The document discusses India's climate pledge made at the Paris Climate Summit in 2015, including targets to reduce greenhouse gas emissions intensity by 33-35% by 2030 and increase renewable energy capacity. It also summarizes the types, advantages, and applications of direct carbon fuel cells, which are well-suited for Indian conditions due to their ability to operate on various carbon-based fuels. DCFCs produce ultra-clean energy and could utilize India's biogas resources while facilitating distributed energy and carbon capture. The document concludes that fuel cells represent an economically and environmentally beneficial stationary power solution for India.
Twice the fuels from biomass. hannula 2016, vttIlkka Hannula
Potential to increase biofuels output from a gasification-based biorefinery using external hydrogen supply (enhancement) was investigated. Up to 2.6 or 3.1-fold increase in biofuel output could be attained for gasoline or methane production over reference plant configurations, respectively. Such enhanced process designs become economically attractive over non-enhanced designs when the average cost of low-carbon hydrogen falls below 2.2-2.8 €/kg, depending on the process configuration.
Just add hydrogen – Making the most out of a limited resourceIlkka Hannula
This presentation discusses the potential to increase fuels production from a given amount of biomass, by feeding additional hydrogen to a gasification-based biorefinery. The production potential is compared with IEA predictions on global transportation energy demand in 2050.
Making Sense of Cost and Performance Estimates for Thermochemical Biofuel PlantsIlkka Hannula
Achieving deep reductions in CO2 emissions from today’s transportation system presents major challenges, given the dominant role played by crude-oil derived fuels. Advanced biofuels, produced sustainably, provide one potential path for deep emissions reductions.
A clear understanding of the prospective economics of advanced biofuels is thus important to support analysis aimed at informing public- and private-sector decision making on biofuels.
Many techno-economic studies of advanced biofuels have been published, but individual studies are often difficult for decision makers to evaluate because of differences in analytical methodologies, input-data uncertainties, scope and battery limits of the analysis, and key assumptions.
Using both literature and data from demonstration projects, we address the following questions for advanced thermochemical cellulosic biofuels: What will first-of-a-kind (FOAK) cellulosic biofuels cost, and What cost levels can be expected in the near-term?
Twice the fuels from biomass. hannula 2016, vttIlkka Hannula
Potential to increase biofuels output from a gasification-based biorefinery using external hydrogen supply (enhancement) was investigated. Up to 2.6 or 3.1-fold increase in biofuel output could be attained for gasoline or methane production over reference plant configurations, respectively. Such enhanced process designs become economically attractive over non-enhanced designs when the average cost of low-carbon hydrogen falls below 2.2-2.8 €/kg, depending on the process configuration.
Just add hydrogen – Making the most out of a limited resourceIlkka Hannula
This presentation discusses the potential to increase fuels production from a given amount of biomass, by feeding additional hydrogen to a gasification-based biorefinery. The production potential is compared with IEA predictions on global transportation energy demand in 2050.
Making Sense of Cost and Performance Estimates for Thermochemical Biofuel PlantsIlkka Hannula
Achieving deep reductions in CO2 emissions from today’s transportation system presents major challenges, given the dominant role played by crude-oil derived fuels. Advanced biofuels, produced sustainably, provide one potential path for deep emissions reductions.
A clear understanding of the prospective economics of advanced biofuels is thus important to support analysis aimed at informing public- and private-sector decision making on biofuels.
Many techno-economic studies of advanced biofuels have been published, but individual studies are often difficult for decision makers to evaluate because of differences in analytical methodologies, input-data uncertainties, scope and battery limits of the analysis, and key assumptions.
Using both literature and data from demonstration projects, we address the following questions for advanced thermochemical cellulosic biofuels: What will first-of-a-kind (FOAK) cellulosic biofuels cost, and What cost levels can be expected in the near-term?
The mission of the University of Minnesota’s Natural Resources Research Institute (NRRI) is to “foster the economic development of Minnesota’s natural resources in an environmentally sound manner to promote private sector employment.” On a recent Northeast CERT tour, participants were given a sneak peek at the innovative ways NRRI is fulfilling their mission in the realm of energy. See the slides to learn more.
