The document discusses the history of Welsh identity and nationalism from the 15th century onwards. It covers laws that suppressed Welsh culture, the rise of nonconformist Protestantism, the growth of industrialization, and the eventual establishment of devolved government for Wales through the creation of the Welsh Assembly in 1999. Key events included the banning of the Welsh language in legal systems, the Rebecca Riots protesting toll fees, and the flooding of the Welsh village of Capel Celyn to create a reservoir for Liverpool.
Europe, 1814-1914:Political Ideologies and Key EventsDave Phillips
This document provides an overview of political ideologies and key events in Europe from 1814-1914. It discusses the major conservative and liberal ideologies during this period like conservatism, classical liberalism, socialism, communism, and anarchism. It also summarizes some of the major political events including the Congress of Vienna which formed the Concert of Europe to suppress liberalism, the revolutions of 1848, the unification of Germany and Italy, Irish potato famine, and the Crimean War. Nationalist movements were an important force as various countries unified and others gained independence from empires during this era of political turmoil and change in Europe.
The first settlers of Britain were nomadic groups from mainland Europe who arrived as early as 10,000 BC. Later settlers came from northern and central Europe and populated eastern Britain, while others arrived from Iberia and settled in southwest England, Ireland, the Isle of Man and western Scotland. The Norman conquest of 1066 had a significant influence on British history and institutions. Despite some intermingling, racial differences remained between the English, Irish, Welsh and Scottish. England sought to unite the countries under its rule through both military and political means, though Scotland and Ireland maintained independence at various points. Britain experienced waves of immigration over the centuries from groups like the Dutch, French Huguenots, Jews and others fleeing persecution in Europe as
The document summarizes the political and social events that led to the rise of nationalism in the Middle East. It describes how the decline and fall of the Ottoman Empire after World War I left a power vacuum that was filled by British and French occupation. This foreign control sowed the seeds for Arab nationalism and unity. At the same time, leaders like Mustafa Kemal in Turkey and Reza Khan in Iran modernized their countries while preserving their independence from Western powers, serving as an inspiration for nationalism across the region. The document also discusses the conflict that arose in Palestine over Jewish immigration and the creation of a Jewish state.
The document summarizes the history of French colonization in Vietnam from 1858 to 1975 in several paragraphs. Some key points:
1. France established control over Vietnam in the late 1800s and formed French Indochina in 1887, ruling the region as a colony.
2. Vietnamese resistance grew due to suffering under French rule, leading to nationalist movements.
3. After World War 2, Ho Chi Minh declared independence for Vietnam but France tried to regain control, leading to the First Indochina War.
4. The French were defeated in 1954 at the Battle of Dien Bien Phu, after which Vietnam was divided pending elections that never occurred. This led to war between North and South
The Cambodian Genocide occurred from 1975-1979 when the Khmer Rouge led by Pol Pot took control of Cambodia and attempted to transform it into an agrarian socialist society. They forcibly evacuated cities and forced the population to work on collective farms, resulting in mass starvation, disease, and executions that killed an estimated 1.4-2.2 million Cambodians, around 20-30% of the population. The Khmer Rouge's radical policies and brutal executions were ended when Vietnam invaded Cambodia and ousted Pol Pot in 1979.
Algeria gained independence from France in 1962 after an 8-year war of independence led by the FLN and ALN resistance movements. Kenya gained independence from Britain in 1963 after the Mau Mau rebellion and negotiations led by Jomo Kenyatta. Both countries experienced violent resistance against colonial rule and achieved independence through nationalist movements, though Kenya had a more negotiated decolonization process than Algeria.
Irish Labour movement, 1889-1924 - Lecture Seven: Civil War and Retreat.Conor McCabe
This lecture discusses the Irish Labour movement from 1921-1924, following the Irish War of Independence and Civil War. It covers:
1. The post-war economic slump in Ireland and Britain in 1921, and the Irish Trade Union Congress's pledge to resist wage cuts.
2. The establishment of the Irish nationalist state through the Anglo-Irish Treaty in 1922, and the outbreak of civil war between pro- and anti-treaty factions. Prominent anti-treaty leader Liam Mellows was executed that year.
3. Letters written by Mellows from prison in 1922 calling on republicans to make their social and democratic program more clear and to prioritize winning support from Irish workers.
The document provides a summary of the history of the British Isles from prehistory to modern times. It describes how the islands were first settled by various tribes like the Celts. The Romans then invaded and controlled the islands for over 300 years before departing in 410 AD. Various groups including the Angles, Saxons, Jutes, Vikings, and Normans invaded and controlled the islands at different points in history. This led to the establishment of the Heptarchy and eventual unification of England. The document then summarizes the major events, rulers, and time periods that shaped Britain such as the Magna Carta, the Hundred Years' War, the War of the Roses, the Tudor dynasty, the
Europe, 1814-1914:Political Ideologies and Key EventsDave Phillips
This document provides an overview of political ideologies and key events in Europe from 1814-1914. It discusses the major conservative and liberal ideologies during this period like conservatism, classical liberalism, socialism, communism, and anarchism. It also summarizes some of the major political events including the Congress of Vienna which formed the Concert of Europe to suppress liberalism, the revolutions of 1848, the unification of Germany and Italy, Irish potato famine, and the Crimean War. Nationalist movements were an important force as various countries unified and others gained independence from empires during this era of political turmoil and change in Europe.
The first settlers of Britain were nomadic groups from mainland Europe who arrived as early as 10,000 BC. Later settlers came from northern and central Europe and populated eastern Britain, while others arrived from Iberia and settled in southwest England, Ireland, the Isle of Man and western Scotland. The Norman conquest of 1066 had a significant influence on British history and institutions. Despite some intermingling, racial differences remained between the English, Irish, Welsh and Scottish. England sought to unite the countries under its rule through both military and political means, though Scotland and Ireland maintained independence at various points. Britain experienced waves of immigration over the centuries from groups like the Dutch, French Huguenots, Jews and others fleeing persecution in Europe as
The document summarizes the political and social events that led to the rise of nationalism in the Middle East. It describes how the decline and fall of the Ottoman Empire after World War I left a power vacuum that was filled by British and French occupation. This foreign control sowed the seeds for Arab nationalism and unity. At the same time, leaders like Mustafa Kemal in Turkey and Reza Khan in Iran modernized their countries while preserving their independence from Western powers, serving as an inspiration for nationalism across the region. The document also discusses the conflict that arose in Palestine over Jewish immigration and the creation of a Jewish state.
