Measures to reduce the energy consumption have been suggested in a separate document. After the adoption of the ones that
the management thinks appropriate, the moment will be for the centre to think of a more economic and environmental friendly manner to generate its own energy.
Renewable and low carbon energy capacity study for the East of Englandcrifcambs
Richard Summers from The Landscape Partnership and Andrew Turton from AECOM shared their findings from work commissioned by the Department for Energy and Climate Change (DECC) to identify the potential for renewable energy in the East of England. This study highlighted the renewable energy resources for Cambridgeshire.
Presented to Councillors on 28 September 2011.
Slide presentation from the AIA National conference May 2010 on the environmental impacts of peak energy use and mitigation strategies in building energy use.
Nordic Folkecenter for Renewable Energy's manager Preben Maegaard is giving a speech about the decentralized nature of Thisted's energy succes. 100 % Sustainable renewable energy for the entire community.
Renewable and low carbon energy capacity study for the East of Englandcrifcambs
Richard Summers from The Landscape Partnership and Andrew Turton from AECOM shared their findings from work commissioned by the Department for Energy and Climate Change (DECC) to identify the potential for renewable energy in the East of England. This study highlighted the renewable energy resources for Cambridgeshire.
Presented to Councillors on 28 September 2011.
Slide presentation from the AIA National conference May 2010 on the environmental impacts of peak energy use and mitigation strategies in building energy use.
Nordic Folkecenter for Renewable Energy's manager Preben Maegaard is giving a speech about the decentralized nature of Thisted's energy succes. 100 % Sustainable renewable energy for the entire community.
2012.06 Final Energy Efficiency In He Isdarrylcroft
Presentation to the TEC Regional Conference at the Imperial War Museum.
The presentation explores the success of energy efficiency policies and the opportunities for the Higher Education Institutions (HEIs).
An easily traceable scenario for GHG 80% reduction in Japan for local energy ...Masayuki Horio
To develop a scenario sure and easily traceable even for ordinary citizens toward the national challenge target of 80% CO2 reduction by 2050, we first developed a model to calculate the total CO2 emission corresponding to the final consumption and second developed an appropriate technology based scenario consisting of the following consumer oriented sub-scenarios: (1) energy saving through electrification of all transportation, (2) promotion of wood utilization for housing and household energy saving; (3) introduction of renewable energies; and (4) efficient energy utilization of wastes. Applying the scenario to Kyoto that has the similar strategies to our proposed scenarios, we found that about 80% CO2 emission reduction is possible just within the appropriate technology limit with the effect of population reduction and with the potential emission reduction from construction of private and public infrastructures, and that shifting our final consumption mode into low CO2 emission mode has a significant impact.
Keywords: CO2 emission reduction, appropriate technologies, local energy strategy, the final consumption
Course on Regulation and Sustainable Energy in Developing Countries - Session 10Leonardo ENERGY
Session 10 will focus on how actual energy efficiency improvements can be achieved in organisations of different sizes. The presentation will start with a discussion of the status of energy efficiency in major developing countries. A variety of tools for working towards higher energy efficiency will be discussed, including benchmarking, energy audits, process analysis, and energy management schemes.
Kornelis Blok (1956) studied experimental physics at Utrecht University and received a Ph.D. degree in 1991 on a thesis ‘On the Reduction of Carbon Dioxide Emissions’. In 1984 he was one of the founders of Ecofys, where he is now Director of Science. Dr. Blok has extensive research and consultancy experience in the field of energy efficiency improvement and clean energy production. He played an important role in the development of European energy policies and international climate policies and has worked in many countries around the globe. He is also with Utrecht University, where he holds a professorship in Sustainable Energy. He is supervising the master programme Energy Science. He authored and co-authored 90 articles in peer-reviewed scientific journals, several books and over 200 research reports, conference contributions and other scientific publications. He was a lead author for the Third and Fourth Assessment Reports of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, the institution that was award the Nobel Peace Prize in 2007. With his company he won the Erasmus award for the most innovative company of the Netherlands in 2008.
