
10. Radial System...
The area is divided into different zones.
The water is pumped into the distribution
reservoir kept in the middle of each zone.
The supply pipes are laid radially ending
towards the periphery.
12. Grid Iron System...
It is suitable for cities with rectangular layout,
where the water mains and branches are laid in
rectangles.
13. Advantages
Water is kept in good circulation due to the
absence of dead ends.
In the cases of a breakdown in some
section, water is available from some other
direction.
Disadvantages
Exact calculation of sizes of pipes is not
possible due to provision of valves on all
branches.
14. Ring System...
The supply main is laid all along the peripheral roads
and sub mains branch out from the mains.
This system also follows the grid iron system with the
flow pattern similar in character to that of dead end
system.
So, determination of the size of pipes is easy.
16. Methods of water distribution…
For efficient distribution system adequate water
pressure required at various points.
Depending upon the level of source, topography
of the area and other local conditions the water
may be forced into distribution system by
following ways -
18. Gravity system…
Suitable when source of supply is at sufficient
height.
Most reliable and economical distribution
system.
The water head available at the consumer is just
minimum required.
The remaining head is consumed in the
frictional and other losses.
19.
20. Pumping system…
Treated water is directly pumped in to the
distribution main with out storing.
Also called pumping without storage system.
High lifts pumps are required.
If power supply fails, complete stoppage of water
supply.
This method is not generally used.
21.
22. Combined gravity and pumping system
Most common system.
Treated water is pumped and stored in an
elevated distribution reservoir.
Then supplies to consumer by action of gravity.
The excess water during low demand periods
get stored in reservoir and get supplied during
high demand period.
Economical, efficient and reliable system.
23.
24. Distribution Reservoirs...
Distribution reservoirs, also called service
reservoirs, are the storage reservoirs, which
store the treated water for supplying water
during emergencies (such as during fires,
repairs, etc.) and also to help in absorbing the
hourly fluctuations in the normal water
demand.
25. Functions of Distribution Reservoirs
to absorb the hourly variations in demand.
to maintain constant pressure in the distribution
mains.
water stored can be supplied during emergencies.
Location and Height of Distribution Reservoirs
should be located as close as possible to the centre of
demand.
water level in the reservoir must be at a sufficient
elevation to permit gravity flow at an adequate
pressure.
26.
27. Types of Reservoirs...
Depending upon their elevation w.r.t ground it
may be classified into
1. Surface reservoirs
2. Elevated reservoirs
28. Surface reservoirs…
These also called ground reservoir.
Mostly circular or rectangular tank.
Under ground reservoirs are preferred
especially when the size is large.
These reservoirs are constructed on high
natural grounds and are usually made of
stones, bricks, plain or reinforced cement
concrete.
29. The side walls are designed to take up the
pressure of the water, when the reservoir is full
and the earth pressure when it is empty.
The position of ground water table is also
considered while designing these reservoirs.
The floors of these reservoirs may constructed
with R.C.C slab or square stone blocks resting
on columns.
30. To obtain water tightness bitumen compounds
are used at all construction joints.
At the top of roof about 60cm thick earth layer
is deposited and maintained green lawns to
protect the reservoir from cold and heat.
For aeration of water and inspection, ventilation
pipes and stairs are provided.
32. TYPES OF TANKS
R.C.C TANKS: R.C.C tanks are very popular
because
1) They have long life
2) Very little maintenance
3) decent appearance
33. G.I. TANKS: G.I. tanks are generally in
rectangular or square in shape. Now a days G.I.
tanks are not preferring because
1) Life of the tank is short
2) Corrosion of metal
3) maintenance cost may be more
34. HDPE TANKS: Now a days HDPE tanks are
very popular for storing less quantity of water
and hence useful for residential purpose. The
following are the advantages of HDPE tanks
1) Handling is easy because of light weight
2) Cheap in cost
3) Maintenance cost is low
4) Cleaning of tanks are easy
35. ESR...
Elevated Storage Reservoirs (ESRs) also
referred to as Overhead Tanks are required at
distribution areas which are not governed and
controlled by the gravity system of distribution.
These are rectangular, circular or elliptical in
shape.
If the topography of the town not suitable for
under gravity, the elevated tank or reservoir are
used.
36. They are constructed where combine gravity
and pumping system of water distribution is
adopted.
These tanks may be steel or RCC.
Now RCC is commonly preferred.
37. The accessories of ESR are-
Inlet and outlet pipe, overflow pipe discharging
into a drain
Float gauge, indicating depth of water.
Automatic device to stop pumping when the
tank is full.
A manhole and ladder.
Ventilator for circulation of fresh air.
38.
39. Storage Capacity of Distribution
Reservoirs...
The total storage capacity of a distribution
reservoir is the summation of:
Balancing Storage: The quantity of water
required to be stored in the reservoir for
equalising or balancing fluctuating demand
against constant supply is known as the
balancing storage (or equalising or operating
storage).
40. Breakdown Storage:The breakdown storage or
often called emergency storage is the storage
preserved in order to tide over the emergencies
posed by the failure of pumps, electricity, or
any other mechanism driving the pumps.
A value of about 25% of the total storage
capacity of reservoirs, or 1.5 to 2 times of the
average hourly supply, may be considered as
enough provision for accounting this storage.