The document summarizes the history of French colonization in Vietnam from 1858 to 1975 in several paragraphs. Some key points:
1. France established control over Vietnam in the late 1800s and formed French Indochina in 1887, ruling the region as a colony.
2. Vietnamese resistance grew due to suffering under French rule, leading to nationalist movements.
3. After World War 2, Ho Chi Minh declared independence for Vietnam but France tried to regain control, leading to the First Indochina War.
4. The French were defeated in 1954 at the Battle of Dien Bien Phu, after which Vietnam was divided pending elections that never occurred. This led to war between North and South
The Cambodian Genocide occurred from 1975-1979 when the Khmer Rouge led by Pol Pot took control of Cambodia and attempted to transform it into an agrarian socialist society. They forcibly evacuated cities and forced the population to work on collective farms, resulting in mass starvation, disease, and executions that killed an estimated 1.4-2.2 million Cambodians, around 20-30% of the population. The Khmer Rouge's radical policies and brutal executions were ended when Vietnam invaded Cambodia and ousted Pol Pot in 1979.
Algeria gained independence from France in 1962 after an 8-year war of independence led by the FLN and ALN resistance movements. Kenya gained independence from Britain in 1963 after the Mau Mau rebellion and negotiations led by Jomo Kenyatta. Both countries experienced violent resistance against colonial rule and achieved independence through nationalist movements, though Kenya had a more negotiated decolonization process than Algeria.
Irish Labour movement, 1889-1924 - Lecture Seven: Civil War and Retreat.Conor McCabe
This lecture discusses the Irish Labour movement from 1921-1924, following the Irish War of Independence and Civil War. It covers:
1. The post-war economic slump in Ireland and Britain in 1921, and the Irish Trade Union Congress's pledge to resist wage cuts.
2. The establishment of the Irish nationalist state through the Anglo-Irish Treaty in 1922, and the outbreak of civil war between pro- and anti-treaty factions. Prominent anti-treaty leader Liam Mellows was executed that year.
3. Letters written by Mellows from prison in 1922 calling on republicans to make their social and democratic program more clear and to prioritize winning support from Irish workers.
The document provides a summary of the history of the British Isles from prehistory to modern times. It describes how the islands were first settled by various tribes like the Celts. The Romans then invaded and controlled the islands for over 300 years before departing in 410 AD. Various groups including the Angles, Saxons, Jutes, Vikings, and Normans invaded and controlled the islands at different points in history. This led to the establishment of the Heptarchy and eventual unification of England. The document then summarizes the major events, rulers, and time periods that shaped Britain such as the Magna Carta, the Hundred Years' War, the War of the Roses, the Tudor dynasty, the
The Victorian Age was defined by Queen Victoria's 64-year reign from 1837 to 1901. While she exercised little political power, Victoria embodied virtues like duty, thrift, and morality that set the tone. Under her reign, Britain's middle and working classes grew in confidence as the British Empire expanded greatly. Key political developments included the evolution of the party system and the gradual extension of voting rights to more classes of men and eventually women.
Irish Labour Movement 1889-1924: Lecture Six - Syndicalism in IrelandConor McCabe
This document summarizes the Irish Labour movement between 1889-1924, including key events and organizations. It discusses the rise of new unionism in the late 19th century led by figures like James Connolly and Jim Larkin. Major events covered include the 1913 Dublin Lockout, the role of syndicalism in the 1917-1921 period, and the impact of the Irish Civil War on the labour movement. The reading list provides additional sources on these topics.
This document discusses European colonization of Africa from the 15th to early 20th centuries. It provides context for European exploration and mapping of the African interior in the 19th century, including key figures like David Livingstone and Henry Morton Stanley. It then covers the Berlin Conference of 1884-85 which established rules for territorial claims and European colonization patterns. Specific examples discussed include the Congo Free State under King Leopold II of Belgium, the Dutch settlement of South Africa in 1652, the Zulu under Shaka, and tensions between the Boers and British in South Africa leading to the Boer War of 1899-1900.
The document discusses European imperialism in various regions of the world between 1800-1914. It covers the causes and successes of European imperialism, different forms of imperial rule over colonies, and European expansion and challenges to specific regions like Africa, the Muslim world, and Iran. Key events discussed include the Berlin Conference that partitioned Africa, Muhammad Ali's modernization of Egypt, and European powers establishing spheres of influence in Iran.
Britain entered World War 2 in 1939 after Germany invaded Poland. While the British were able to evacuate over 338,000 troops from Dunkirk in 1940, they lost valuable equipment. Germany then invaded France and soon controlled much of Western Europe. The Battle of Britain in 1940 was a major turning point as the British Royal Air Force defeated the German Luftwaffe, preventing invasion. Fighting also occurred in North Africa between British and German forces. By late 1942, the tide began to turn as the Soviets defeated Germany at Stalingrad and the Allies invaded Italy. On D-Day in 1944, Allied forces invaded Normandy and advanced towards Germany. The war ended in 1945 after the Allies invaded Germany from both east and west and dropped
The document discusses the close historical relationship between Ireland and Catalonia, whose political situations have both involved suppression by Britain and Spain respectively. It notes Ireland declared independence in 1949 after conflict with Britain, while Catalonia has faced censorship of its autonomy statute and police violence in response to independence referendums. The mayor of Dublin expressed support for Catalan independence, likening it to Ireland's situation in 1920. Famous Irish historical figures who supported Catalan causes are also mentioned.
George I became the first Hanoverian king of Great Britain in 1714 after Queen Anne's death. As he did not speak English, he relied heavily on his Whig Party supporters who came to dominate the government. During the early Hanoverian period, there was significant corruption under Prime Minister Walpole, while the Church of England declined. Meanwhile, Jacobites who supported the deposed Catholic King James Stuart staged two rebellions in Scotland to restore him to the throne, but both failed due to lack of support and competent leadership. The Whig government was able to put down the risings.
Irish Labour movement 1889-1924: Lecture Four - Jim Larkin and LarkinismConor McCabe
This document summarizes the life and work of Irish labor leader Jim Larkin from 1874-1947. Some key points:
- Larkin was born in Liverpool in 1874 to Irish parents and left school at age 11 to work various jobs. He became involved in labor organizing in the 1890s.