Lattice Energy LLC-Coal as a CLENR CO2 Emissionless Fuel-March 21 2012Lewis Larsen
Can a new energy technology based on clean low energy neutron reactions (CLENRs) reinvigorate presently ‘dirty’ coal as a ‘green’ energy source?
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), LENRs, and coal: ‘Dirty coal’ as a future source of CLENR fuels with zero CO2 emissions? Speculative possibilities about the potential future of coal and CLENR energy. If CLENR technology could be developed and applied to use coal as ‘seed’ fuel source, transmutation of Carbon atoms would release >10*6 times more thermal energy without emitting CO2.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
2012.06 Final Energy Efficiency In He Isdarrylcroft
Presentation to the TEC Regional Conference at the Imperial War Museum.
The presentation explores the success of energy efficiency policies and the opportunities for the Higher Education Institutions (HEIs).
An easily traceable scenario for GHG 80% reduction in Japan for local energy ...Masayuki Horio
To develop a scenario sure and easily traceable even for ordinary citizens toward the national challenge target of 80% CO2 reduction by 2050, we first developed a model to calculate the total CO2 emission corresponding to the final consumption and second developed an appropriate technology based scenario consisting of the following consumer oriented sub-scenarios: (1) energy saving through electrification of all transportation, (2) promotion of wood utilization for housing and household energy saving; (3) introduction of renewable energies; and (4) efficient energy utilization of wastes. Applying the scenario to Kyoto that has the similar strategies to our proposed scenarios, we found that about 80% CO2 emission reduction is possible just within the appropriate technology limit with the effect of population reduction and with the potential emission reduction from construction of private and public infrastructures, and that shifting our final consumption mode into low CO2 emission mode has a significant impact.
Keywords: CO2 emission reduction, appropriate technologies, local energy strategy, the final consumption
Course on Regulation and Sustainable Energy in Developing Countries - Session 10Leonardo ENERGY
Session 10 will focus on how actual energy efficiency improvements can be achieved in organisations of different sizes. The presentation will start with a discussion of the status of energy efficiency in major developing countries. A variety of tools for working towards higher energy efficiency will be discussed, including benchmarking, energy audits, process analysis, and energy management schemes.
Kornelis Blok (1956) studied experimental physics at Utrecht University and received a Ph.D. degree in 1991 on a thesis ‘On the Reduction of Carbon Dioxide Emissions’. In 1984 he was one of the founders of Ecofys, where he is now Director of Science. Dr. Blok has extensive research and consultancy experience in the field of energy efficiency improvement and clean energy production. He played an important role in the development of European energy policies and international climate policies and has worked in many countries around the globe. He is also with Utrecht University, where he holds a professorship in Sustainable Energy. He is supervising the master programme Energy Science. He authored and co-authored 90 articles in peer-reviewed scientific journals, several books and over 200 research reports, conference contributions and other scientific publications. He was a lead author for the Third and Fourth Assessment Reports of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, the institution that was award the Nobel Peace Prize in 2007. With his company he won the Erasmus award for the most innovative company of the Netherlands in 2008.
Lattice Energy LLC-Coal as a CLENR CO2 Emissionless Fuel-March 21 2012Lewis Larsen
Can a new energy technology based on clean low energy neutron reactions (CLENRs) reinvigorate presently ‘dirty’ coal as a ‘green’ energy source?
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), LENRs, and coal: ‘Dirty coal’ as a future source of CLENR fuels with zero CO2 emissions? Speculative possibilities about the potential future of coal and CLENR energy. If CLENR technology could be developed and applied to use coal as ‘seed’ fuel source, transmutation of Carbon atoms would release >10*6 times more thermal energy without emitting CO2.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Presentation given by Dr Maria Chiara Ferrari from University of Edinburgh on "Capturing CO2 from air: Research at the University of Edinburgh" at the UKCCSRC Direct Air Capture/Negative Emissions Workshop held in London on 18 March 2014
Presentation on CO2 reduction and fuel saving technologies in steelworks by Dr. Chun-Da Chen of China Steel at "Clean Fossil Fuel Technologies" course in National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan.