Storing energy allows grids to balance the supply and demand. Energy storage systems in commercial use today can be broadly categorized as mechanical, electrical, chemical, biological and thermal.
NNFCC market review bioenergy issue seven october 2012NNFCC
Welcome to the October issue of our bioenergy market review. This month has seen heightened scrutiny of energy bills, in the wake of rising bills and the forthcoming launch of the UK Governments Energy Bill.
Measures to reduce the energy consumption have been suggested in a separate document. After the adoption of the ones that
the management thinks appropriate, the moment will be for the centre to think of a more economic and environmental friendly manner to generate its own energy.
India Towards Hydrogen Economy | National Hydrogen MissionHarsha kumar Bokka
The Future of Hydrogen in India (2021). The idea of the National Hydrogen Mission was first mooted in the Budget 2021 putting an effort to tap green energy sources for manufacturing hydrogen. India has already set a target of achieving 450 GW of renewable energy by 2030.
With augmented vehicle quantities during latest period have effected into immense
claim through vestige energy. These have lead with expansion of vehicle via substitute
energy that comprises gaseous energy, bio energy and vegetables oils as stimulate. Power
through hydrogen becomes the prime prospects which wrap the upcoming stipulate of
remnant energy scarcity. Hydrogen as a key substitute energy becomes a substitution
through usual energy. With notable possessions, alike elevated flare rapidity, elevated
calorific value stimulates usage of hydrogen energy like twin fuel manner in diesel engine.
Present study investigates the overall performance and emissions of diesel engine fuelled
through CNSL and hydrogen as dual fuel. The fuels have been tested under stationary,
one cylinder, water chilled diesel engine. Here the hydrogen is added with B20 (20%
CNSL and 80% diesel) fuel for different flow rate namely 4lpm, 8lpm and 12lpm. Engine
test results showed that exhaust emissions are reduced and performance are improved by
adding hydrogen fuel. The results showed that the addition of 8lpm H2 with B20 decreased
the HC and CO emission compared to B20 and neat diesel fuel. The BTE and NOx
increased for the above dual fuel mode. The NOx and exhaust gas temperature are
increased for 8lpm H2 addition with B20 fuel.
This was for my college seminar. This will tell you all about different kinds of fuel cells, their advantages, limitations and applications. Hope this was informative.
Hurley Palmer Flatt Client Services Director, Dr David Telford, discusses the AECC Energy Centre project and how
it showcases the latest in renewable technologies. Technical Board Director, Wyn Turnbull, advises on the real difference between resilience classifications, Tier III and Tier IV, and how to apply these using a more holistic approach.
Finally, Executive Director Adrian Gray comments on the issue of shorter office leases and how they have directly
affected designing for flexible spaces. Also discussed is the UK’s Energy Savings Opportunity Scheme (ESOS) is a mandatory energy assessment and energy saving identification scheme for large undertakings (and their corporate groups). The scheme applies throughout the UK.
The mission of the University of Minnesota’s Natural Resources Research Institute (NRRI) is to “foster the economic development of Minnesota’s natural resources in an environmentally sound manner to promote private sector employment.” On a recent Northeast CERT tour, participants were given a sneak peek at the innovative ways NRRI is fulfilling their mission in the realm of energy. See the slides to learn more.
Storing energy allows grids to balance the supply and demand. Energy storage systems in commercial use today can be broadly categorized as mechanical, electrical, chemical, biological and thermal.
NNFCC market review bioenergy issue seven october 2012NNFCC
Welcome to the October issue of our bioenergy market review. This month has seen heightened scrutiny of energy bills, in the wake of rising bills and the forthcoming launch of the UK Governments Energy Bill.
Measures to reduce the energy consumption have been suggested in a separate document. After the adoption of the ones that
the management thinks appropriate, the moment will be for the centre to think of a more economic and environmental friendly manner to generate its own energy.