- In 1907 he was sent to Belfast to organize dock workers and called major strikes, leading to conflict with police. He later formed the Irish Transport and General Workers' Union in 1908.
- The 1913 Dublin Lockout saw over 20,000 workers dismissed for supporting the ITGWU. Larkin temporarily left for the US in 1914 to undertake speaking tours.
- He was imprisoned in the US
This document summarizes post-World War II anti-colonial terrorism in several regions. It discusses groups that used terrorism tactics in Cyprus, Algeria, Kenya, Chechnya, Turkey, Kurdistan, China, India, and parts of Africa to resist colonial rule and fight for independence or separatist goals. The document also notes how colonial boundaries in Africa led to ethnic divisions and terrorism, and that oil regions in Africa could experience problems from criminal and rebel groups vying for control.
Nationalism in Russia arose in the 19th century and promoted Russian culture and identity. It encouraged appreciation for Russian history, art, and literature. However, by the early 20th century, nationalism was declining as Russia struggled to modernize its economy and society. Growing inequality weakened patriotic support for the monarchy. When Russia entered World War I hoping to revive nationalism, the war effort's failures further undermined the tsar's popularity and led to his overthrow in the Russian Revolution.
The document provides details about King Charles V and King Philip II of Spain from the 16th century, including:
1) Charles V inherited a vast empire from his parents and fought many wars to defend Catholicism against France, the Ottoman Empire, and German Protestants.
2) Philip II aimed to preserve and defend Catholicism through religious intolerance, continuing Charles V's wars and starting new conflicts, including against England.
3) Both monarchs oversaw the Spanish conquest and colonization of the Americas, establishing viceroy systems to govern the new Spanish Empire.
Nationalism grew in Africa and the Middle East in response to European colonialism and imperialism. Africans fought against being controlled by European countries and losing their right to vote and land. Segregationist policies in South Africa, like apartheid, aimed to ensure white supremacy through laws that restricted better jobs and living areas to whites only. African nationalism movements emerged seeking unity, independence, and an end to colonial rule, including pan-Africanism, Marcus Garvey's calls for "Africa to Africans," and Egypt gaining independence from Britain in 1922.
The Making of a Global World...Power Point Presentationssh09
A very informative and interesting Power Point Presentation. This is based on Grade X History chapter "Making Of The Global World. I hope students across the globe will learn and understand this chapter in a easier way.
This document discusses the origins and definitions of nationalism. It begins by defining nationalism as a feeling of loyalty and pride in one's nation, and a desire for political independence. It then discusses how nationalism emerged in Europe in the late 18th and 19th centuries due to events like the French Revolution and Industrial Revolution, which challenged old power structures and led to the rise of nation-states. Nationalism further developed due to the growth of the middle class and their desire for more political rights and representation. The document also introduces the concept of the "imagined community" which underlies modern nationalist movements.
The document provides an introduction to modernism, discussing how various late 19th and early 20th century developments influenced art and society. It notes how the Industrial Revolution, Darwinism, Marxism, and social/political changes altered ideas about art. The rise of modernism saw artists reject past traditions and express new interpretations of the world. Photography became an appealing medium as it associated with technology and modern life. Artists explored dreams, symbolism, and personal experiences to depict subjective realities.
This document provides a timeline and overview of Anglo-Irish relations from the 11th century up until the early 20th century. It describes the various invasions and periods of English and Irish rule over the island. Key events included the Anglo-Norman invasion in 1171, Henry VIII declaring himself King of Ireland in 1541, several rebellions against English rule, the Acts of Union in 1801, the push for Catholic emancipation, and the eventual partition of Ireland and establishment of separate parliaments for Northern Ireland and what would become the Irish Free State through the Government of Ireland Act in 1920.
The struggle of independence in the arab world - The case of EgyptMiss Seha
Saad Zaghlul was a leader of Egyptian nationalism and founder of the Wafd Party. In 1919, Britain exiled Zaghlul for leading protests against the British occupation of Egypt. Mass protests erupted across Egypt demanding independence. Britain eventually released Zaghlul and granted Egypt limited independence in 1922 while maintaining control. The Wafd Party continued pushing for full independence and dominated Egyptian politics between World War I and the 1950s.
The Algerian Revolution was a guerrilla war that lasted eight years from 1954 to 1962, resulting in over 1.5 million Algerian deaths. It began as nationalist sentiment grew against French colonial rule, with the FLN launching attacks on November 1, 1954. After failed attempts to fully conquer Algeria in the 1800s, the French occupation left Algerians as second-class citizens, fueling the desire for independence. Between 1954-1962, the FLN organized militarily and politically to ultimately gain Algeria's independence from France.
The document summarizes the process of decolonization and nation-building after World War II. It discusses the rise of anti-colonial nationalism, patterns of independence like civil war, negotiated independence, and incomplete decolonization. It also examines decolonization processes in different regions, including French colonies in North Africa, West Africa, Southern Africa, Central Africa, and the Congo.
Jonathan Swift was an Irish writer and clergyman in the late 17th and early 18th centuries. He was politically engaged and wrote A Modest Proposal in 1729 to satirize the political situation in Ireland under British rule. At the time, Catholic Irish people faced extreme poverty and oppression under the Penal Laws enacted by Britain. In just three sentences, the document provides biographical context on Swift and outlines the political situation in Ireland involving the subjugation of the Catholic Irish majority that informed Swift's writing of A Modest Proposal.
The English Renaissance occurred between 1485-1625. It was inspired by rediscovery of classical Greek and Roman arts and literature. Key developments included the introduction of humanism and the printing press, which increased access to books. Notable figures included William Shakespeare, who wrote 37 plays and invented over 3,000 words, and Sir Walter Raleigh, a poet and explorer. The Protestant Reformation led by Martin Luther divided the Catholic Church, with Henry VIII later breaking England's ties with Rome. Elizabeth I's long reign saw England defeat the Spanish Armada and establish itself as a major power.
The Victorian Age was defined by Queen Victoria's 64-year reign from 1837 to 1901. While she exercised little political power, Victoria embodied virtues like duty, thrift, and morality that set the tone. Under her reign, Britain's middle and working classes grew in confidence as the British Empire expanded greatly. Key political developments included the evolution of the party system and the gradual extension of voting rights to more classes of men and eventually women.