CLEAN COAL TECHNOLOGIES, CHALLENGES AND FUTURE SCOPEIAEME Publication
Clean Coal Technologies (CCT) are technological developments that lead to efficient combustion of coal with reduced emissions. It is achieved through combustion or gasification. A combination of clean coal technologies is necessary to achieve maximum power with enhanced energy conversion. The efficiency and quality of the power generation depends upon the coal content. Clean coal technologies, challenges and the future scope are summarized in this paper.
Combined Cycle Gas Turbine Power Plant Part 1Anurak Atthasit
Introduction to Combined Cycle Gas Turbine Power Plant. Describing the advantage and design limit of the CCGT. Overview of Brayton Cycle and Rankine Cycle - showing some basic thermodynamic to explain some background of CCGT.
This chapter is an exract from my final dissretation on 'Environmental effects of shipping imports from China and their economic valutaion. The case of valve components in aluminium, iron and steeel'.
EL AGUA EN EL DEBATE SOBRE EL CAMBIO CLIMÁTICO: LA IMPORTANCIA DEL AGUA EN LA...Alejo Etchart Ortiz
Esta presentación versa sobre la importancia que se está dando al agua en las negociaciones para el COP15 a celebrar en Copenhague en diciembre 2009. Lo enfocaré desde el punto de vista del GPPN como actor de peso en el proceso. GPPN son las siglas en inglés de la Red de Políticas Públicas para la Gestión del Agua.
“Sustainable Development” (SD) is an expression frequently used by ecologists,
media and politicians, but it does not always carry the same concise meaning. The EEA
(1998) stated in 1998 that over 300 definitions of SD had been given, many of them inappropriate, as the outcome of different visions, values scales, interests and
ideologies. In this way, SD becomes a non-operative ‘chewing gum concept’ that
everybody can adapt in his own convenience (Bermejo, 2005, p.24)
The Brundtland Report (1987) states the most widely accepted definition of SD as
“the development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability
of future generations to meet their own needs”. The worldwide commitment on the
acceptance of this definition constitutes a milestone in itself.
This document focuses on national packaging waste management policies, and some opportunities for improvement that international benchmarking offers to the UK. It joins together the policies that affect the two basic sides of the life of packaging waste: packaging generation by industries, and its final destiny as decided by households.
After an introduction showing the importance of waste prevention over the rest of the possible strategies to reduce waste (section 1), and a discussion about the convenience of recycling (section 2), two benchmarks are presented, under the domestic and the industrial perspectives respectively.
For each of the perspectives, both the UK’s and an alternative scheme are widely introduced (sections 3.1, 3.2, 4.1, 4.2), and the latter comparisons between them (sections 3.3, 4.3) arrive to the conclusion that the alternative benchmarks can help the UK reach a higher level of waste prevention.
The benchmark of pay-as-you-throw schemes refers a domestic perspective of the waste problem. It shows that a better performance is achievable though its adoption, although attention must be paid to British people’s idiosyncrasy. From the business side, the German Packaging
Ordinance implies a higher degree of compliance with the extended producer responsibility than UK’s Producer Responsibility Obligations.
The Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis cannot be accepted as a general
rule either for the Spanish case or for other developed or developing countries.
Economic growth alone, far from being the solution to environmental problems, is
causing an increase in resource use and pollution. The consequences of inaction can be dramatic. Solutions to curve this threatening path are available, but they need to be urgently implemented.
The UK has outstanding possibilities of contributing to climate change (CC)
through wind renewable energy technology (RET). Further development is expected from
geothermal source heat pumps (GSHP), biomass, hydroelectric and passive solar design`RETs. The UK has a limited quantity of resource for solar power. Hydrogen RET
possibilities are still unknown.