India Towards Hydrogen Economy | National Hydrogen MissionHarsha kumar Bokka
The Future of Hydrogen in India (2021). The idea of the National Hydrogen Mission was first mooted in the Budget 2021 putting an effort to tap green energy sources for manufacturing hydrogen. India has already set a target of achieving 450 GW of renewable energy by 2030.
With augmented vehicle quantities during latest period have effected into immense
claim through vestige energy. These have lead with expansion of vehicle via substitute
energy that comprises gaseous energy, bio energy and vegetables oils as stimulate. Power
through hydrogen becomes the prime prospects which wrap the upcoming stipulate of
remnant energy scarcity. Hydrogen as a key substitute energy becomes a substitution
through usual energy. With notable possessions, alike elevated flare rapidity, elevated
calorific value stimulates usage of hydrogen energy like twin fuel manner in diesel engine.
Present study investigates the overall performance and emissions of diesel engine fuelled
through CNSL and hydrogen as dual fuel. The fuels have been tested under stationary,
one cylinder, water chilled diesel engine. Here the hydrogen is added with B20 (20%
CNSL and 80% diesel) fuel for different flow rate namely 4lpm, 8lpm and 12lpm. Engine
test results showed that exhaust emissions are reduced and performance are improved by
adding hydrogen fuel. The results showed that the addition of 8lpm H2 with B20 decreased
the HC and CO emission compared to B20 and neat diesel fuel. The BTE and NOx
increased for the above dual fuel mode. The NOx and exhaust gas temperature are
increased for 8lpm H2 addition with B20 fuel.
This was for my college seminar. This will tell you all about different kinds of fuel cells, their advantages, limitations and applications. Hope this was informative.
Hurley Palmer Flatt Client Services Director, Dr David Telford, discusses the AECC Energy Centre project and how
it showcases the latest in renewable technologies. Technical Board Director, Wyn Turnbull, advises on the real difference between resilience classifications, Tier III and Tier IV, and how to apply these using a more holistic approach.
Finally, Executive Director Adrian Gray comments on the issue of shorter office leases and how they have directly
affected designing for flexible spaces. Also discussed is the UK’s Energy Savings Opportunity Scheme (ESOS) is a mandatory energy assessment and energy saving identification scheme for large undertakings (and their corporate groups). The scheme applies throughout the UK.
Fuel Cells are becoming the preferred alternate energy but unless the constraints are understood and dealt with it will not be adopted at the rate it should
It's a technology to generating the electricity by using fuel cell. It is being used now in automobiles, transport vehicles and others various fields. So it is a very effective technology for generating electricity. it has so many advantages and benefits.
Fuel Cell System and Their Technologies A Reviewijtsrd
Renewable energy generation is quickly rising in the power sector industry and extensively used for two groups grid connected and standalone system. This paper gives the insights about fuel cell process and application of many power electronics systems. The fuel cell voltage drops bit by bit with increase in current because of losses related with fuel cell. It is difficult to control large rated fuel cell based power system without regulating tool. The issue associated with fuel based structural planning and the arrangements are extensively examined for all sorts of applications. In order to increase the reliability of fuel cell based power system, the combination of energy storage system and advanced research methods are focused in this paper. The control algorithms of power architecture for the couple of well-known applications are discussed. Rameez Hassan Pala "Fuel Cell System and Their Technologies: A Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-2 , February 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd20316.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/20316/fuel-cell-system-and-their-technologies-a-review/rameez-hassan-pala
Plasma pyrolysis Technology for waste management (covid waste,hospital waste,...SABARINATH C D
Plasma pyrolysis is in the forefront of modern waste treatment. There is great potential for
development of thermal plasma pyrolysis technologies applicable to waste management with
energy and material recovery. Although important research progress in this area has been
made in recent years, there are still considerable technical challenges to be faced in
developing and modifying thermal plasma pyrolysis processes for industrial applications.
Plasma pyrolysis process fulfils all the technical requirements to treat hazardous waste safely.