Irish Labour Movement 1889-1924: Lecture Six - Syndicalism in IrelandConor McCabe
This document summarizes the Irish Labour movement between 1889-1924, including key events and organizations. It discusses the rise of new unionism in the late 19th century led by figures like James Connolly and Jim Larkin. Major events covered include the 1913 Dublin Lockout, the role of syndicalism in the 1917-1921 period, and the impact of the Irish Civil War on the labour movement. The reading list provides additional sources on these topics.
This document discusses European colonization of Africa from the 15th to early 20th centuries. It provides context for European exploration and mapping of the African interior in the 19th century, including key figures like David Livingstone and Henry Morton Stanley. It then covers the Berlin Conference of 1884-85 which established rules for territorial claims and European colonization patterns. Specific examples discussed include the Congo Free State under King Leopold II of Belgium, the Dutch settlement of South Africa in 1652, the Zulu under Shaka, and tensions between the Boers and British in South Africa leading to the Boer War of 1899-1900.
The document discusses European imperialism in various regions of the world between 1800-1914. It covers the causes and successes of European imperialism, different forms of imperial rule over colonies, and European expansion and challenges to specific regions like Africa, the Muslim world, and Iran. Key events discussed include the Berlin Conference that partitioned Africa, Muhammad Ali's modernization of Egypt, and European powers establishing spheres of influence in Iran.
Britain entered World War 2 in 1939 after Germany invaded Poland. While the British were able to evacuate over 338,000 troops from Dunkirk in 1940, they lost valuable equipment. Germany then invaded France and soon controlled much of Western Europe. The Battle of Britain in 1940 was a major turning point as the British Royal Air Force defeated the German Luftwaffe, preventing invasion. Fighting also occurred in North Africa between British and German forces. By late 1942, the tide began to turn as the Soviets defeated Germany at Stalingrad and the Allies invaded Italy. On D-Day in 1944, Allied forces invaded Normandy and advanced towards Germany. The war ended in 1945 after the Allies invaded Germany from both east and west and dropped
The document discusses the close historical relationship between Ireland and Catalonia, whose political situations have both involved suppression by Britain and Spain respectively. It notes Ireland declared independence in 1949 after conflict with Britain, while Catalonia has faced censorship of its autonomy statute and police violence in response to independence referendums. The mayor of Dublin expressed support for Catalan independence, likening it to Ireland's situation in 1920. Famous Irish historical figures who supported Catalan causes are also mentioned.
George I became the first Hanoverian king of Great Britain in 1714 after Queen Anne's death. As he did not speak English, he relied heavily on his Whig Party supporters who came to dominate the government. During the early Hanoverian period, there was significant corruption under Prime Minister Walpole, while the Church of England declined. Meanwhile, Jacobites who supported the deposed Catholic King James Stuart staged two rebellions in Scotland to restore him to the throne, but both failed due to lack of support and competent leadership. The Whig government was able to put down the risings.
Irish Labour movement 1889-1924: Lecture Four - Jim Larkin and LarkinismConor McCabe
This document summarizes the life and work of Irish labor leader Jim Larkin from 1874-1947. Some key points:
- Larkin was born in Liverpool in 1874 to Irish parents and left school at age 11 to work various jobs. He became involved in labor organizing in the 1890s.
- In 1907 he was sent to Belfast to organize dock workers and called major strikes, leading to conflict with police. He later formed the Irish Transport and General Workers' Union in 1908.
- The 1913 Dublin Lockout saw over 20,000 workers dismissed for supporting the ITGWU. Larkin temporarily left for the US in 1914 to undertake speaking tours.
- He was imprisoned in the US
This document summarizes post-World War II anti-colonial terrorism in several regions. It discusses groups that used terrorism tactics in Cyprus, Algeria, Kenya, Chechnya, Turkey, Kurdistan, China, India, and parts of Africa to resist colonial rule and fight for independence or separatist goals. The document also notes how colonial boundaries in Africa led to ethnic divisions and terrorism, and that oil regions in Africa could experience problems from criminal and rebel groups vying for control.
Nationalism in Russia arose in the 19th century and promoted Russian culture and identity. It encouraged appreciation for Russian history, art, and literature. However, by the early 20th century, nationalism was declining as Russia struggled to modernize its economy and society. Growing inequality weakened patriotic support for the monarchy. When Russia entered World War I hoping to revive nationalism, the war effort's failures further undermined the tsar's popularity and led to his overthrow in the Russian Revolution.
The document provides details about King Charles V and King Philip II of Spain from the 16th century, including:
1) Charles V inherited a vast empire from his parents and fought many wars to defend Catholicism against France, the Ottoman Empire, and German Protestants.
2) Philip II aimed to preserve and defend Catholicism through religious intolerance, continuing Charles V's wars and starting new conflicts, including against England.
3) Both monarchs oversaw the Spanish conquest and colonization of the Americas, establishing viceroy systems to govern the new Spanish Empire.
Nationalism grew in Africa and the Middle East in response to European colonialism and imperialism. Africans fought against being controlled by European countries and losing their right to vote and land. Segregationist policies in South Africa, like apartheid, aimed to ensure white supremacy through laws that restricted better jobs and living areas to whites only. African nationalism movements emerged seeking unity, independence, and an end to colonial rule, including pan-Africanism, Marcus Garvey's calls for "Africa to Africans," and Egypt gaining independence from Britain in 1922.
The Making of a Global World...Power Point Presentationssh09
A very informative and interesting Power Point Presentation. This is based on Grade X History chapter "Making Of The Global World. I hope students across the globe will learn and understand this chapter in a easier way.
This document discusses the origins and definitions of nationalism. It begins by defining nationalism as a feeling of loyalty and pride in one's nation, and a desire for political independence. It then discusses how nationalism emerged in Europe in the late 18th and 19th centuries due to events like the French Revolution and Industrial Revolution, which challenged old power structures and led to the rise of nation-states. Nationalism further developed due to the growth of the middle class and their desire for more political rights and representation. The document also introduces the concept of the "imagined community" which underlies modern nationalist movements.
