Plasma pyrolysis is in the forefront of modern waste treatment. There is great potential for
development of thermal plasma pyrolysis technologies applicable to waste management with
energy and material recovery. Although important research progress in this area has been
made in recent years, there are still considerable technical challenges to be faced in
developing and modifying thermal plasma pyrolysis processes for industrial applications.
Plasma pyrolysis process fulfils all the technical requirements to treat hazardous waste safely.
It is easy to maintain the arc in an oxygen-free environment, or one can vary the gas to alter
the chemistry of the process. The plasma pyrolysis system can have instant start and shut
down. It is possible to add features like interlocks and automation that make the system user
friendly. The plasma pyrolysis technology overcomes almost all the drawbacks of the
existing waste-disposal technologies. It provides a complete solution for the safe disposal of
medical waste. In addition, organic mass to gas conversion is more than 99% and it does not
require segregation of chlorinated hydrocarbons. The gases obtained after the pyrolysis are
rich in energy content and can be used to recover energy.
This presentation gives information about Incineration method. A waste treatment technology, which includes the combustion of waste for recovering energy, is called as “incineration”. Incineration coupled with high temperature waste treatments are recognized as thermal treatments.
Incineration of waste materials converts the waste into ash, flue gas and heat.
Incineration reduces the mass of the waste from 95 to 96 percent.
Types of incinerators
Advantages of Incineration
Disadvantages of Incineration
This presentation gives information about Incineration method. A waste treatment technology, which includes the combustion of waste for recovering energy, is called as “incineration”. Incineration coupled with high temperature waste treatments are recognized as thermal treatments.
Incineration of waste materials converts the waste into ash, flue gas and heat.
Incineration reduces the mass of the waste from 95 to 96 percent.
Types of incinerators
Advantages of Incineration
Disadvantages of Incineration
This PPT will give the information about what is incenaration and what is the process that will happen in the incenaration and how it is applied for civil Engineering.
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL course material by Prof S S JAHAGIRDAR,NKOCET,SOLAPUR for BE (CIVIL ) students of Solapur university. Content will be also useful for SHIVAJI and PUNE university students
We at Kerone Engineering Solutions Ltd are having more than 4 decades of experience in helping society with best possible technology of heat treatment. Microwave based systems designed and manufactured by us comply to international standards for safety and treatment. Kerone’s microwave systems combines with various other processes such as grinding or crushing or any other processing need combine it makes to compact and automated system. Machineries are designed to align with the local municipal and/or governing bodies rules and regulations.
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) is a peer reviewed online journal for professionals and researchers in the field of computer science. The main aim is to resolve emerging and outstanding problems revealed by recent social and technological change. IJRES provides the platform for the researchers to present and evaluate their work from both theoretical and technical aspects and to share their views.
This PPT will give the information about what is incenaration and what is the process that will happen in the incenaration and how it is applied for civil Engineering.
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL course material by Prof S S JAHAGIRDAR,NKOCET,SOLAPUR for BE (CIVIL ) students of Solapur university. Content will be also useful for SHIVAJI and PUNE university students
We at Kerone Engineering Solutions Ltd are having more than 4 decades of experience in helping society with best possible technology of heat treatment. Microwave based systems designed and manufactured by us comply to international standards for safety and treatment. Kerone’s microwave systems combines with various other processes such as grinding or crushing or any other processing need combine it makes to compact and automated system. Machineries are designed to align with the local municipal and/or governing bodies rules and regulations.
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) is a peer reviewed online journal for professionals and researchers in the field of computer science. The main aim is to resolve emerging and outstanding problems revealed by recent social and technological change. IJRES provides the platform for the researchers to present and evaluate their work from both theoretical and technical aspects and to share their views.
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)irjes
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) is a leading international journal for publication of new ideas, the state of the art research results and fundamental advances in all aspects of Engineering and Science. IRJES is a open access, peer reviewed international journal with a primary objective to provide the academic community and industry for the submission of half of original research and applications
OPERATION AND TROUBLE SHOOTING IN LP AND VACUUM SECTION FOR MS SAIPEM PROCESS...PremBaboo4
In Urea Process corrosion/Erosion also observed in LP and vacuum section. The paper indeed how to tackle this type of problem? Root cause of corrosion in LP & vacuum section. Construction of material used in these sections. Operation of LP section with trouble shooting How to balance water in the process, Distillation Tower Versus LP carbonate solution tank with operation of LP decomposer. Water balance in whole plant prilling rout as well as granulation rout. How a small variation of Pressure & temperature makes a drastic change in the process including waste water section? How Distillation tower feed related to LP decomposer pressure & temperature? The detail described in this article. The intensity of corrosion is greatest in the reaction section and the first recycle, where pressures, temperatures and concentrations are higher than downstream. The reactor liner, pumps, decomposers, strippers and condensers are more vulnerable to attack by ammonium carbamate. But the corrosion is also important in LP and vacuum sections. The typical corrosion is observed in 2nd stage of vacuum in some plants of urea.