Ashton Green (AG) and London are examples of rural and urban developments
respectively renewable energy (RE) developments. Both approaches depend on the availability of resources in-site. AG approach bears the economics more than London, which targets to be in the vanguard of RETs development.
Technology has evolved significantly since AG project was started. This can lead to
a review of the technologies to be implemented. London, on its side, may consider the possibility of settling an Energy Service Company (ESCO) to serve the city as energy service provider.
All the energy that humans use comes directly or indirectly from the sun. In the
beginning, humans used their own strength, which came from their food. That was the
only energy source for hundreds of thousands of years, until fire was discovered
350,000 years ago, burning wood as fuel. They had discovered the biomass as energy
source.
Little research has been done into the actual motives underlying the local opposition found in British local communities against renewable energy schemes to be settled in their areas. Further research on the issue
would be helpful for the UK to meet their target share in the battle against climate change.
This work compiles, in a structured way, existing literature about the basic concepts of social networks and communities to be taken on for that research. It outlines the importance of communities’ involvement in
developments, and gives a range of successful cases where communities and developers have provided each other with a range of different benefits. Some lessons from the past are presented that can help
developers to assume proper methods and models for involving communities, as well as to prevent mistakes from being repeated. The document ends with some possibilities for the Government to further encourage community involvement.
Gardner and Stern (2002) compile the critical environmental problems that the world is challenging, and reflect that even though it is recognized that those problems are caused by humans, the use of the human
behaviour science is not habitually used to tackle them.
For Stern (2000, p.408) an environmentally significant behaviour (ESB) can be defined by the extent to which it impacts the environment. The ‘Conservation Psychology’ studies the ESBs, having in mind the
physical and social context within which they are made (DMU, 2007a).
The three ESBs that this study presents have been chosen in order to show a range of theories to explain ESBs. In each case, a first sub-section comments the ESB, classifies it and gives factors on which they may be based; and a second part explains different theories’ approaches to explain those ESBs. They all refer personal behaviours. The magnitude of their final environmental impacts will depend on the extent to which the actor’s ESB influences other people’s behaviours.
Environmental problems (GHG effects, climate change, depletion of the ozone layer, loss of genetic diversity, air pollution, water pollution and others) are the result of human behaviour. (Gardner and Stern 2002). The consequences on the economy, society and health of climate change are one of the
greatest threats that the world faces today, affecting even the survival of the human race (Tonn 2009).
For the Basque Country, the main impacts forecasted for the last third of the century are an increase of temperatures of up to 7º, heavy changes in rainfall patterns and an inland movement of up to 13m in the coastline.
This GHG emission reduction strategy (or mitigation strategy) is addressed to the key decision making authority in the Basque Country It has been made following the five-step approach recommended by Cities for Climate Protection (ICLEI n.d.).
The objective of this study is to provide the reader with a critical appraisal of the Spanish Sustainable Development Strategy (SSDS), for which the Renewed EU Sustainable Development Strategy (EUSDS) is also analysed in the fields where it is relevant to the former.
Following the background and the concept of sustainable development (SD) analysis in the SSDS, the fundamental assumption that economic growth is an imperative is extensively analysed, arguing that it is not feasible as a paradigm. Next, each of the seven priority areas and the Spanish performance in them are briefly referred
and appraised, with a higher emphasis in the “climate change (CC) and clean energies”, due to the strong specific weight in the SSDS that the previous section gives to it. A comment about the indicators used to monitor the evolution of the SSDS is given before the final conclusions.
01062024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
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04062024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
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El Puerto de Algeciras continúa un año más como el más eficiente del continente europeo y vuelve a situarse en el “top ten” mundial, según el informe The Container Port Performance Index 2023 (CPPI), elaborado por el Banco Mundial y la consultora S&P Global.