The document provides an introduction to modernism, discussing how various late 19th and early 20th century developments influenced art and society. It notes how the Industrial Revolution, Darwinism, Marxism, and social/political changes altered ideas about art. The rise of modernism saw artists reject past traditions and express new interpretations of the world. Photography became an appealing medium as it associated with technology and modern life. Artists explored dreams, symbolism, and personal experiences to depict subjective realities.
This document provides a timeline and overview of Anglo-Irish relations from the 11th century up until the early 20th century. It describes the various invasions and periods of English and Irish rule over the island. Key events included the Anglo-Norman invasion in 1171, Henry VIII declaring himself King of Ireland in 1541, several rebellions against English rule, the Acts of Union in 1801, the push for Catholic emancipation, and the eventual partition of Ireland and establishment of separate parliaments for Northern Ireland and what would become the Irish Free State through the Government of Ireland Act in 1920.
The struggle of independence in the arab world - The case of EgyptMiss Seha
Saad Zaghlul was a leader of Egyptian nationalism and founder of the Wafd Party. In 1919, Britain exiled Zaghlul for leading protests against the British occupation of Egypt. Mass protests erupted across Egypt demanding independence. Britain eventually released Zaghlul and granted Egypt limited independence in 1922 while maintaining control. The Wafd Party continued pushing for full independence and dominated Egyptian politics between World War I and the 1950s.
The Algerian Revolution was a guerrilla war that lasted eight years from 1954 to 1962, resulting in over 1.5 million Algerian deaths. It began as nationalist sentiment grew against French colonial rule, with the FLN launching attacks on November 1, 1954. After failed attempts to fully conquer Algeria in the 1800s, the French occupation left Algerians as second-class citizens, fueling the desire for independence. Between 1954-1962, the FLN organized militarily and politically to ultimately gain Algeria's independence from France.
The document summarizes the process of decolonization and nation-building after World War II. It discusses the rise of anti-colonial nationalism, patterns of independence like civil war, negotiated independence, and incomplete decolonization. It also examines decolonization processes in different regions, including French colonies in North Africa, West Africa, Southern Africa, Central Africa, and the Congo.
Jonathan Swift was an Irish writer and clergyman in the late 17th and early 18th centuries. He was politically engaged and wrote A Modest Proposal in 1729 to satirize the political situation in Ireland under British rule. At the time, Catholic Irish people faced extreme poverty and oppression under the Penal Laws enacted by Britain. In just three sentences, the document provides biographical context on Swift and outlines the political situation in Ireland involving the subjugation of the Catholic Irish majority that informed Swift's writing of A Modest Proposal.
The English Renaissance occurred between 1485-1625. It was inspired by rediscovery of classical Greek and Roman arts and literature. Key developments included the introduction of humanism and the printing press, which increased access to books. Notable figures included William Shakespeare, who wrote 37 plays and invented over 3,000 words, and Sir Walter Raleigh, a poet and explorer. The Protestant Reformation led by Martin Luther divided the Catholic Church, with Henry VIII later breaking England's ties with Rome. Elizabeth I's long reign saw England defeat the Spanish Armada and establish itself as a major power.
The document discusses the history of English involvement in Ireland dating back to 1169 when Henry II claimed Ireland for England. It led to centuries of conflict and English attempts to assert control over Ireland through military conquest and plantation settlements. This caused the displacement of Irish peoples and established religious and political divisions between Protestant and Catholic communities that continue today in Northern Ireland.
The document summarizes the history of separatist terrorism in Ireland and the Basque region of Spain. In Ireland, separatist violence stemmed from British domination and cultural suppression of the Irish people dating back to the Norman conquest. This led to the formation of groups like the IRA who used terrorism in campaigns for Irish independence and against British rule, particularly in Northern Ireland. In the Basque region, separatist violence by ETA was a response to the suppression of Basque culture and identity under Franco's fascist regime in Spain. ETA used terrorism from the 1960s onwards in their fight for an independent Basque state.
The document provides an overview of the Victorian era in Britain from 1820 to 1914. It summarizes that during this period, Britain had a stable government and growing economy while also controlling a large global empire. Society was highly stratified by gender and class, with men occupying the public sphere and women the private sphere. Religion was important, and science also advanced, with Darwin publishing his theory of evolution. Culturally, the theatre flourished along with authors like Dickens, and feminism began spreading among the educated classes.
James I became the first monarch of both England and Scotland after Queen Elizabeth died without an heir. He believed in the divine right of kings, which caused conflict with Parliament. During his reign, Puritans grew more popular but were suppressed, and Guy Fawkes attempted to blow up Parliament in the Gunpowder Plot of 1605. Charles I faced economic and religious problems during his reign, leading to the English Civil War between Royalists and Parliamentarians. Oliver Cromwell emerged victorious, establishing the Commonwealth and becoming Lord Protector before his death led to the restoration of the monarchy.
England’s Immigrants: Did trade and migration change - Lesson 2The-National-Archives
This document discusses two case studies from 16th century England that illustrate the impact of trade and migration on Tudor society:
1) Evil May Day 1517 - A riot in London triggered by a sermon against foreign workers. This shows tensions caused by competition for jobs from migrant workers.
2) The Stranger community at Glastonbury 1551-1553 - Protestant families fled religious persecution in France and Belgium, bringing weaving skills that benefited the English woollen trade. However, they struggled initially without proper housing or support.
The document examines how these cases suggest trade and migration both increased tensions in society but also introduced new economic opportunities through the transfer of skills from foreign entrepreneurs.
The document provides a historical overview of the United Kingdom from prehistory to the 20th century. It covers major periods including the Roman period when Latin was introduced, the Germanic invasions which brought Germanic languages and new farming methods, the medieval period defined by Norman rule and the establishment of English as the dominant language, the 16th century Protestant reformation, the 17th century English Civil War and consolidation of parliamentary power, the 1707 Acts of Union forming the Kingdom of Great Britain, the 18th century British Empire and Industrial Revolution, the 19th century loss of American colonies and political/social reforms, and concludes with an overview reaching the 20th century.
- Welsh is an endangered language that is only spoken by 16-20% of people in Wales, with higher percentages in northern and western Wales. The Welsh language has faced historic repression through English laws and policies attempting to replace Welsh with English.