OPERATION AND TROUBLE SHOOTING IN LP AND VACUUM SECTION FOR MS SAIPEM PROCESS...PremBaboo4
In Urea Process corrosion/Erosion also observed in LP and vacuum section. The paper indeed how to tackle this type of problem? Root cause of corrosion in LP & vacuum section. Construction of material used in these sections. Operation of LP section with trouble shooting How to balance water in the process, Distillation Tower Versus LP carbonate solution tank with operation of LP decomposer. Water balance in whole plant prilling rout as well as granulation rout. How a small variation of Pressure & temperature makes a drastic change in the process including waste water section? How Distillation tower feed related to LP decomposer pressure & temperature? The detail described in this article. The intensity of corrosion is greatest in the reaction section and the first recycle, where pressures, temperatures and concentrations are higher than downstream. The reactor liner, pumps, decomposers, strippers and condensers are more vulnerable to attack by ammonium carbamate. But the corrosion is also important in LP and vacuum sections. The typical corrosion is observed in 2nd stage of vacuum in some plants of urea.
Intro on different waste treatment technologies by Bernard AmmounBernard Ammoun
This document is a summary of the different waste treatment options developed by Bernard Ammoun as part of his recommendation to the Lebanese Government 2010
Role of chemical engineers to combat COVID 19 PandemicSABARINATH C D
Role of chemical engineer to combat COVID 19 Pandemic:
COVID-19,it is a disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. It was identified in December
2019 at Wuhan in China. On 11 March 2020 World Health Organization declared that it is a
global pandemic. Millions of people disrupted by this infectious respiratory disease outbreak.
All professionals are contributing to reduce this pandemic .as well as chemical engineering
professionals respond to this scenario. From the development of smaller, faster computer
chips to innovations in recycling, treating diseases, water treatment, and generating energy,
the processes and products that chemical engineers have helped to create a better world
.There are lot of great achievements, bold innovators, and new frontiers in the fields of
energy, the environment, biomedicine, electronics, food production, and materials from the
world of chemical engineering. So the chemical engineers are joining to respond to the
COVID-19 challenges. They can contribute more to help society through this pandemic.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
An Approach to Detecting Writing Styles Based on Clustering Techniquesambekarshweta25
An Approach to Detecting Writing Styles Based on Clustering Techniques
Authors:
-Devkinandan Jagtap
-Shweta Ambekar
-Harshit Singh
-Nakul Sharma (Assistant Professor)
Institution:
VIIT Pune, India
Abstract:
This paper proposes a system to differentiate between human-generated and AI-generated texts using stylometric analysis. The system analyzes text files and classifies writing styles by employing various clustering algorithms, such as k-means, k-means++, hierarchical, and DBSCAN. The effectiveness of these algorithms is measured using silhouette scores. The system successfully identifies distinct writing styles within documents, demonstrating its potential for plagiarism detection.
Introduction:
Stylometry, the study of linguistic and structural features in texts, is used for tasks like plagiarism detection, genre separation, and author verification. This paper leverages stylometric analysis to identify different writing styles and improve plagiarism detection methods.
Methodology:
The system includes data collection, preprocessing, feature extraction, dimensional reduction, machine learning models for clustering, and performance comparison using silhouette scores. Feature extraction focuses on lexical features, vocabulary richness, and readability scores. The study uses a small dataset of texts from various authors and employs algorithms like k-means, k-means++, hierarchical clustering, and DBSCAN for clustering.
Results:
Experiments show that the system effectively identifies writing styles, with silhouette scores indicating reasonable to strong clustering when k=2. As the number of clusters increases, the silhouette scores decrease, indicating a drop in accuracy. K-means and k-means++ perform similarly, while hierarchical clustering is less optimized.
Conclusion and Future Work:
The system works well for distinguishing writing styles with two clusters but becomes less accurate as the number of clusters increases. Future research could focus on adding more parameters and optimizing the methodology to improve accuracy with higher cluster values. This system can enhance existing plagiarism detection tools, especially in academic settings.