It is easy to maintain the arc in an oxygen-free environment, or one can vary the gas to alter
the chemistry of the process. The plasma pyrolysis system can have instant start and shut
down. It is possible to add features like interlocks and automation that make the system user
friendly. The plasma pyrolysis technology overcomes almost all the drawbacks of the
existing waste-disposal technologies. It provides a complete solution for the safe disposal of
medical waste. In addition, organic mass to gas conversion is more than 99% and it does not
require segregation of chlorinated hydrocarbons. The gases obtained after the pyrolysis are
rich in energy content and can be used to recover energy.
Role of chemical engineers to combat COVID 19 PandemicSABARINATH C D
Role of chemical engineer to combat COVID 19 Pandemic:
COVID-19,it is a disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. It was identified in December
2019 at Wuhan in China. On 11 March 2020 World Health Organization declared that it is a
global pandemic. Millions of people disrupted by this infectious respiratory disease outbreak.
All professionals are contributing to reduce this pandemic .as well as chemical engineering
professionals respond to this scenario. From the development of smaller, faster computer
chips to innovations in recycling, treating diseases, water treatment, and generating energy,
the processes and products that chemical engineers have helped to create a better world
.There are lot of great achievements, bold innovators, and new frontiers in the fields of
energy, the environment, biomedicine, electronics, food production, and materials from the
world of chemical engineering. So the chemical engineers are joining to respond to the
COVID-19 challenges. They can contribute more to help society through this pandemic.
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvementIshaGoswami9
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
Toxic effects of heavy metals : Lead and Arsenicsanjana502982
Heavy metals are naturally occuring metallic chemical elements that have relatively high density, and are toxic at even low concentrations. All toxic metals are termed as heavy metals irrespective of their atomic mass and density, eg. arsenic, lead, mercury, cadmium, thallium, chromium, etc.
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptxPRIYANKA PATEL
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptxMAGOTI ERNEST
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
DERIVATION OF MODIFIED BERNOULLI EQUATION WITH VISCOUS EFFECTS AND TERMINAL V...Wasswaderrick3
In this book, we use conservation of energy techniques on a fluid element to derive the Modified Bernoulli equation of flow with viscous or friction effects. We derive the general equation of flow/ velocity and then from this we derive the Pouiselle flow equation, the transition flow equation and the turbulent flow equation. In the situations where there are no viscous effects , the equation reduces to the Bernoulli equation. From experimental results, we are able to include other terms in the Bernoulli equation. We also look at cases where pressure gradients exist. We use the Modified Bernoulli equation to derive equations of flow rate for pipes of different cross sectional areas connected together. We also extend our techniques of energy conservation to a sphere falling in a viscous medium under the effect of gravity. We demonstrate Stokes equation of terminal velocity and turbulent flow equation. We look at a way of calculating the time taken for a body to fall in a viscous medium. We also look at the general equation of terminal velocity.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
2. The climate deal brokered in Paris has been hailed from all quarters as a groundbreaking
document - managing to bring on board 195 nations for a blueprint to successfully cut
down on emissions.
INDIA’S CLIMATE PLEDGE
India has announced its pledge to cut greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions intensity by
33 to 35 percent based on 2005 levels by 2030
a strong target and makes clean energy a centerpiece for economic growth.
Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission (NSM) and set a target of 100 gigawatts
(GW) in installed solar energy capacity by 2022.
To achieve about 40 percent cumulative electric power installed capacity from non-
fossil fuel based energy resources by 2030 with the help of transfer of technology
and low cost international finance including from Green Climate Fund (GCF).
INTRODUCTION
Paris Climate Summit 2015
3. Recent Indian situations…
India’s population currently stands at 1.2 billion
the third largest emitter of greenhouse gases
approximately 300 million people without access to reliable electricity, poverty
alleviation, economic development, and energy access
Fuel price increases than water…
4. A fuel cell is a device that converts
the chemical energy from a
hydrogen-rich fuel into
electricity,power and heat,
through a chemical reaction with
exceptionally low emissions.
