Energy and Transport
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The document discusses technological solutions to reduce energy consumption in transport, including both "hard" vehicle and infrastructure technologies as well as "soft" systems approaches. It provides battery electric vehicles (BEVs) as a specific example, noting that over 350,000 BEVs have been purchased globally. According to a UK study, BEVs can reduce transport emissions by 44% compared to gasoline vehicles by 2050. However, an integrated approach is needed and technological solutions will have higher initial costs.
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Energy and Transport
- 1. Institute for Transport Studies FACULTY OF EARTH AND ENVIRONMENT Seminar 2: Transport and Energy Hasan Tufan
- 2. Overview Technological solutions to reduce energy consumption Hard Technologies Soft Technologies Specific Example: Battery Electric Vehicles (BEV) Impacts of BEV on transport and Life Cycle Assessment Conclusion Technological Solutions for Energy in Transport Image: European Commission Image: Nieuwsbladtransport Portal
- 3. Technological Solutions Hard Technologies Vehicle technologies Alternative fuels technologies Aircraft efficiency technologies Infrastructure implementation and technologies Technological Solutions for Energy in Transport Image: Shutterstock Image: greentravelerguides.com
- 4. Technological Solutions Soft Technologies Mobility system efficiency enhancements for the demand and traffic flow e.g. urban planning, public transport Intelligent transport systems (ITS) e.g. Traffic control, VMS Aircraft management measures e.g. Girds for departure, smoother descent Vehicles usage and lifestyle measures, including telecommuting and avoiding unnecessary journeys Technological Solutions for Energy in Transport Image: www.its.dot.gov
- 5. Specific Example: Battery Electric Vehicles (BEV) Uses energy stored in rechargeable battery packs Not internal combustion engine but electric motors No fuel tank or fuel cell Purchased over 350k BEV globally by September 2014 Technological Solutions for Energy in Transport
- 6. Impacts of BEV on transport Lowest Fuel Economy Technological Solutions for Energy in Transport Source: Mobility 2030 (WBCSD)
- 7. BEV Life Cycle Assessment UK Based Research In the worst case scenario with high lifetime km (requiring one battery replacement), BEVs still have almost 44% reduction on the by 2050 Recharging infrastructure could be potentially much more significant in longer term Technological Solutions for Energy in Transport Source: Ricardo AEA (2013)
- 8. Conclusion Integrated Approach is important with other type of solutions Technological solutions will still have higher costs Production of electricity should be more cost competitive for EVs Technological solutions should be deployed in all modes of transport to reduce conventional energy Technological Solutions for Energy in Transport
- 9. References •World Energy Council (2007) Transport Technologies and Policy Scenarios to 2050. http://www.worldenergy.org/publications/809.asp •Aguirre, Kimberly, et al. (2012), Lifecycle analysis comparison of a battery electric vehicle and a conventional gasoline vehicle, California Air Resource Board •Hawkins, T. R., Singh, B., Majeau-bettez, G. & Strømman, A. H. 2013. Comparative Environmental Life Cycle Assessment Of Conventional And Electric Vehicles. Journal Of Industrial Ecology, 17, 53-64. •International Energy Agency (2014) Energy Technology Perspectives 2014 “Harnessing Electricity’s Potential”, Paris: OECD Publishing •World Business Council on Sustainable Development(WBCSD) (2004), Mobility 2030: Meeting the challenges to sustainability, http://www.wbcsd.org/web/publications/mobility/mobility-full.pdf •http://www.hybridcars.com/global-plug-in-car-sales-now-over-600000/ •Ricardo AEA (2013) Current and Future Lifecycle Emissions of Key “Low Carbon Technologies and Alternatives - Final Report for Project‟ carried out for the Committee on Climate Change (CCC) http://www.theccc.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/Ricardo-AEA-lifecycle- emissions-low-carbon-technologies-April-2013.pdf Technological Solutions for Energy in Transport
- 10. References •World Energy Council (2007) Transport Technologies and Policy Scenarios to 2050. http://www.worldenergy.org/publications/809.asp •Aguirre, Kimberly, et al. (2012), Lifecycle analysis comparison of a battery electric vehicle and a conventional gasoline vehicle, California Air Resource Board •Hawkins, T. R., Singh, B., Majeau-bettez, G. & Strømman, A. H. 2013. Comparative Environmental Life Cycle Assessment Of Conventional And Electric Vehicles. Journal Of Industrial Ecology, 17, 53-64. •International Energy Agency (2014) Energy Technology Perspectives 2014 “Harnessing Electricity’s Potential”, Paris: OECD Publishing •World Business Council on Sustainable Development(WBCSD) (2004), Mobility 2030: Meeting the challenges to sustainability, http://www.wbcsd.org/web/publications/mobility/mobility-full.pdf •http://www.hybridcars.com/global-plug-in-car-sales-now-over-600000/ •Ricardo AEA (2013) Current and Future Lifecycle Emissions of Key “Low Carbon Technologies and Alternatives - Final Report for Project‟ carried out for the Committee on Climate Change (CCC) http://www.theccc.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/Ricardo-AEA-lifecycle- emissions-low-carbon-technologies-April-2013.pdf Technological Solutions for Energy in Transport
