This was for my college seminar. This will tell you all about different kinds of fuel cells, their advantages, limitations and applications. Hope this was informative.
A review on fuel cell and its applicationseSAT Journals
Abstract With the increase in the demand of electrical energy now it is the time to think for the alternate source of energy. In order to mitigate the demand of electrical energy and to create pollution free environment the fuel cell acts as an alternate solution. The fuel cells are very much similar to an ordinary dry cell or battery. It has an electrode, some chemical material and an electrical circuit to give the supply to an external circuit. Due to absence of rotating devices they are quite simple and efficient in nature. This paper describes about the working methods of fuel cells and their future and economic growth. Keywords: Fuel cell, Electrolyte, Electrode, DC
a device that converts the chemical energy from a fuel into electricity through a chemical reaction with oxygen or another oxidizing agent - from MSE-HUST k54
A review on fuel cell and its applicationseSAT Journals
Abstract With the increase in the demand of electrical energy now it is the time to think for the alternate source of energy. In order to mitigate the demand of electrical energy and to create pollution free environment the fuel cell acts as an alternate solution. The fuel cells are very much similar to an ordinary dry cell or battery. It has an electrode, some chemical material and an electrical circuit to give the supply to an external circuit. Due to absence of rotating devices they are quite simple and efficient in nature. This paper describes about the working methods of fuel cells and their future and economic growth. Keywords: Fuel cell, Electrolyte, Electrode, DC
a device that converts the chemical energy from a fuel into electricity through a chemical reaction with oxygen or another oxidizing agent - from MSE-HUST k54
power generation using fuel cell is more popular now a days becoz of pollution free and the efficiency is near about 67% and more than all power thermal and hydro power plant...and it can be installed in anywhere..... the country like japan used this technology in vast...
A Fuel Cell is a device that converts the Chemical energy from a fuel into electricity through a chemical reaction with oxygen or another Oxidizing agent.
Fuel cells are different from batteries in that they require a continuous source of fuel and oxygen/air to sustain the chemical reaction.
A short presentation for students
What is a Fuel Cell?
A fuel cell is a device that converts chemical energy into electrical energy, water, and heat through electrochemical reactions.
Why to use fuel cell ?
our society is dependent upon fossil fuels such as coal, oil and gas
fossil fuels are a non-renewable energy resource
fuel prices are rising and resources dwindling
food, transport and electricity costs are affected by fuel prices
the atmosphere is becoming more and more polluted
carbon dioxide contributes to climate change and the greenhouse effect
There are 4 main parts
Anode
Cathode
Catalyst
Proton exchange membrane
The types of fuel cells are:
Alkaline fuel cells (AFC)
Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC)
Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell (PAFC)
Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFC)
Molten Carbonate fuel cells (MFFC)
Direct methanol fuel cells (DMFC)
power generation using fuel cell is more popular now a days becoz of pollution free and the efficiency is near about 67% and more than all power thermal and hydro power plant...and it can be installed in anywhere..... the country like japan used this technology in vast...
A Fuel Cell is a device that converts the Chemical energy from a fuel into electricity through a chemical reaction with oxygen or another Oxidizing agent.
Fuel cells are different from batteries in that they require a continuous source of fuel and oxygen/air to sustain the chemical reaction.
A short presentation for students
What is a Fuel Cell?
A fuel cell is a device that converts chemical energy into electrical energy, water, and heat through electrochemical reactions.
Why to use fuel cell ?
