A fuel cell is an electrochemical device that combines hydrogen and oxygen to produce electricity through an electrochemical reaction rather than combustion. It is more efficient than combustion-based engines. A fuel cell has an anode, cathode, electrolyte, and catalyst. At the anode, hydrogen splits into protons and electrons. Protons pass through the electrolyte while electrons flow through an external circuit. At the cathode, protons, electrons, and oxygen combine to form water. Fuel cells have applications in transportation, stationary power generation, and portable electronics due to their high efficiency, low pollution, and reliable operation. However, fuel cell technology still faces challenges related to cost, durability, reliability, and system size that must be addressed for
Since conversion of the fuel to energy takes place via an electrochemical process, not combustion.
It is a clean, quiet and highly efficient process- two to three times more efficient than fuel burning.
This was for my college seminar. This will tell you all about different kinds of fuel cells, their advantages, limitations and applications. Hope this was informative.
Since conversion of the fuel to energy takes place via an electrochemical process, not combustion.
It is a clean, quiet and highly efficient process- two to three times more efficient than fuel burning.
This was for my college seminar. This will tell you all about different kinds of fuel cells, their advantages, limitations and applications. Hope this was informative.
power generation using fuel cell is more popular now a days becoz of pollution free and the efficiency is near about 67% and more than all power thermal and hydro power plant...and it can be installed in anywhere..... the country like japan used this technology in vast...
a brief intro to the technology and working of hydrogen fuel cells.It also discusses the types of fuel cells available in the market and the economy of hydrogen fuel cells.It concludes by giving suitable examples of fuel cell vehicles and a short video animation to properly understand the topic
Catalysts are used with fuels such as hydrogen or methanol to produce hydrogen ions. Platinum, which is very expensive, is the catalyst typically used in this process. Companies are using nanoparticles of platinum to reduce the amount of platinum needed, or using nanoparticles of other materials to replace platinum entirely and thereby lower costs.
1839 - Sir William Grove, first electrochemical H2/O2
reaction to generate energy
• 1950s - GE developed the solid-ion exchange H2 fuel cell
used by NASA
• 1960s- GE produced the fuel cell-based electrical power
system for NASA Gemini and Apollo space capsules
• 1960s other fuel cells discovered – phosphoric acid, SOFC,
molten carbonate
• 1970s – Vehicle manufacturers began to experiment FCEV.
• 1990 – The California Air Resource Board introduced the
Zero Emission Vehicle (ZEV) Mandate.
• 2000 – Fuel cell buses were deployed as part of the
HyFleet/CUTE project
• 2007 – fuel cell started to be sold commercially as APU
• 2008 – Honda begins leasing the FCX fuel cell electric
vehicle.
• 2009 – Large scale of residential CHP programme in Japan.
power generation using fuel cell is more popular now a days becoz of pollution free and the efficiency is near about 67% and more than all power thermal and hydro power plant...and it can be installed in anywhere..... the country like japan used this technology in vast...
a brief intro to the technology and working of hydrogen fuel cells.It also discusses the types of fuel cells available in the market and the economy of hydrogen fuel cells.It concludes by giving suitable examples of fuel cell vehicles and a short video animation to properly understand the topic
Catalysts are used with fuels such as hydrogen or methanol to produce hydrogen ions. Platinum, which is very expensive, is the catalyst typically used in this process. Companies are using nanoparticles of platinum to reduce the amount of platinum needed, or using nanoparticles of other materials to replace platinum entirely and thereby lower costs.
1839 - Sir William Grove, first electrochemical H2/O2
reaction to generate energy
• 1950s - GE developed the solid-ion exchange H2 fuel cell
used by NASA
• 1960s- GE produced the fuel cell-based electrical power
system for NASA Gemini and Apollo space capsules
• 1960s other fuel cells discovered – phosphoric acid, SOFC,
molten carbonate
• 1970s – Vehicle manufacturers began to experiment FCEV.
• 1990 – The California Air Resource Board introduced the
Zero Emission Vehicle (ZEV) Mandate.
• 2000 – Fuel cell buses were deployed as part of the
HyFleet/CUTE project
• 2007 – fuel cell started to be sold commercially as APU
• 2008 – Honda begins leasing the FCX fuel cell electric
vehicle.
• 2009 – Large scale of residential CHP programme in Japan.
A fuel cell vehicle (FCV) uses a hydrogen fuel cell to generate electricity, which powers an electric motor for propulsion, emitting only water vapor as a byproduct.
