Sources of waste can be broadly classified into four types: Industrial, Commercial, Domestic, and Agricultural. Industrial Waste. These are the wastes created in factories and industries. ... Commercial Waste. Commercial wastes are produced in schools, colleges, shops, and offices. ... Domestic Waste. ... Agricultural Waste.

1. Waste disposal methods in
community set up
DR.ANJALATCHI MUTHUKUMARAN
VICE PRINCIPAL
ERA COLLEGE OF NURSING
ERA UNIVERSITY , LUCKNOW 226003

3. health professionals need to have a basic knowledge of the
subject since improper disposal of waste constitutes a health
hazard.
Community health nurses should have through knowledge of all
the aspects of refuse disposal.
There are two important aspects of waste disposal, first is
collection of waste and its transportation to the disposal points;
and second is related to various methods of waste or refuse
disposal.
INTRODUCTION

4. Proper disposition of a discarded or
discharge material in accordance with
local environmental guideline or lows.
- (Business Dictionary)
DEFINITION

5.  The term “solid waste” includes
• Garbage (food wastes)
• Rubbish (paper, plastic, wood, metal throwaway containers, glass,)
• Demolition products (bricks, masonry, pipes )
• Sewage treatment residue.
• Dead animals, manure and other discorded materials.
Solid wastes

6. The output of daily wastes depend upon the :
 dietary habits
 Life style
 Living standard
 The degree of urbanization and industrialization
 Solid waste produced ranges between 0.25-2.5kg in
different countries.
Outputs of daily wastes

7.  Solid waste, if allowed to accumulate, is a health hazard because:
It decomposes and favours fly breeding
It attracts rodents and vermin
The pathogens which may be present in the solid waste may be conveyed
back to
mans food through flies and dust.
There is a possibility of water and soil pollution and
Heaps of refuse present and unsightly appearance and nuisance from bad
odors
There is a correlation between improper disposal of solid waste and incidence
of
vector borne diseases.

8. Street
refuse
Market
refuse
Stable litter
refuse
Industrial
refuse
Domestic
refuse
Sources of refuse

9.  The first consideration should be given to the proper
storage of refuse, while awaiting collection.
1. The galvanized steel dust bin
2. Paper sack
3. Public bins
1. The Galvanized steel dust bin
-It is close fitting cover is suitable receptacle for storing
refuse.
- In India per capita is estimated to vary from 1/10 – 1/20
c. ft.
- For a family of 5 members, a bin having a capacity of
5/10 or ½ c. ft.
Storage

10. 2- paper sack:-

11.  Public bin cater for large number of peoples. They are
usually without cover in India because people do not like to
touch them.
 Kept on a concrete platform raised up to 2- 3 inch above the
ground level.
 It handle and emptied mechanically by lorries fitted with
cranes.
3- public bin:-

12.  Methods of collection depends upon the funds available .
 House- to- house collection is by far the best methods of
collecting refuse.
 Peoples are expected to dump the refuse in the nearest public
bin , which is usually not done.
 Refuse is dispersed all along the street , & some is thrown out
in front around the house.
 The environment hygiene committee (1949) recommndated
that municipalities and other local bodies should arrange for
collection of refuse not only from the public bins but also from
individual.
Collection:-

13.  There is no single methods of refusal disposal which is equally
suitable in all circumstance.
 The methods of waste disposal are:-
Methods of disposal
1-Dumping
2- controlled
tipping
4-
composting
5- manure
pits
3-Incineration
6- burial

14.  Refuse is Dumped in low lying areas partly as a methods of reclaimed of
land but mainly as an easy methods of disposal of dry refuse.
 As a result of bacterial action, refuse decrease considerably in volume and is
converted gradually into humus.
 Kolkata disposes of its refuse by dumping and the reclaimed land is released
out for cultivation.
 The drawbacks of DUMPING are :-
• To refuse is exposed to files and rodents .
• Drainage from dumps contributes to the pollution of surface and ground
water.
• WHO expert committee(1967) condemned dumping as “ a most insanitary
methods that creates public health hazards, a nuisance, and severe
pollution of the environment.
1- Dumping

15.  Controlled tipping and sanitary landfill is the most satisfactory
methods of refuse disposal where suitable land is available .
 The term “ modifying sanitary landfill “ has been applied to
those operations where compactions and covering are
accomplished once or twice a week.
three methods are used in this operation :-
1- the trench methods:- where level ground is available , the
trench method is usually chosen.
• a long trench is dug out 2- 3 m (6-10ft) deep & 4- 12m, (12-
36ft)wide, depending upon local conditions.
• The refuse is compacted and covered with excavated earth
2- controlled tipping