our society is dependent upon fossil fuels such as coal, oil and gas
fossil fuels are a non-renewable energy resource
fuel prices are rising and resources dwindling
food, transport and electricity costs are affected by fuel prices
the atmosphere is becoming more and more polluted
carbon dioxide contributes to climate change and the greenhouse effect
There are 4 main parts
Anode
Cathode
Catalyst
Proton exchange membrane
The types of fuel cells are:
Alkaline fuel cells (AFC)
Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC)
Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell (PAFC)
Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFC)
Molten Carbonate fuel cells (MFFC)
Direct methanol fuel cells (DMFC)
Fuel Cell System and Their Technologies A Reviewijtsrd
Renewable energy generation is quickly rising in the power sector industry and extensively used for two groups grid connected and standalone system. This paper gives the insights about fuel cell process and application of many power electronics systems. The fuel cell voltage drops bit by bit with increase in current because of losses related with fuel cell. It is difficult to control large rated fuel cell based power system without regulating tool. The issue associated with fuel based structural planning and the arrangements are extensively examined for all sorts of applications. In order to increase the reliability of fuel cell based power system, the combination of energy storage system and advanced research methods are focused in this paper. The control algorithms of power architecture for the couple of well-known applications are discussed. Rameez Hassan Pala "Fuel Cell System and Their Technologies: A Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-2 , February 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd20316.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/20316/fuel-cell-system-and-their-technologies-a-review/rameez-hassan-pala
Cost Reduction of Direct Ethanol Fuel Cell by Changing Composition of Ethanol...ijsrd.com
global demand for electrical power is on the rise, while tolerance for pollution and potentially hazardous forms of power generation is on the decline. Traditional forms of power generation - primarily made up of centralized fossil fuel plants - are becoming less favored due to the lack of clean, distributed power generation technologies. The need is well recognized for clean, safe and reliable forms of energy that can provide prescribed levels of power consistently, and on demand. Most forms of non - combustion electric power generation have limitations that impact wide spread use of technology, especially as a power source of electrical power (i.e. baseload power). Fuel cell technology on other hand has advanced to the point where it is viable challenger to combustion - based plants for growing numbers of baseload power application. If the cost is reduced by changing its material, this will be added an advantage to the large production of direct ethanol fuel cell production.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
A fuel cell vehicle (FCV) uses a hydrogen fuel cell to generate electricity, which powers an electric motor for propulsion, emitting only water vapor as a byproduct.
Hydrogen in fuel cell vehicles (FCVs) serves as the primary fuel that powers the vehicle. In a fuel cell, hydrogen reacts with oxygen from the air in an electrochemical process, producing electricity, water vapor, and heat. This electricity is then used to power the electric motor that drives the vehicle. The use of hydrogen in fuel cells offers a clean energy alternative, as the only emission from this process is water, making it an environmentally friendly option compared to traditional fossil fuels.
Fuel cells are known for their high efficiency, low emissions, and quiet operation, making them attractive for a wide range of applications, including transportation (such as hydrogen-powered vehicles), stationary power generation, and portable electronics.
Technology is increasing our energy needs, but it is also show in new ways to
generate power more effetely with less impact on the environment. One of the most
promising options for supplementing future power supplies is the fuel cells.
A fuel cell is a device that electrochemically converts the chemical energy of a fuel
and an oxidant to electrical energy. The fuel and oxidant are typically stored outside
of the fuel cell and transferred into the fuel cell as the reactants are consumed. The
most common type of fuel cell uses the chemical energy of hydrogen to produce
electricity, with water and heat as by-products. Fuel cells are unique in terms of the
variety of their potential applications; they potentially can provide energy for systems
as large as a utility power station and as small as a laptop computer. Fuel cells have
several potential benefits over conventional combustion- based technologies currently
used in many power plants and passenger vehicles. They produce much smaller
quantities of greenhouse gases and none of the air pollutants that create smog and
cause health problems. If pure hydrogen is used as a fuel, fuel cells emit only heat and
water as a byproduct.
Entrepreneurial development for kokum and jackfruitManas Orpe
Technologies Available for Start Ups, Cottage and SME units. Sophisticated Products of Kokam & Turn-Key Projects. Hardikar’s Food Technologies Pvt. Ltd (HFTPL) a Pune based company established in April 2000 offers “TURNKEY PROJECTS” FOR FRUITS & VEGETABLES PROCESSING
New opportunities in food processing industryManas Orpe
More than 40 % Wastage In India Of Fruits & Vegetables. Solution? Processing! Fresh Fruits Consumption for Individuals has reduced due to time Constraint. They want products to eat & drink “Any Time – Any Where”1
There are different methods of commercial freezing available, but they are all based on two principles.