Hydrogen in fuel cell vehicles (FCVs) serves as the primary fuel that powers the vehicle. In a fuel cell, hydrogen reacts with oxygen from the air in an electrochemical process, producing electricity, water vapor, and heat. This electricity is then used to power the electric motor that drives the vehicle. The use of hydrogen in fuel cells offers a clean energy alternative, as the only emission from this process is water, making it an environmentally friendly option compared to traditional fossil fuels.
Fuel cells are known for their high efficiency, low emissions, and quiet operation, making them attractive for a wide range of applications, including transportation (such as hydrogen-powered vehicles), stationary power generation, and portable electronics.
PEMFC (proton exchange membrane)
DMFC (direct methanol)
SOCF (solid oxide)
AFC (alkaline)
PAFC (phosphoric acid)
MCFC (Molten Carbonate)
PEM Fuel Cell
A fuel cell is a battery that produces DC current and voltage
Most fuel cells use hydrogen which burns cleaner compared to hydrocarbon fuels
A fuel cell will keep producing electricity as long as fuel is supplied
The energy efficiency of fuel cells is high when compared to many other energy systems
There is great interest in fuel cells for automotive and electronic applications
There will be employment for technicians particularly in Ohio’s fuel cell industry.
It's a technology to generating the electricity by using fuel cell. It is being used now in automobiles, transport vehicles and others various fields. So it is a very effective technology for generating electricity. it has so many advantages and benefits.
Solar radiation and related terms, measurement of solar radiation, solar energy collectors-flate plate collector, air collector, concentrating collectors, application and advantages of various collectors, solar energy storage system (thermal, chemical, mechanical), solar pond, application of solar energy
Fuel Cell technology, one of the future application of energy supply for cars depends on hydrogen as a fuel and though expensive, is environment friendly.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
1. FUEL CELL
A Fuel Cell is an electrochemical energy conversion device that combines hydrogen and
oxygen to produce electricity (DC electricity), with water and heat as its by-product. Since
conversion of the fuel to energy takes place via an electrochemical process, not combustion. It is
a clean, quiet and highly efficient process- two to three times more efficient than fuel burning.
CONSTRUCTION
Anode
- Negative post of the fuel cell.
- Where the fuel "oxidizes", and releases electrons.
Cathode
- Positive post of the fuel cell.
- Where oxygen (usually from the air) "reduction" occurs.
Electrolyte
- Proton exchange membrane (PEM).
- Specially treated material (thin permeable polymer sheet), only conducts positively
charged ions.
Catalyst
- Usually a powder of platinum at anode and nickel at cathode is coated thinly onto carbon
paper or cloth.
- The platinum-coated side of the catalyst faces the PEM.
- Speedup the chemical reaction
2. WORKING PRICIPLE
Oxidation
At the anode of the cell, a catalyst (platinum powder) is used to separate the proton
from the electron in the hydrogen fuel.
Reduction
At the cathode of the cell, a second catalyst (nickel) is used to recombine the protons,
electrons, and oxygen atoms to form water.
On the anode side, hydrogen gas (H2) is forced through catalyst.
When H2 molecule comes contacts platinum catalyst, it splits into two H+ ions and
two electrons (e-).
2H = 2H+ + 2e-
Electrons are conducted through the anode.
The positive hydrogen ions (H+) migrate across the electrolyte towards the cathode.
On the cathode side, oxygen gas (O2) is forced through catalyst
Forms two oxygen atoms, each with a strong negative charge.
Negative charge attracts the two H+ ions through the membrane, Combine with an
oxygen atom and two electrons from the external circuit to form a water molecule
(H2O).
2H+ + 2e- + O = H2O
A single fuel cell generates a tiny amount of direct current (various from 0.7 to 1.4
volt).