- A comparison is drawn between the repression of Welsh and Catalan, though Catalan still has a higher percentage of speakers despite similar treatment. The document investigates the current state of the Welsh language through interviews, research, and time spent in Wales.
- The conclusion is that the Welsh language needs support to avoid disappearing, as the people of Wales now seem to lack interest in their own culture and language if no efforts are made to revive it through education policies and cultural promotion. Active
Discusses the evolution of the cultural, social, and political situation that led to the creation of Northern Ireland in 1921. Investigates the various conflicts and history of the evolution of the Northern Irish state from its inception in 1921 until the Belfast/Good Friday Agreement of 1998. Particular emphasis is placed on the social and cultural issues of the main communities within Northern Ireland.
The rise of nationalism in europe, Class - x (Martand Classes)Aditya Mishra
This document provides an overview of the rise of nationalism in Europe during the 19th century. It discusses key events and ideas that contributed to the emergence of nation-states in Europe, including the French Revolution, the Congress of Vienna, and revolutions in 1830 and 1848. It also summarizes the unification processes in Germany and Italy in the latter half of the 19th century. Nationalism in Europe became increasingly tied to imperialism by the late 19th century and caused rising tensions, particularly in the Balkan region.
- Prehistoric Britain was inhabited by Celtic tribes between the 6th-3rd centuries BC who were later converted to Christianity. The Romans invaded Britain in 43 AD, building infrastructure like roads and fortifications.
- Anglo-Saxons and Vikings invaded Britain after the Romans left in 400 AD. Christianity was reintroduced by St. Augustine in 597 AD. The Normans led by William the Conqueror defeated the Anglo-Saxons at the Battle of Hastings in 1066.
- The Tudor period from 1485-1603 was characterized by new learning, trade expansion and naval victories. The Stuart period from 1603-1714 saw civil war and Oliver Cromwell become Lord
History of Romantic Literature Presented by Legends Group Monir Hossen
This document provides short notes and summaries on topics related to the Romantic period in English literature, including the Industrial Revolution, French Revolution, Romantic movement, Romanticism, symbolism, and spontaneity. It was presented by several students and includes an introduction, definitions of key terms, discussions of related historical events and their impacts, and characteristics of Romantic poetry and ideals. The document serves to outline important concepts and provide foundational information on the Romantic era for students in an English literature course.
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Renaissance English Literature Lesson in Third QuarterJessaBejer1
The Renaissance began in Italy in the 14th century and spread across Europe, marking a period of cultural and intellectual rebirth. Key developments included renewed interest in classical antiquity and humanism, the invention of the printing press which increased literacy, and the Protestant Reformation which challenged Catholic Church authority. In England, the Renaissance saw flourishing of the arts and literature during the reigns of the Tudor and Stuart monarchs. Notable English Renaissance authors and artists included William Shakespeare, Christopher Marlowe, Edmund Spenser, and Francis Bacon.
This document is a thesis submitted by Bryan Morey in partial fulfillment of an honors degree from Hillsdale College in Spring 2016. It examines religious relations in the town of Warwick, England between 1694-1900. Unlike larger cities, Warwick experienced relatively peaceful relations between Anglicans and Dissenters, with little tension or violence. It also did not experience major religious revival movements like Evangelicalism and Revivalism that impacted other parts of England. Due to its small size and isolation, Warwick had a remarkably different religious history than the typical narrative of English religious divisions after the Restoration.
This document summarizes major events in Europe between 1520 and 1701, including religious wars between Catholics and Protestants in France, the revolt of the Dutch against Spanish rule, and the English Civil War. It led to the rise of absolute monarchy in France under Louis XIV and a shift of power to England and France after Philip II's death. The Peace of Westphalia ended the Thirty Years' War and established that German states could choose their own religion.
The document provides an overview of social and cultural contexts during the Victorian period in Britain from 1837 to 1901. Some key points covered include:
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- Victorian literature often addressed social issues and protested problems caused by industrialization. Major novelists included Dickens, the B
The document discusses several themes in American society in the 1700s, including increasing ethnic and cultural diversity, growth of the triangular slave trade, and the spread of democracy. Key events were the Great Awakening religious revival, the Zenger trial which established freedom of the press, and colonial assemblies attempting to assert authority over royal governors by withholding salaries. By 1775 the 13 colonies were growing more united and democratic, though a true democracy did not yet exist.
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Guests are treated to candy and sweets, for which reason the holiday is known as Şeker Bayramı, or “Candy Festival.” When coffee is available, it is commonly served. Various sweets are made both to eat and to serve to guests. The most common sweets made for the Feast of Ramadan are baklava and kadayıf
Turkish folk culture and dance plays an important role in fostering national pride and unity. Various folk dances originate from different regions of Turkey and reflect the cultural influences and traditions of those areas. Some of the most well-known Turkish folk dances include the bar from Erzurum, the halay from eastern and southeastern Anatolia, the hora from Thrace, and the horon from the Black Sea region. Each dance tells aspects of Turkish cultural history and heritage through its unique movements, music, and traditions.
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Elevate Your Nonprofit's Online Presence_ A Guide to Effective SEO Strategies...TechSoup
Whether you're new to SEO or looking to refine your existing strategies, this webinar will provide you with actionable insights and practical tips to elevate your nonprofit's online presence.
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إضغ بين إيديكم من أقوى الملازم التي صممتها
ملزمة تشريح الجهاز الهيكلي (نظري 3)
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تتميز هذهِ الملزمة بعِدة مُميزات :
1- مُترجمة ترجمة تُناسب جميع المستويات
2- تحتوي على 78 رسم توضيحي لكل كلمة موجودة بالملزمة (لكل كلمة !!!!)
#فهم_ماكو_درخ
3- دقة الكتابة والصور عالية جداً جداً جداً
4- هُنالك بعض المعلومات تم توضيحها بشكل تفصيلي جداً (تُعتبر لدى الطالب أو الطالبة بإنها معلومات مُبهمة ومع ذلك تم توضيح هذهِ المعلومات المُبهمة بشكل تفصيلي جداً
5- الملزمة تشرح نفسها ب نفسها بس تكلك تعال اقراني
6- تحتوي الملزمة في اول سلايد على خارطة تتضمن جميع تفرُعات معلومات الجهاز الهيكلي المذكورة في هذهِ الملزمة
واخيراً هذهِ الملزمة حلالٌ عليكم وإتمنى منكم إن تدعولي بالخير والصحة والعافية فقط
كل التوفيق زملائي وزميلاتي ، زميلكم محمد الذهبي 💊💊
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This presentation was provided by Rebecca Benner, Ph.D., of the American Society of Anesthesiologists, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
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These slides walk through the story of 1 Samuel. Samuel is the last judge of Israel. The people reject God and want a king. Saul is anointed as the first king, but he is not a good king. David, the shepherd boy is anointed and Saul is envious of him. David shows honor while Saul continues to self destruct.