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In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
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The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Water billing management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project entitled “Water Billing Management System” aims is to generate Water bill with all the charges and penalty. Manual system that is employed is extremely laborious and quite inadequate. It only makes the process more difficult and hard.
The aim of our project is to develop a system that is meant to partially computerize the work performed in the Water Board like generating monthly Water bill, record of consuming unit of water, store record of the customer and previous unpaid record.
We used HTML/PHP as front end and MYSQL as back end for developing our project. HTML is primarily a visual design environment. We can create a android application by designing the form and that make up the user interface. Adding android application code to the form and the objects such as buttons and text boxes on them and adding any required support code in additional modular.
MySQL is free open source database that facilitates the effective management of the databases by connecting them to the software. It is a stable ,reliable and the powerful solution with the advanced features and advantages which are as follows: Data Security.MySQL is free open source database that facilitates the effective management of the databases by connecting them to the software.
3. INTRODUCTION
3
▰ The increasing industrialization, urbanization and
changes in the pattern of life give rise to generation of
increasing quantities of wastes.
▰ Increases threats to the environment.
▰ Every year, about 55 million tonnes of municipal solid
waste (MSW) and 38 billion litres of sewage are
generated in the urban areas of India.
▰ Waste generation in India is expected to increase in the
future.
▰ Waste management is an important issue in both
developed and developing countries nowadays . Pic source:internet
Pic: medical waste management
Pic: Muncipal solid waste management
4. ▰ As the general trend is to limit landfill sites, the disposal alternatives left for
organic waste will be incineration and recycling.
▰ Incineration may utilize the energy content of organic waste but is associated with
the generation of SO2, NOx and other hazardous emissions.
▰ The problems that occurred in the earlier recycling technologies based on
pyrolysis and gasification are such as low gas productivity and the wide spectrum
of products.
▰ These problems are difficult to overcome due to only limited control of the product
composition in pyrolysis and gasification processes.
4
5. Plasma pyrolysis technology
▰ Plasma is a state of matter in which an ionized
gaseous substance becomes highly electrically
conductive to the point that long-range electric and
magnetic fields dominate the behaviour of the matter.[
▰ Pyrolysis The word is coined from the Greek-
derived elements pyro "fire" and lysis "separating".
▰ It is the thermal decomposition of materials at elevated
temperatures in an inert atmosphere.
5 Pic source:internet
Pics :examples of plasma
lightning
Sun surface
6. ▰ This is proven technology, offers an efficient,
all-in-one solution to the broken and confusing
municipal solid waste problem .
▰ It converts organic content of waste streams
into valuable synthesis gas & inorganic content
into vitrified slag like glassy material at higher
temperature & in oxygen starved environment
by thermal plasma.
▰ Also known as plasma arc technology, plasma
gasification.
6
Reactions involved in plasma
pyrolysis for production of syn gas
8. COMPONENTS OF PLASMA
GASIFICATION SYSTEM
The main components of the whole plasma gasification system are as given
below:
▰ 1. Waste feeding system
▰ 2. Plasma Gasifier
▰ 3. Plasma generating devices
▰ 4. Yields and bi-products of plasma arc technology
▰ 5. Syngas cleaning facilities
8
9. WASTE FEEDING SYSTEM
▰ The feedstock for plasma waste treatment is most often
municipal solid waste, organic waste, or both.
▰ Also include biomedical waste and hazardous materials.
9
pic source:www.westinghouse plasma.com
pic : examples feedstockes
10. 10
PLASMA GENERATING
DEVICES
▰ A strong electric current under high voltage passes between the two electrodes as an electric arc.
▰ The waste is heated, melted and finally vaporized.
▰ Complex molecules are separated into individual atoms.
Pic:plasma torches
Source:wikipedia
11. ▰ Types of plasma torches used are
▰ DC Plasma Torches
▰ RF Plasma Torches
▰ AC Plasma Torches
▰ Small torches –Argon
▰ Larger torches – Nitrogen
▰ Electrodes-copper, tungsten, hafnium, zirconium, along with various
other alloys
11
12. PLASMA GASIFIER
▰ Gasifier/Reactors can be constructed with
different materials, which in turn decide the
life of operation.
▰ Plasma furnace is a vertical refractory lined
vessel into which the contaminated waste
material is introduced near the top.
12
Pic:plasma gasifier
pic source:www.westinghouse plasma.com
13. 5.SYNGAS CLEANING
▰ For the removal of HCN, SO2, H2S and residual HCl and HF from syngas an
alkaline scrubber can be used
▰ This leads to formation of HCl and Na2S solution
▰ Remove pollutants such as sulphur dioxide (SO2), particulate matter,
hydrochloric acid (HCl) and Hydrogen Sulphide (H2S) vapours from the
synthesis gas.