3. TYPE OF FUEL CELL
Fuel cell type PEM AFC PAFC DMFC MCFC SOFC
Name
Proton
Exchange
membrane
Alkaline Phosphoric
Acid
Direct Methanol
Molten
Carbonate
Solid Oxide
Applications
Vehicles,
Mobile,
combined
heat and
power
production
Space
Applications
Large scale
combined heat
and power
production
Mobile
applications
from micro to
small
scale
Medium to
large scale
combined heat
and power
production, up
to MW
All sizes of
combined heat
and power
production, up
to multi MW
Operating
Temp(oC)
50-100 50-200 about 220 About 70 About 650 500-1000
Reactant Ion H+ OH- H+ H+ CO32- O2-
Fuel Hydrogen Hydrogen Hydrogen Methanol
H2, CO and/or
CH4
H2, CO and/or
CH4
Cell
component
Carbon-based Carbon-based Graphite based Carbon-based Stainless based Ceramic
Catalyst Platinum Platinum Platinum
Platinum/
ruthenium
Nickel Perovskites
Electrical
efficiency
40-50% 60% 37-42% 30-40% > 50% > 50%
Cell life time < 3000 hours < 5000 hours > 5000 hours < 3000 hours > 10000 hours > 10000 hours
Anode
reaction
H2 = 2H+ + 2e- H2 + 2(OH)- =
2H2O + 2e-
H2 = 2H+ + 2e- CH3OH + H2O =
CO2 + 6H+ + 6e-
H2 + CO3- - =
H2O + CO2 + 2e-
H2 + O- - =
H2O + 2e-
Cathode
reaction
½O2 + 2H+ +
2e- = H2O
½ O2 + H2O +
2e- = 2(OH)-
½O2 + 2H+ +
2e- = H2O
3/2 O2 + 6H+ +
6e- = 3H2O
½O2 + CO2 +
2e- = CO3 - -
½O2 + 2e- = O-
-
4. Benefits of Fuel Cell technology
Environmental Benefits
o Fuels cells can reduce air pollution today and offer the possibility of eliminating
pollution in the future
Environmental Benefits of Fuel Cell Power Generation
o A fuel cell power plant may create less than one ounce of pollution per 1,000
kilowatt-hours of electricity produced
o Conventional combustion generating systems produce 25 pounds of pollutants
for the same electricity
Environmental Benefits of Fuel Cell Vehicles
o Fuel Cell Vehicles with hydrogen stored on-board produce ZERO POLLUTION in
the conventional sense
o The only byproducts of these Fuel Cell vehicles are water and heat
Battery replacement/alternative
o Fuel Cell replacements for batteries would offer much longer operating life in a
packaged of lighter or equal weight
o Additionally, Fuel Cell replacements would have an environmental advantage
over batteries, since certain kinds of batteries require special disposal treatment
Military Applications
o Fuel Cell technology in the military can help save lives because it reduces telltale
heat and noise in combat
o Handheld battlefield computers can be powered for 10 times longer with Fuel
Cell power meaning soldiers could rely on their computers in the field for longer
periods of time
5. Challenges to Fuel Cell Technology
Cost
o The cost of fuel cells must be reduced to compete with conventional technologies.
o Conventional internal combustion engines cost $25-$35/kW; a fuel cell system
would need to cost $30/kW to be competitive.
Durability
o Durability of fuel cell systems has not yet been adequately established.
o The durability standard for automobiles is approximately 150,000 miles and the
ability to function under normal vehicle operating conditions.
Reliability
o For stationary systems 40,000 hours of reliable operation in a temperature range
of -35 degree Celsius to 40 degrees Celsius will be required for market
acceptance.
System Size
o The size and weight of current fuel cell systems must be reduced to attain market
acceptance, especially with automobiles.
Applications
Transportation
o All major automakers are working to commercialize a fuel cell car
o Trains, planes, boats, scooters, forklifts and even bicycles are utilizing fuel cell
technology as well
Stationary Power Stations
o Over 2,500 fuel cell systems have been installed all over the world in hospitals,
nursing homes, hotels, office buildings, schools and utility power plants
6. o Most of these systems are either connected to the electric grid to provide
supplemental power and backup assurance or as a grid-independent generator
for locations that are inaccessible by power lines
Telecommunications
o Due to computers, the Internet and sophisticated communication networks there
is a need for an incredibly reliable power source
o Fuel Cells have been proven to be 99.999% reliable
Micro Power
o Consumer electronics could gain drastically longer battery power with Fuel Cell
technology
o Cell phones can be powered for 30 days without recharging
o Laptops can be powered for 20 hours without recharging
ADVANTAGES
The fuel cell converts its fuel directly to electric power.
No cooling water is needed so it can be located at any desired place.
As it does not make noise. It can be readily accepted in residential areas.
The fuel cell takes little time to go into operation.
The land requirement is considerably less compared with conventional power plants.
Possibly the greatest advantage of the fuel cell is its high operating efficiency.
The maintenance charges are low as there are no moving parts and outages are also less.
Fuel cells have an overload capacity of 50 to 100% for a short duration.
In H2-O cell, the reaction product is water which is portable.
The weight and volume of the fuel cell is considerably low compared to other energy
sources.
DISADVANTAGES
Technology currently expensive
Pure hydrogen is difficult to handle
Requires refilling stations, storage tanks, …