Fuel cells can produce electricity
continuously for as long as these
inputs are supplied.
The fuel that is used.
Anode catalyst - platinum
powder
cathode catalyst - nickel or
nanomaterial based
The electrolyte substance-
defines the type of fuel cell.
A fuel cell…
5. A Direct Carbon Fuel Cell (DCFC) is a fuel cell that uses a carbon rich material as a fuel
such as bio-mass or coal.
The cell produces energy by combining carbon and oxygen, which releases carbon
dioxide as a by-product.
It also called coal fuel cells (CFCs), carbon-air fuel cells (CAFCs), direct carbon/coal
fuel cells (DCFCs), and DC-SOFC(Solid oxide fuel cell ).
Direct Carbon Fuel Cell (DCFC)….
The total reaction of the cell is C + O2 → CO2.
Anode: C + 2 O2− → CO2 + 4 e−
Cathode: O2 + 4 e− → 2 O2−
Process:
• Steam-methane reforming reaction:
CH4 + H2O (+ heat) → CO + 3H2
• Water-gas shift reaction
CO + H2O → CO2 + H2 (+ small amount of heat)
7. MW Class Sub-MW Class Micro CHP Mobile
Technology
Carbonate
(MCFC)
Phosphoric Acid
(PAFC)
Solid Oxide
(SOFC)
PEM / SOFC Polymer Electrolyte Membrane (PEM)
System size
range
300kW – 2.8MW 400kW up to 200 kW < 10 kW up to 100 kW
Typical
Application
Utilities, large
universities,
industrial –
baseload
Commercial
buildings –
baseload
Commercial
buildings –
baseload
Residential and
small commercial
Transportation
Fuel
Natural gas,
Biogas, others
Natural gas Natural gas Natural gas Hydrogen
Advantages
High efficiency,
scalable, fuel
flexible & CHP
CHP High efficiency
Load following &
CHP
Load following & low temperature
Electrical
efficiency
43%-47% (higher
w/ turbine or
organic rankine
cycle)
40% – 42% 50% – 60% 25% – 35% 25% – 35%
Combined
Heat & Power
(CHP)
Steam, hot
water, chilling &
bottoming cycles
Hot water,
chilling
Depends on
technology used
Suitable for
facility heating
No, which is an advantage for transportation
carbonate technology well suited for megawatt-class applications.
Types of Fuel Cells
8. Ultra-clean due to their virtual absence of pollutants.
Economical because high efficiency reduces fuel costs
Reliable baseload power provides continuous electricity and heat around-
the-clock
On-site distributed generation improves power reliability and energy
security
Fuel flexible DFCs can be operated on clean natural gas, renewable biogas
or directed biogas
Combined heat and power (CHP) further drives economics and efficiency —
as high as 90 percent, depending on the application
DFC power plants convert biogas waste disposal problems into ultra-clean
power generation solutions for operations that generate biogas…
Advantages of Direct FuelCell
9. Fuel Cell Energy, Inc. is a global fuel cell
power company. It develops and operates
cell fuel power plants, Direct Fuel Cell
power plants (a type of molten carbonate
fuel cell)
operates the world’s largest fuel cell park,
Gyeonggi Green Energy Fuel cell park,
which is located in South Korea
Direct Fuel Cell power plants
4,514,827,200
Total kWh generated by
DFC plants sufficient to
power approximately
409,000 average size US
homes for one year
as of mid February 2016.
PRODUCTS
2.8 MW DFC3000
1.4 MW DFC1500
300 kW DFC300
Multi-MW DFC-ERG
Basic components
• Fuel cell stack -It generates DC
• Fuel processor-to remove impurities
• Power conditioners-includes controlling
current (amperes), voltage
• Air compressors- increases gas pressure
10.
11. Advanced technology programs have also been focused on developing fuel
processing approaches that allow the use of DFC power systems with logistics
fuels (fuels used for ships, aircrafts or remote bases), such as jet fuels and diesel
fuels.