13
14. YIELDS OF PLASMA ARC
TECHNOLOGY
▰ Syngas
Pure highly calorific synthetic gas
consists predominantly of carbon
monoxide (CO) and hydrogen (H2).
14
Pic :Application of Syngas
pic source:www.plasticstoday.com
15. ▰ Vitrified slag
The inorganic part of waste stream
i.e. glass, soil, sand etc. are being converted
into vitrified slag like glassy material.
15
Fig :Vitrified slag
Pic source:internet
16. FACTORS AFFECTING PERFORMANCE OF
PLASMA ARC TECHNOLOGY
▰ Moisture Content
▰ Residence time
▰ Gasifying agent waste ratio
▰ Equivalence Ratio
▰ Reaction temperature
▰ Pressure
16
17. • Syngas used to generate" green electricity“.
• Slag can be used for road aggregate and building materials.
• Does not produce hazardous bottom ash and fly ash
• Very little maintenance and unlike traditional power plants..
• Avoid the production of dioxins and furans.
• It provides a complete solution for the safe disposal of medical waste.
• High temperature and UV radiation present in the plasma kill bacteria
completely.
• In addition, organic mass to gas conversion is more than 99% and it
does not require segregation of chlorinated hydrocarbons.17
Advantages
18. Applications
▰ Space Programs
▰ Remediation of Radioactive Waste
▰ Animal Waste, Agricultural Waste, Paper and Pulp Industry Waste
▰ Slag is used to road construction etc
▰ Municipal Solid Waste mangement
▰ Automobile Tyres, Coal, Sludge Glass waste and
Ceramicwaste,Hazardous fly ash destruction.
18
19. Controlling of
Plasma Pyrolysis System
▰ Plasma Pyrolysis System incorporates “CASS”
(Complete Automated Safety System) that ensures an
operating environment, which exceeds any safety
norms.
▰ The Safety Instrumented Systems (SIS) or Safety
Instrumented functions (SIF) are the systems
responsible for the operating safety and ensuring the
emergency stop within the limits considered as safe,
whenever the operation exceeds such limits.
▰ Eg: High reactor temperature initiates action to open
cooling media valve.
19
Pic
source:www.automationforum.com
Fig: Typical layers of protection in a
modern chemical plant
20. ▰ It is easy to maintain the arc in an oxygen-free environment.
▰ The plasma pyrolysis system can have instant start and shut
down.
▰ It is possible to add features like interlocks and automation that
make the system user friendly.
20
22. 22
PLASMA GASIFICATION INCINERATION
Temperature 1500 °C-5000 ° Temperature 850 °C-1200 °C
Pressure, atm 1-45 Pressure, atm 1
Reducing environment Oxidizing environment
Emissions substantially lower than those
resulting from incineration
Far greater emissions of GHG and other
pollutants than with thermal gasification
system
Lower levels of CO, NOx, Tars. Other
pollutants are vitrified in slag.
PM, Tar, SOx , NOx, Dioxin,Furans, Fly
ash, heavy metal volatilization
COMPARISON OF PLASMA GASIFICATION AND
INCINERATION
23. 23
Occurs in the absence or near absence of
oxygen, prohibiting combustion.
Excess air is induced to ensure complete
combustion
Gases resulting from degradation of
organics are collected and used for
production of various forms of energy
and/or industrial chemicals
All potential energy converted to heat.
Products of degradation largely
converted to inert (non-hazardous) glass-
like slag of a volume 6% to 15% of the
original solids volume.
Combustion results in ash (as much as
30% of original solids volume) that must
often be treated as hazardous waste.
24. ▰ Based on studies done by
Dr.Gary C Young
24
COMPARISON OF NET ENERGY
PRODUCTION IN DIFFERENT
METHODS OF WASTE
MANAGEMENT
FIG:comparison of net energy production in different
methods of waste management
25. Emissions – a comparison with CPCB
standards
▰ From study of Plasma
pyrolysis of medical
waste S. K. Nema and
K. S. Ganeshprasad
Facilitation Centre for
Industrial Plasma
Technologies, India
25
Gas CPCB
concentration limit
(ppm)
Concentration obtained
at FCIPT (ppm)
CO 100 40–85
NOx 450 7–25
SO2 50 1–20
HCl 50 –
Table . Emissions – a comparison with CPCB
standards
26. Toxicity test on vitrified
slag
26
Heavy metals Permissible
concentration
(mg/l)
Measured
concentration
(mg/l)
Arsenic
5.0 <0.1
Barium 100.0 0.47
Cadmium 1.0 <0.1
Chromium 5.0 <0.1
Lead 5.0 <0.1
Mercury 0.2 <0.1
Silver 5.0 <0.1Based on studies done by Dr.Gary C Young
28. 28
MIHAMA AND MIKATA,UTASHINAI CITY,
JAPAN
▰ A 165 ton per day plant in Utashinai City, and a 28 ton per day
plant in the twin cities of Mihama and Mikata
▰ Was one of the first plasma gasification facilities worldwide.