1) Very low temperatures inhibit growth of micro-organisms and limit enzyme and chemical activity.
2) The formation of ice crystals draws available water from the food, also preventing growth of micro-organisms.
Micro-organisms need water in order to grow and reproduce. When moisture is removed from food, it does not kill the microbes but it does stop their growth. Dehydration reduces the water activity level, weight and the bulk of the food and helps to preserve the product.
Products that have been enrobed or coated are those which have a centre and an outer layer.
Packaging can be defined in business terms as
‘a techno-economic function for optimizing the costs of delivering goods whilst maximizing sales and profits'.
The history of Bicycles is very interesting. I go for morning walks. From time to time, i saw an old man riding different bicycles every other day. Out of curiosity, i googled the bicycle history. This is what i came up with. Hope this was infomative.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
CLASS 11 CBSE B.St Project AIDS TO TRADE - INSURANCE
Fuel cells and their micro applications
1. FUEL CELL AND IT’S
MICRO- APPLICATIONS
A Presentation By:-
Mihir Kulkarni
10CH027
Manas Orpe
10CH030
Guided By:-
Prof. P.N. Dange
Schematics of reactant flow in a MCFC
2. WHAT IS A FUEL CELL?
It is a galvanic cell or electrochemical power
source
it generates electrical energy with water and heat
as its by-product
both the reactants and the products are liquids or
gases
3. CONSTRUCTION & WORKING OF A FUEL CELL
Has two electrodes, anode and
cathode
An electrolyte, which carries
electrically charged particles
from one electrode to the other
A catalyst, which speeds the
reactions at the electrodes.
Overall reaction is split into two
partial reactions : oxidation and
reduction
4. Process begins when Hydrogen molecules enter anode
Catalyst coating separates hydrogen’s negatively charged electrons
from the positively charged protons
Electrolyte allows protons to pass through to cathode, but not
electrons
Instead electrons are directed through an external circuit which
creates electrical current
Oxygen molecules pass through cathode
Oxygen and protons combine with electrons after they have
passed through the external circuit
Oxygen and protons combine with electrons to produce water and
heat
CONSTRUCTION & WORKING OF A FUEL CELL
5. TYPES OF FUEL CELL
1] Phosphoric acid fuel cell (PAFC)
Electrolyte is phosphoric acid
Efficiency is 40 to 80 percent
Operating temperature –
150 to 200oC (300 to 400o F)
Output - up to 200 kW
PAFCs tolerate a carbon
monoxide concentration of
about 1.5 percent
6. 2] Alkaline fuel cell (AFC)
Operate on compressed
hydrogen and oxygen.
Generally use solution of
potassium hydroxide (chemically
KOH) in water as their
electrolyte.
Efficiency is about 70 percent
Operating temperature is 150
to 200o C, (about 300 to 400o F)
Cell output ranges from 300
W to 5 kW.
7. 3] Proton-exchange-membrane fuel cell (PEMFC)
Work with a polymer electrolyte in
the form of a thin, permeable sheet
Efficiency is about 40 to 50 percent
Operating temperature is about 80o C
(about 175o F)
Cell outputs generally range from 50 to
250 kW.