El informe CPPI utiliza dos enfoques metodológicos diferentes para calcular la clasificación del índice: uno administrativo o técnico y otro estadístico, basado en análisis factorial (FA). Según los autores, esta dualidad pretende asegurar una clasificación que refleje con precisión el rendimiento real del puerto, a la vez que sea estadísticamente sólida. En esta edición del informe CPPI 2023, se han empleado los mismos enfoques metodológicos y se ha aplicado un método de agregación de clasificaciones para combinar los resultados de ambos enfoques y obtener una clasificación agregada.
31052024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
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An astonishing, first-of-its-kind, report by the NYT assessing damage in Ukraine. Even if the war ends tomorrow, in many places there will be nothing to go back to.
03062024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
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Here is Gabe Whitley's response to my defamation lawsuit for him calling me a rapist and perjurer in court documents.
You have to read it to believe it, but after you read it, you won't believe it. And I included eight examples of defamatory statements/
‘वोटर्स विल मस्ट प्रीवेल’ (मतदाताओं को जीतना होगा) अभियान द्वारा जारी हेल्पलाइन नंबर, 4 जून को सुबह 7 बजे से दोपहर 12 बजे तक मतगणना प्रक्रिया में कहीं भी किसी भी तरह के उल्लंघन की रिपोर्ट करने के लिए खुला रहेगा।
1. 1
Alejo Etchart
January 2009
A CHP PLANT FOR AYLESTONE LEISURE CENTRE
1. Background
As seen in the technical report, Aylestone Leisure Centre’s energy consumption is well
managed. Its annual consumptions are between a “typical” and a “best practice” leisure centre in
electricity consumption, and better than “best practice” in gas consumption (a). Measures to reduce the
energy consumption have been suggested in a separate document. After the adoption of the ones that
the management thinks appropriate, the moment will be for the centre to think of a more economic and
environmental friendly manner to generate its own energy.
2. A CHP for Aylestone Leisure Centre
2.1 Type of CHP Plant
Combined heat and power (CHP)
technology generates electricity on-site and
utilises the heat necessarily produced as a by-
product of the generation process. The figure
on the left outlines the process for a 75%
efficient plant. This way, it saves energy and
reduces carbon emissions, by making the
engine’s heat, which would otherwise be lost,
available as hot water that can be used for
space and water heating.
Internal combustion (IC) engine plants
are the most suitable for sizes around 100kWe
(b). Gas Turbine and Steam Turbine plants are
adequate for larger capacities.
CHP is particularly suitable for sites
occupied for at least 16 hours a day and with
constant heat requirements, like swimming
pools (c). This perfectly matches Aylestone’s
case.
Source: (b)
2.2 Sizing the CHP plant
The capital investment in CHP plant is substantial, so it is important to target the plant size so
that it operates as many hours as possible. This involves matching CHP capacity to base heat and
power loads (d).
Considering the electricity consumption of the last 52 weeks (930MWh metered), the proper
size would be 100kWh (rounded down from 106.16). With the 90% efficiency that modern plants
achieve (b), a 100kWh unit can generate 876MWh. The adoption of energy saving measures can
reduce the energy needed; if not, the remaining amount must be covered by the grid. In any case,
energy from the grid must remain available in order to overcome occasional insufficiencies in supply,
and also to provide electricity during any maintenance down time (c).
2. 2
In this analysis, the efficiencies considered have been 40% for electricity and 50% for
recovered useful heat. Therefore, the generation of 876MWh of heat will make available 1,095MWh
of heat, almost covering the 1,100MWh consumed in the same period (see full calculations in footnote
f
).
Nevertheless, Action Energy provides for free the chpsizer2 software, a standalone tool that
requires half-hourly data (already available for Aylestone L.C.) (e).