▰ It now processes a mixture of auto shredder residue and
municipal solid waste.
▰ The primary concerns at Ecovalley were an improperly sized
gasifier , a low quality refractor, and excessive particulate
carryover which led to cease its operation for short time
▰ The new gasifiers have all taken into account these issues
and plants without these problems
▰ It is successful and still operate to this day
29. ECONOMIC ANALYSIS
▰ The economics of plasma gasification facility is very appropriate via multiple income
streams although it is complex.
▰ Electricity is produced as output.
▰ Liquid fuels, hydrogen and effective syngas.
▰ Slag and sulfur for sale.
▰ Cost estimation of a typical plant is given as a feedstock of 3000 tons of MSW per day
with cost over 400 million $ producing about 120 MW of electricity.
29
30. LIMITATIONS
▰ The lack of standards by national and international organization
▰ Initial cost and return of investigation
▰ Operational costs are high relative to that of incineration.
▰ Wet feed stock results in less syngas production and higher energy consumption
30
31. CONCLUSION
▰ Plasma pyrolysis is in the forefront of modern waste treatment.
▰ Plasma pyrolysis process fulfils all the technical requirements to treat hazardous waste
safely.
▰ The plasma pyrolysis system can have instant start and shut down. It is possible to add
features like interlocks and automation that make the system user friendly.
▰ The plasma pyrolysis technology overcomes almost all the drawbacks of the existing waste-
disposal technologies.
▰ It provides a complete solution for the safe disposal of medical waste.
▰ In addition, organic mass to gas conversion is more than 99% and it does not require
segregation of chlorinated hydrocarbons.
▰ The gases obtained after the pyrolysis are rich in energy content and can be used to recover
energy.31
32. 32
REFERENCES
▰ Nicholson R, Littlewood K. Plasma pyrolysis of coal. Nature1972;236:397.
▰ Baumann H, Bittner D, Beiers HG, Klein J, Juntgen H. Pyrolysis of coal in hydrogen and helium
plasma. Fuel 1998;67:1120.,Development of technology of plasma processing of technogenic
wastes 2019
▰ NallapaneniManojKumar.(2018).“Petrochemical Waste Treatment using
PlasmaTechnology.”International Journal of Engineering Computational Research
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▰ Carpinlioglu, MeldaOzdinc, and AytacSanlisoy . (2018). "Performance assessment of plasma
gasification for waste to energy conversion: A methodology for thermodynamic analysis."
International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 43.25: 11493-11504.
▰ Abushgair, K., Ahmad, H., &Karkar, F. (2016). Waste to Energy Technologies-Further Look into
Plasma Gasification Implementation in Al-Ekaider Landfill, Jordan. International Journal of
Applied Environmental Sciences, 11(6), 1415-1425
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▰ YAZICIOĞLU, Özge, and T . Yaşar KATIRCIOĞLU.(2017)."Applications of Plasma Technology in
Energy Sector ."Yazıcıoğlu&Katırcıoğlu / Kirklareli University Journal of Engineering and
Science. 18-44.Boyle CA. Solid waste management in New Zealand. Waste Manage2000
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for Industrial Plasma Technologies, Institute for Plasma Research, GIDC Electronic Estate,
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▰ Dong SC, Tong KW, Wu YP. Municipal solid waste management in China: using commercial
management to solve a growing problem. Utilities Policy 2001
▰ Berkun M, Aras E, Nemlioglu S. Disposal of solid waste in Istanbul and along the Black Sea
coast of Turkey. Waste Manage 2005
▰ Al-Hubail J, El-Dash K. Managing disposal of water produced with petroleum in Kuwait. J
Environ Manage 2006
▰ Sharma VK, Mincarini M, Fortuna F, Cognini F, Cornacchia G. Disposal of waste tyres for
energy recovery and safe environment review.
▰ Ko DCK, Mui ELK, Lau KST, McKay G. Production of activated carbons from waste tire –
process design and economical analysis.Waste Manage 2004