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2. 1402-1624
Banned Welsh from senior civil office
Banned the carrying of arms
Property could not be bought in England
Englishmen who married Welsh women came under
the Penal Laws.
3. The Laws in Wales Act
The creation of a single state
England and Wales.
Effects?
4. Effects:
Marcher lordships were abolished.
Establishment of more Welsh counties.
The legal establishment of the Council of Wales and the
Marches.
MPs go to Westminster
Popular amongst the Welsh gentry-equality under the
law.
Creation of a peaceful Wales.
BUT….
Damaging effect on Welsh identity, culture and
economy.
5. Effect on the Welsh language. The Acts of Union 1535,
1542.
The English language alone was to be used in
administration and the law.
All administrators must only use English.
6. 1546 First printed book in Welsh.
1567 Translation of Prayer Book and New Testament
into Welsh.
1588: Translation of the whole Bible into Welsh- its
influence.
This period also represents the end of Catholicism in
Wales (except for small numbers in SE Wales)
7.
8. 1707 Edward Lhuyd’s Archaeologia
Britannica. Beginnings of Celtic Studies.
Mid 18th century- the beginnings of Welsh
non-conformity. Howel Harris. Rejection of
Anglicanism.
1737-61: the circulating schools of Griffith
Jones
1743 The Methodist Association in Wales
9.
10.
11.
12.
13. Key names: Howell Harris, Daniel Rowlands and the
most prominent: William Williams Pantycelyn. (often
just called Pantycelyn).
Methodism in Wales was a break with Anglicanism
(not officially until the early 19th century). It was an
evangelical form of Protestantism inspired by the
works of Calvin.
14. Pantycelyn was a great writer of religious poems (we
would call them hymns) still popular today.
Another great eighteenth century Welsh religious
writer was Ann Griffiths (1776-1805), who died
shortly after childbirth at the early age of 29.
Following her death her hymns were written down
by her maid’s husband. They are love-songs, full of
vivid images and metphors, reflecting a deep
knowledge of the Bible and the beliefs of the Non-conformists
(all the non-Anglican versions of
Protestantism).
15.
16. By the nineteenth century, Welsh Nonconformity was
no longer a radical force in religious terms, but rather
a social force and institution that dominated all Welsh
aspects of Welsh culture.
Religious leaders were now the leaders of society in
Wales and they disapproved of the older folk culture
of Wales.
17.
18. Beginnings of industrialisation in Wales 1757.
Iron works,
coal-mining,
tin works.
Dowlais,
Merthyr Tydful,
Big Pit.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23. Beginnings of industrialisation in
Wales:
The first iron-works were in Hirwaun in South Wales
(1757).
The centre of Welsh culture and history shifts to the
south-east, the iron works and then the coal industry.
24. Wales had by then (late 18th century and 19th century)
become a non-conformist Protestant nation, largely
Welsh-speaking (only) and for most of the population
living in an industrialsed environment (especially after
1860).
25. First census in Wales 1801.
Population of Wales 587,000.
Separation of Welsh Methodists from the Church of
England (Anglicans).
Merthyr Riots 1831.
Beginnings of the unions – representation of the
workers.
Rebecca Riots 1839-44.
26. This unrest led to the Rebecca Riots from 1839 until the
middle of the 1840s. The rioters main target were the
numerous tollgates erected by the various turnpike trusts
established at the end of the eighteenth century. The
rioters, men dressed in women's clothing and known as the
Daughters of Rebecca, would attack and destroy the
tollgates. The protest movement attracted widespread
support and it was not long before the attacks widened,
the Carmarthen Workhouse was attacked and both
landowners and magistrates were threatened.
27.
28. The government began an enquiry into education in
Wales.
It consisted of three commissioners from England who
knew no Welsh and based their work on the evidence
given by Anglican ministers.
The report mentioned that schools often only had
English speaking teachers and pupils who only knew
Welsh. The textbooks were all in English.
In fact, most children learned Welsh literacy in the
Sunday schools run by the Welsh Chapels (non-conformist
churches).
29. The report also concluded that the Welsh were lazy,
immoral and ignorant and that this was a
consequence of the Welsh language and non-conformity.
There was a furious reaction led by one Robert Jones
Derfel.
It can be argued that the reaction to this prejudiced
report led to the self-governance of Wales
movement.
30. ‘One of the inevitable results of the report was its
effect on the nation's mind and psyche. It was at this
time that ordinary Welsh people began to believe that
they could only improve themselves socially through
education and the ability to speak and communicate in
English’.
36. 1886- the Cymru Fydd movement is founded.
1898-the foundation of the South Wales Miners’
Federation. The ‘FED’.
1916-Lloyd George becomes first Welsh prime-minister
of the UK.
1925 Plaid Cymru is founded. The National Party of
Wales. Formany decades is in the political dessert but
by the 1990s is one of the main forces in Welsh
politics.
37. Following the Reform Act of 1884, the majority of the
adult males of Wales were given the vote. Most of
them were content to support the Liberal Party, some
because of their Nonconformist loyalties and others
because they considered Liberalism to be an umbrella
movement capable of accommodating a wide range of
radical causes.
38. Liberalism: in 1885 . All but five of the 35 parliamentry
seats were won by the Liberal party.
Amongst these were such as David Lloyd George and
Tom Ellis. The liberals championed the cause of the
non-conformist tenant farmers and all those who
believed that the diversity and special needs of Wales
needed to be addressed.out of this grew the ‘Young
Wales’ movement and calls for self-government.
39. The growth of nationalism-
The very concept of Wales as a nation.
At the turn of the century (c1899), the Welsh language
was spoken by over one million people, and there was
every indication that Welsh could become the
language of law, science and politics.
Yet, by the early years of the 20th century, the numbers
of Welsh speakers had fallen to less than 50% of the
Welsh population.