16. 2- the ramp methods :- this methods is well suited where the
terrain is moderately slopping. Some excavation is done to
secure the covering material.
3- the area method:- this methods is use for filling land
depression , discussed quarries and clay pits .
1. The refuse is deposited , packed and consolidated in uniform
layers up to 2 – 2.5 m (6- 8ft). Deep
2. Each layer is sealed on its exposed surface with the mud cover
at least 30 cm (12 inches) thick.
3. Such sealing prevents infestation by files and rodents and
prevents smell and dust.
Cont….

17.  Refuse can be disposed of hygienically by burning and
incineration,
 It is the methods of choice where suitable land is not available.
 Hospital refuse which is particularly dangerous is best
disposed by incineration.
 Incineration is practiced in several of the industrialized
countries
3- Incineration

18.  Composting is a methods of combined disposal of refuse and
night soil or sludge.
 It is a process of nature where by organic matter breaks down
under bacterial action resulting in the formation of relatively
stable humus – likes material , called the compost which has
considerably manurial value for the soil.
4- composting

19.  The heat produced during composting – 60 deg C higher , over
a period of several days destroys eggs and larvae of flies , weed
seeds and pathogens agents.
 The end- product is a good soil builder containing small amount
of the major plant nutrients such as nitrates and phosphates .
 Methods of composting :-
1- Bangalore methods ( anaerobic methods )
2- mechanical composting ( aerobic methods)
Cont…

20.  1- Banglore methods ( anerobic method):-
 It is also known as hot fermentation process. Indian council of agriculture
researches at the Indian institute of science , Bangalore .
 It has been recommended as a satisfactory methods of disposal to town
waste and night soil.
 Trenches are dug 90 cm deep, 1.5 to 2.5m (5-8ft) broad and 4.5 to 10m (15-
30ft) long.
 Depth greater than 90cm (3ft) are not recommendated because of slow
decomposition .
 First layer- 15 cm (6 inch) thick is spread at the bottom of the trench.
 Second layer- night soil added corresponding to a thickness of 5cm .
 Third layer- refuse and night soil are added in the proportion of 15 cm and
5cm.
 The top layer- should be refuse , ate least 25 cm thickness.
Cont..,,,,

21.  After 7 days – heat (over 60 deg. C) is generated in the
compost mass- intent heat which persist over 2 or 3 weeks-
decomposes the refuse and night soil and to destroys all
pathogenic & parasitic organism.
 After 4 to 6 months , decomposition is complete and the
resulting manure is a well decomposed.
Cont……

22. 2- mechanical composting:-
Another methods of composting is known as “ mechanical
composting” is becoming popular. In this literally
manufactured on a large scale by processing raw materials and
turning out a finished product .
1. The entire process of composting is complete in4- 6 weeks .
2. This methods of composting is in vogue in some of developing
countries , eg. Holland, Germany , Israel.
3. the government of India is considering the instillation of
mechanical composting plants in selected cities .eg. New Delhi
, locknow , kanpur Mumbai have offered to join the
government for setting up pilot plants for mechanical
composting .
Cont…..

23.  The problems of refuse disposal in rural areas can be solved by
digging “manure pits” by the individual householders.
 The garbage's , cattle dung , straw and leaves should be
dumped into the manure pits and covert with earth after each
days dumping .
 This methods of refuse disposal is effectives and relatively
simple in rural communities.
5- manure pits

24.  This methods is suitable for small camp.
6- burial

25.  Refuse disposal cannot be solved without public education.
Public education
Public
education
Enforcing of
the low
Methods of
education.
Cheapest
solution
Encourage(
less
interest)

26.  If refuse disposal is to be carried out effectively , hygienically
and economically , heavy capital outlay will be needed
whatever system of disposal is adopted .
 In the highly industrialized countries up to 20 percent of
municipal budgets are spent on the collection and disposal of
solid waste.
Economic and finance:-

28.  An organization was formed-the international
solid waste and public cleansing association
(ISWA) in 1970.to assist counties in the
general or endeavor to improve sanitary
services .
 A WHO international reference centre has
also been setup in Switzerland to collect ,
evaluates and disseminates information on
wastes- disposal practices and to foster
research.
International cooperation

30. Thank
 you