Editor's Notes
- Hard” technologies are those which involve the application of hardware of vehicles or of transportation systems and infrastructure, or indeed of fuel and energy technologies. This may therefore include any of the following: Vehicle technologies (primary technologies which have potential to reduce energy and fossil fuel consumption such as Internal Combustion Engine using various efficient types of ignition technologies, start stop technologies, hybrid , plugin electric or pure battery electric vehicles or compressed natural gas vehicles) Alternative fuels technologies (It generally covers the technological developments for the productions of alternative fuels which will be introduced by my groupmate with details, Lucila in her presentation) Aircraft efficiency technologies (Unducted propulsors with reduced flight speed Advanced combustors, zero bleed engines, advanced engine cycles (e.g. ACR) Laminar flow control, Lightweight materials, New configurations on aircrafts, In-flight refuelling) Infrastructure implementation and technologies (Deployment of charging facilities for electric vehicles, hydrogen stations)
- Soft” technologies and measures are those which influence or relate to behaviour, including: Mobility system efficiency enhancements for the demand and traffic flow These include Demand management for Public transport using technology; urban planning and alternative work scheduling to reduce commuting, improving the scope and attractiveness of public transport using new technologies and innovative solutions such as personal rapid transit. Intelligent transport systems (ITS) Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) represent the integration of information and communications technology with transport infrastructure, vehicles and users. The objective of ITS is to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of transport networks, improving safety and reducing environmental impacts. Specifically, ITS aims to reduce road congestion and increase the efficiency of traffic by dissemination of real-time traffic information and improving the attractiveness of alternative forms of transportation. The activities relate to personal and freight transit. The vision is of a transport system in which infrastructure and vehicles communicate with each other constantly, providing real time information to systems and people to improve the functioning of the entire system. The potential reduction in congestion through ITS has been estimated at 40%, according to the European Union’s White Paper on Sustainable Mobility. In the same document, savings in road fuel consumption through reduced congestion and improved driver behaviour are estimated at 50%. Systems such as coordinated traffic control, ramp metering, variable message signs, and traffic and incident detection systems have already been implemented across Europe. Aircraft management measures Much of the improvement would be gained through ground and flight management techniques. The measures include: • Starting grids for departure to allow more aircraft towing, reducing on-the-ground consumption by over 50% • Continuous descent approach, involving a longer and smoother descent, reducing fuel burn • Air traffic control consolidation in Europe to coordinate efficient air movements • Reduced weight of peripheral items. Vehicles usage and lifestyle measures, including telecommuting and avoiding unnecessary journeys Utilising modern communications technology to reduce vehicle miles travelled per vehicle (e.g. telecommuting). • Utilising modern communications technology to improve driving efficiency (e.g. telematics, traffic control). • Offering mass transit systems • Pricing strategies to encourage less driving or switching to more efficient modes. (Congestion charging using CCTV and plate recognition systems ) Use of telecommunications as a substitute for physical travel such as distance learning and tele-shopping
- Battery electric vehicles have a potentially greater energy savings potential, but battery technology and cost must improve substantially to provide the performance and range demanded by consumers. Electric powertrains are likely to make advances in small vehicles for city driving and a number of commercial companies are already offering vehicles to this niche and in the premium segment. A battery electric vehicle (BEV) is a type of electric vehicle (EV) that uses chemical energy stored in rechargeable battery packs. BEVs use electric motors and motor controllers instead of internal combustion engines (ICEs) for propulsion. A battery-only electric vehicle or all-electric vehicle derives all its power from its battery packs and thus has no internal combustion engine, fuel cell, or fuel tank. Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles offer most of the benefits of electric vehicles, with the convenience of conventional internal combustion engines. The presence of two full powertrains in a plug-in hybrid vehicle means that for this technology to become viable for the mass market, substantial reductions in the cost of the electric powertrain are essential.