Alternative Fuels
Hydrogen Co-Production
Carbon Capture
Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC)
Advanced Technologies
1.4 MW DFC1500 operating on renewable
biogas at a municipal water treatment facility
12. Fuel flexibility is an advantage of the carbonate DCFC technology.
Specifically engineered to operate on methane-based natural gas or
renewable biogas, but with varying degree of system modification, DFC
power plants can operate on a wide variety of fuels, including gaseous
and liquid fuels.
Propane is a proven fuel source for DFC power plants.
Alternative Fuels
13. which produces a purified hydrogen stream in addition to electricity and
thermal energy. Potential markets for this tri-generation system are fuel cell
vehicle filling stations and industrial hydrogen consumers.
Hydrogen Co-Production
Transportation Applications
at wastewater treatment facilities
to utilize renewable biogas as the
fuel source and generate power
and heat for the water treatment
process and zero-carbon hydrogen
for transportation.
to hydrogen vehicle filling stations
in urban locations.
14. Used metal heat treating, glass manufacturing, petrochemical
applications and material handling.
The ultra-clean electricity powers the manufacturing process
the heat is used for facility and water heating
high-purity hydrogen is used in the process ovens
Industrial Applications
15. to capture carbon emissions from existing coal or
gas-fired power plants
destroys approximately 70% of the plant’s smog-
producing pollutants
The DFC stack acts as a carbon purification
membrane, transferring CO2 from the air stream
(where it is very dilute) to the fuel exhaust stream,
where it is more concentrated, allowing the CO2 to
be easily and affordably removed for industrial use.
The ability to capture 90% of carbon emissions with
a scalable solution
Carbon Capture
16.
17. Emissions (Lbs. Per MWh)
Fuel Source NOX SO2 PM10 CO2 CO2 with CHP
Average U.S.
Fossil Fuel Plant
5.06 11.6 0.27 2,031 NA
Microturbine (60
kW)
0.44 .008 0.09 1,596 520 – 680
Small Gas
Turbine
1.15 .008 0.08 1,494 520 – 680
DFC® Power
Plant
0.01 0.0001 0.00002 940 520 – 680
Solid Oxide Fuel Cells
based on kilowatt hours of electricity produced
commercially and the installed base of operating
power plants
SOFC has the potential to achieve even higher
electrical efficiency with high power density (i.e.
more power per fuel cell and fuel cell stack) than
the carbonate-based DFC technology.
18. DCFC well suited for Indian conditions, climate…
Opportunities and challenges for fuel cells in
india
A summary of
issues concerning
representative
markets for
stationary power
generation using
fuel cells in India.
19. Several economic and environmental drivers are motivating developing
countries like India to evaluate fuel cells
The development of new fuel cell that is cost-effective, suited to local
needs, and employs region-specific and opportunity fuels should be
commercially successful
DCFC is well suited for Indian conditions…
CONCLUSION
20. T.S.R. Prasada Rao and Uday T. Turaga,( 2003), OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES FOR FUEL CELLS IN
INDIA, Prepr. Pap.-Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Fuel Chem. 2003, 48(2),795-796.
WWW. FUEL CELL ENERGY.COM
Giddey, S; Badwal SPS; Kulkarni A; Munnings C (2012). "A comprehensive review of direct carbon fuel
cell technology". Progress in energy and combustion science 38 (3): 360–399.
doi:10.1016/j.pecs.2012.01.003.
Munnings, C.; Kulkarni, A.; Giddey, S.; Badwal, S.P.S. (August 2014). "Biomass to power conversion in a
direct carbon fuel cell". International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 39 (23): 12377–12385.
doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2014.03.255.
"Fuel Cell Basics: Applications". Fuel Cells 2000. Accessed 2 August 2011.
Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research, “GHG (CO_2, CH_4, N_2O, F-gases) emission
time series 1990-2012 per region/country,”http://edgar.jrc.ec.europa.eu/overview.php?v=GHGts1990-
2012 (accessed October 28, 2015). If counting the European Union, India is the fourth largest emitter.
REFERENCES