40. However, notions of national liberation were slow to
get off the ground. Most liberal leaders were luke-warm,
and the ideology of Britishness (Empire, Queen,
law) pervaded the Welsh nation.
In 1900, Keir Hardie was elected in Merthyr Tudful
(South Wales) as the first socialist MP in Wales. This
signalled an end of an era.
41.
42. During the first two decades of the twentieth century
there was a sense of optimism in Wales which saw the
creation of the University of Wales, the National
Library of Wales, the National Museum of Wales
(Cardiff).
The regaining of a sense of Welsh history was being
promoted by such historians as O.M.Edwards.
by 1911, two thirds of the Welsh population lived in
Glamorgan and Monmouthshire (SE Wales).
43. Lloyd George: social justice, and the creation of a
pension scheme.
Life in rural Cardiganshire- tuberculosis, maternal
mortality.
Yet, in 1914, still only five of the 34 Welsh MPs were
socialist (Labour Party).
44. The Tonypandy riots in 1910, followed by the military
occupation of the Rhondda Valley in 1911 (controlled
by Winston Churchill).
The growth in syndicalism (unions).
The three-year strike at the Penrhyn Quarry in NW
Wales.
South Wales became very militant. The 1915 miners’
strike in the middle of WW1.
General strike and miners; lockout in 1926.
45. Labour won half of the constituencies in 1922.
In 1931, Labour held 16 seats in South Wales.
It reached its peak in 1966 with 32 seats out of 36
(61% of the popular vote).
46. Over the next few years following WW1 there was a
steady increase in the number of Labour councillors
and MPs in Wales, and in 1922, Labour won half the
Welsh parliamentary seats - setting the scene for the
party's hegemony in Welsh politics over coming
decades.
The national union of mineworkers was affiliated to
the Labour Party which meant that MPs were often
sponsored by the Union.
47. Growth in Welsh nationalism and national
consciousness.
1936-the burning of the bombing school in Penyberth.
(Saunders Lewis, D.J.Williams, Lewis Valentine).
48. Saunders Lewis’ “Fate of the Language” radio lecture
in 1962.
1962- the formation of Cymdeithas yr Iaith
Gymraeg/the Welsh Language Society (non-violent
pressure group, civil disobedience).
49. He discussed the celebrated case of Trefor and Eileen
Beasley of Llangennech who, between 1952 and 1960,
refused to pay their local taxes unless the tax demands
were in Welsh. The local authority (Llanelli Rural
District) was 84% Welsh-speaking in 1951, and Lewis
pointed out that all the Rural District's councillors and
officials were Welsh speakers.[
50. Period of civil disobedience by members of the Welsh
Language Society. Two major campaigns:
◦Road signs in Welsh.
◦The creation of a Welsh-language
television channel.
51.
52. ‘In 1956, a private bill sponsored by Liverpool City
Council was brought before Parliament to develop a
water reservoir from theTryweryn Valley. The
development would include the flooding of Capel
Celyn. By obtaining authority via an Act of Parliament,
Liverpool City Council would not require planning
consent from the relevant Welsh local authorities.
This, together with the fact that the village was one of
the last Welsh-only speaking communities, ensured
that the proposals became deeply controversial’.
53. What happened in Capel celyn gave an impetus to
Welsh ‘devolution’ (self-governance).
It was clear that at the time Wales was sorely lacking in
in governance of any sort.
1964 Welsh Office, Secretary of State.
Mudiad Amddiffyn Cymru 1963. Bombings. (six years).
1965 Llyn Celyn reservoir opened.
2005 Liverpool City Council apologizes.
Enya’r song ‘Dan Y Dwr’.
Poem by R.S. Thomas ‘Reservoirs’.
55. 1964-Creation of the Welsh Office, and James Griffiths
appointed first Secretary of State for Wales.
1967-first Welsh Language Act.(‘equal status’in law-courts)
1973-Kilbrandon Commission recommends creation of
regional parliament for Wales.
It will be three decades before it happens.
56. 1979- first referendum on Welsh parliament
(assembly). The ‘no’s win.
1982-Welsh-language television channel (S4C) set up.
1988- creation of the Welsh language board as a
consultative body.
By 1990s the Welsh language receives much more
recognition.
57. 1991- census reveals increase in numbers of those able
to speak Wales.
1993-Second Welsh Language Act passed.
1999 – Welsh National Assembly opens in Cardiff.
2011- Appointment of first Language Commissioner
2012-
58. In July 1997, the British Government published a
White Paper, A Voice for Wales, which outlined
proposals for devolution in Wales.
A referendum was held on 18 September 1997. It was
very close: 559,419 for and 552,698 against. Just over
half the electorate voted.
59. The establishment of the national Assembly for Wales
in May 1999 changed the nature of politics in Wales by
creating a new style of government in which decisions
and policies were focused on Wales.
Wales remains part of the UK.
New powers.
Fewer powers than Scotland.
60.
61.
62.
63. The establishment of the National Assembly for
Wales in May 1999 changed the nature of politics in
Wales by creating a new style of government in
which decisions and policies were focused on Wales.
Wales remains part of the UK.
New powers.
http://www.assemblywales.org/sen-home.htm
64. 1991- census reveals increase in numbers of those
able to speak Wales. How?
1993-Second Welsh Language Act passed.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_Language_Act_1
993
65. 'in the course of public business and the administration of
justice, so far as is reasonably practicable, the Welsh and
English languages are to be treated on the basis of equality.'
Basically the Act did three things:
set up the Welsh Language Board, answerable to the
Secretary of State for Wales, with the duty of promoting the
use of Welsh and ensuring compliance with the other
provisions.
gave Welsh speakers the right to speak Welsh in court
proceedings
obliged all organisations in the public sector providing
services to the public in Wales to treat Welsh and English on
an equal basis
66. In July 1997, the British Government
published a White Paper, A Voice for Wales,
which outlined proposals for devolution in
Wales.
A referendum was held on 18 September
1997. It was very close: 559,419 for and
552,698 against. Just over half the electorate
voted.
67.
68.
69. The establishment of the National
Assembly for Wales in May 1999
changed the nature of politics in Wales
by creating a new style of government
in which decisions and policies were
focused on Wales.
Wales remains part of the UK.