3. Economics
With the assumptions made (shown in italics in the footnotes f), the investment on an IC
engine CHP plant will involve the following economic performance:
ANNUAL SAVING: £ 49,000
PAYBACK: 5.24 years
DISCOUNTED CASH FLOW: £ 187,000
NET PRESENT VALUE: £ 928,000
INTERNAL RATE OF RETURN: 23 %
Financial benefits
The economic analysis has not taken into account the financing of the project. It will be of
even further interest with these two benefits (d):
1. Enhanced Capital Allowance. It permits businesses to offset 100% of the capital cost
of efficient CHP plants against tax in the first year, instead of having to spread the tax write-
off over, say, 10 years. This can save around 7-8% of the capital cost over the plant life time.
2. Climate Change Levy exemption. Fuel input to good quality CHP qualifies for
exemption from CCL, which can often reduce payback periods by 1-2 years.
4. Carbon emissions
CHP has a lower carbon intensity of
heat and power production than the
conventional means, and this can result in a
reduction of more than 30% in emissions of
CO2, thus helping to reduce the risk of global
warming. It will also reduce the emission of
SO2, the major contributor to acid rain. The
figure on the left shows a scheme of this
comparison for a 80% efficient IC engine (d).
5. Further considerations
1. The economics and emissions above have been calculated assuming that the CHP will be
run on natural gas. CHP installations can also run on bio-gas, gas oil or even biomass (d).
When the CHP uses a locally available biofuel it can even be carbon neutral (c)
2. It is also possible to use for AC through chillers (c)
3. If the plant is oversized, the excess can be sold into the grid (c)
6. Conclusion
3. 3
By using a CHP plant, Aylestone L.C. will:
- Reduce energy costs, compensating the investment in less than 5 years and delivering a 23%
return on investment.
- Minimise environmental emissions by 30%, helping the UK and Leicester to meet the
emission reduction targets and fighting against global warming.
- Improve security of electricity supply, covering potential drops from the grid.
In the right application, CHP is the single biggest measure for reducing buildings related CO2
emissions and running costs (d).
a
Carbon Trust (2004), “ECG087- Energy use in local authority buildings”
b
Dr. Martin Smith (2008), DMU MSC CC&SD, EAT module, “CHP and the Climate Change Levy”
c
Carbon Trust (2005), “Building a brighter future”. Available at
http://www.carbontrust.co.uk/NR/rdonlyres/A89DB6C2-9AE7-4450-BC24-
9999F5A79284/0/Building_a_Brighter_Future.pdf (Accessed 24/01/09)
d
Carbon Trust (2004), “GPG388- CHO for buildings”, p.20
e
CIBSE CHP GROUP e-Newsletter SEPTEMBER 2004, p.4
http://www.cibse.org/pdfs/CHP%20Group%20newsletter%202.pdf (Accessed 25/01/09)
f
CALCULATIONS AND ASSUMPTIONS
Electricity meter: 930,000 kWh
Gas meter: 1,100,000 kWh
CHP Capital cost (*): 212,000 £
CHP Installation (20% cap.cost) (*): 44,944
(*): Estimations based on Thermie Worbook2 (1997, p.2.17), but double prece for the capital cost --> 2x1,000€/kW
Electricity cost (**): 0.06 £/kWh
Gas cost (**): 0.05 assumed 20% less
(**): Only verbal estimations have been feasible without unavailable and confidentuial information
CHP maintenance cost: 0.02 €/kWh
Size kW rounded- calculated: 100.00 106.16 kW
kWh CHP: 876,000
Residual value
Years: 20 (15%): 31,800
Discount rate: 7% £/€ : 1.06
Power factor: 0.80
CHP Current
electricity gas electricity gas boiler
Efficiency 40% 50% 80% 65%
Demand 876,000 1,095,000 930,000 1,100,000
Energy Cost 42,048 55,800 52,800
Maintenance cost 17,520
Annual energy saving -49,032
Payback years 5.24
Discounted cash-flow -187,017
Net Present value 927,640
Cash flow 1st year: -207,912
Cash flow 2nd-19th year: 49,032
Cach flow 20th year: 80,832
Internal Rate of Return 23%