Reactions :
Anode (oxidation): H2 2H+ + 2e-
Cathode (reduction): ½ O2 2H+ +2e- H2O
Overall : H2 + ½ O2 H2O
8. 4] Direct-methanol fuel cell (DMFC)
Specific content of
chemical energy of about
6 kWh/kg
Operating temperatures
are in the range
50-120 C,
Power outputs between
25 watts and 5 kilowatts
Reactions :
Anode (oxidation) : CH3OH + 60H- 5H2O + 6e- + CO2
Cathode (reduction) : 3/2 O2 + 3H2O + 6e- 6OH-
Overall : CH3OH + 3/2 O2 CO2 + 2H2O
9. 5] Molten-carbonate fuel cell (MCFC)
Use high-temperature
compounds of salt (like sodium or
magnesium) carbonates
(chemically CO3) as the electrolyte
Efficiency ranges from 60 to
80 percent
Operating temperature is about
650o C (1,200 o F)
Output upto 2 megawatts (MW)
Reactions :
Overall reaction : CO + ½O2 CO2
Oxidation reaction : CO + CO3
2- 2CO2 + 2e-
Reduction reaction : ½O2 + CO2 + 2e- CO3
2-
10. 6] Solid-oxide fuel cell (SOFC)
Use a hard, ceramic compound
of metal (like calcium or
zirconium) oxides (chemically, O2)
as electrolyte
Efficiency is about 60 percent
Operating temperatures are
about 1,000o C (about 1,800 o F)
Cells output is up to 100 kW
Reactions :
Reduction reaction : ½O2 + 2H+ + 2e- H2O
Oxidation reaction : H2 2H+ + 2e-
Overall reaction : H2 + ½O2 H2O
12. Transportation : All major automakers are working to
commercialize a fuel cell car.Automakers and experts speculate
that a fuel cell vehicle will be commercialized by 2010.
Stationary Power Stations : Over 2,500 fuel cell systems have
been installed all over the world in hospitals, nursing homes,
hotels, office buildings, schools and utility power plants.
Telecommunications : Due to computers, the Internet and
sophisticated communication networks there is a need for an
incredibly reliable power source. Fuel Cells have been proven to
be 99.999% reliable
APPLICATIONS
13. APPLICATIONS
Micro Power :
• Consumer electronics could gain drastically longer
battery power with Fuel Cell technology.
• Cell phones can be powered for 30 days without
recharging.
• Laptops can be powered for 20 hours without
recharging.
15. ADVANTAGES
Physical Security : Both central station power generation and
long distance, high voltage power grids can be terrorist targets in
an attempt to cripple our energy infrastructure.
Reliability : Properly configured fuel cells would result in less
than one minute of down time in a six year period. U.S.
businesses lose $29 Billion a year from computer failures due to
power outages.
Efficiency : Because no fuel is burned to make energy, fuel cells
are fundamentally more efficient than combustion systems.
16. ADVANTAGES
Environmental Benefits : Fuels cells can reduce air pollution
today and offer the possibility of eliminating pollution in the
future.
Battery Replacement/Alternative : Fuel Cell replacements for
batteries would offer much longer operating life in a packaged of
lighter or equal weight.
Military Applications : Fuel Cell technology in the military can
help save lives because it reduces telltale heat and noise in
combat.
17. LIMITATIONS
Economic Problems :
Manufacturing cost of fuel-cell power plants is very high.
The most important components of all p.e.m.f.c. and d.m.f.c.’s is
very expensive, about 700 $/m2.
Total cost of a 5-kW p.e.m.f.c power plant is be about 1200 $/kW.
In comparison cost of an analogous I.C. engine is 500-1500 $/kW.
18. LIMITATIONS
The Problem Of Lifetime :
Satisfactory lifetime for smooth operation.
3 years lifetime for small plants in portable devices.
5 years for electric vehicles.
10 years for large stationary multi-megawatt power plants.
Samples of single p.e.m.f.c and stacks have been successfully
operated for several thousands of hours.
But not enough data available for general use of these type of fuel
cells.
19. RENEWABLE ENERGYACT : FOR INDIA'S FUTURE NEEDS
Solar water heating to be made mandatory throughout the urban
areas of the country by 2012, in a phased manner.
Widespread application of co-generation concepts (heat and
power) for lighting, heating and cooling
20. REFERENCES
Fuel Cells: From Fundamentals to Applications, S. Srinivasan,
Springer, New York, 2006
Fuel Cell History Part 1, G. Wand, “Fuel Cell Today” June 16,
2006
Handbook of Fuel Cells: Fundamentals, Technology, Applications
(four volumes), W. Vielstich, A. Lamm, and H. Gasteiger (editors),
Wiley, Chichester, UK, 2003
"Confusion and Controversy: Nineteenth-Century Theories of the
Voltaic Pile," pp. 133-157 in F. Bevilacqua and L. Fregonese,
Nuova Voltiana: Studies on Volta and his Times, vol. 1 (2000)