This document discusses the history of the IRA and its involvement in conflicts in Ireland from the early 20th century onwards. It covers the origins of tensions between Catholics and Protestants in Ireland, the Irish War of Independence against British rule between 1919-1921, and the subsequent Irish Civil War. It also discusses the split within the IRA after the Anglo-Irish Treaty and formation of different IRA factions, as well as the IRA's portrayal in Irish culture through films and music. Finally, it briefly mentions the Colombia Three, three Irish nationals who trained FARC rebels in Colombia.
Cumann nGaedheal pursued an active foreign policy after the establishment of the Irish Free State in 1922 to increase Ireland's independence and sovereignty. They joined the League of Nations in 1923 over British objections. The 1926 Commonwealth Conferences and 1930 Statute of Westminster formally established equality among Commonwealth nations and allowed them to repeal British laws. Cumann nGaedheal's foreign policy successfully established Ireland as an independent nation within the international community.
Cumann na nGaedheal came to power after the April 1923 general election, winning 63 seats. William T. Cosgrave became President of the Executive Council while Kevin O'Higgins served as V. President and Minister for Home Affairs. The new government adopted a conservative administration similar to the British system, with 98% of British civil servants transferring to the new Irish Free State civil service. A new unarmed police force, the Civic Guard (later known as the Garda Síochána) was also established to replace the Royal Irish Constabulary. The court system remained similar to Britain's with district, circuit, central criminal and high courts, as well as a supreme court. Local government underwent changes as
Sinn Fein grew rapidly after the 1916 Easter Rising when the British government mistakenly blamed the rebellion on the party. Membership increased tenfold as republican prisoners released from internment camps joined and helped organize Sinn Fein. In elections in 1917-1918, Sinn Fein established itself as the leading nationalist party in Ireland, winning seats and further growth. The British government's failed attempts to introduce conscription and claim Sinn Fein collaborated with Germany only increased Irish support for the republican party. In the 1918 general election held after World War 1, Sinn Fein captured 73 seats, becoming the dominant force in Irish politics.
During World War 2, Ireland declared neutrality to assert its sovereignty and independence following the partition of Ireland in 1921. Ireland pursued a policy of pro-Allied neutrality by secretly assisting Britain through weather reports and allowing escaped Allied prisoners while maintaining economic trade. This policy was popular among the Irish people who were spared the suffering of war but it created tensions with Britain and the United States who wanted Ireland to join the Allied effort more directly. The war had significant economic impacts on Ireland through rationing, unemployment, inflation, and difficulties obtaining imports.
The First Dáil was established in 1919 by Sinn Féin members who refused to take seats in the British House of Commons. They began organizing their own government and courts in Ireland. The War of Independence began in 1919 with an IRA ambush of British forces. The IRA used guerrilla tactics against the British army. Michael Collins established an intelligence network to gather information on British spies and informers. As the conflict escalated, the British recruited the Black and Tans and Auxiliaries, whose reprisal attacks harmed many innocent Irish civilians. There were several major violent incidents in 1920-1921 until both sides agreed to a truce in July 1921 due to shortages on the IRA side and rising criticism and
Fianna Fail pursued economic policies of protectionism and self-sufficiency after gaining power in 1932. They imposed high tariffs on imports and gave loans and subsidies to encourage the development of Irish industry and agriculture. However, their actions led to an "Economic War" with Britain and higher prices for goods in Ireland. While some industries grew, unemployment remained high and many people suffered. Overall, Fianna Fail's economic policies met with mixed success in achieving full independence and prosperity for Ireland.
The Army Mutiny of 1924 occurred when officers and soldiers took weapons from their barracks, demanding an end to demilitarization and the removal of the Army Council. The government responded by appointing a new general and negotiating a compromise. This crisis firmly established government control over the army. In 1925, the findings of the Boundary Commission, which recommended only minor border changes, embarrassed the Irish government. Industrial unrest in the 1920s included strikes over wage cuts and pension reductions. The assassination of Kevin O'Higgins in 1927 led the government to make the IRA illegal and restrict constitutional amendments. In the early 1930s, the government cracked down on left-wing groups due to fears of communist influence, though most arrests were soon
This document discusses the history of the IRA and its involvement in conflicts in Ireland from the early 20th century onwards. It covers the origins of tensions between Catholics and Protestants in Ireland, the Irish War of Independence against British rule between 1919-1921, and the subsequent Irish Civil War. It also discusses the split within the IRA after the Anglo-Irish Treaty and formation of different IRA factions, as well as the IRA's portrayal in Irish culture through films and music. Finally, it briefly mentions the Colombia Three, three Irish nationals who trained FARC rebels in Colombia.
Cumann nGaedheal pursued an active foreign policy after the establishment of the Irish Free State in 1922 to increase Ireland's independence and sovereignty. They joined the League of Nations in 1923 over British objections. The 1926 Commonwealth Conferences and 1930 Statute of Westminster formally established equality among Commonwealth nations and allowed them to repeal British laws. Cumann nGaedheal's foreign policy successfully established Ireland as an independent nation within the international community.
Cumann na nGaedheal came to power after the April 1923 general election, winning 63 seats. William T. Cosgrave became President of the Executive Council while Kevin O'Higgins served as V. President and Minister for Home Affairs. The new government adopted a conservative administration similar to the British system, with 98% of British civil servants transferring to the new Irish Free State civil service. A new unarmed police force, the Civic Guard (later known as the Garda Síochána) was also established to replace the Royal Irish Constabulary. The court system remained similar to Britain's with district, circuit, central criminal and high courts, as well as a supreme court. Local government underwent changes as
Sinn Fein grew rapidly after the 1916 Easter Rising when the British government mistakenly blamed the rebellion on the party. Membership increased tenfold as republican prisoners released from internment camps joined and helped organize Sinn Fein. In elections in 1917-1918, Sinn Fein established itself as the leading nationalist party in Ireland, winning seats and further growth. The British government's failed attempts to introduce conscription and claim Sinn Fein collaborated with Germany only increased Irish support for the republican party. In the 1918 general election held after World War 1, Sinn Fein captured 73 seats, becoming the dominant force in Irish politics.
During World War 2, Ireland declared neutrality to assert its sovereignty and independence following the partition of Ireland in 1921. Ireland pursued a policy of pro-Allied neutrality by secretly assisting Britain through weather reports and allowing escaped Allied prisoners while maintaining economic trade. This policy was popular among the Irish people who were spared the suffering of war but it created tensions with Britain and the United States who wanted Ireland to join the Allied effort more directly. The war had significant economic impacts on Ireland through rationing, unemployment, inflation, and difficulties obtaining imports.
The First Dáil was established in 1919 by Sinn Féin members who refused to take seats in the British House of Commons. They began organizing their own government and courts in Ireland. The War of Independence began in 1919 with an IRA ambush of British forces. The IRA used guerrilla tactics against the British army. Michael Collins established an intelligence network to gather information on British spies and informers. As the conflict escalated, the British recruited the Black and Tans and Auxiliaries, whose reprisal attacks harmed many innocent Irish civilians. There were several major violent incidents in 1920-1921 until both sides agreed to a truce in July 1921 due to shortages on the IRA side and rising criticism and
Fianna Fail pursued economic policies of protectionism and self-sufficiency after gaining power in 1932. They imposed high tariffs on imports and gave loans and subsidies to encourage the development of Irish industry and agriculture. However, their actions led to an "Economic War" with Britain and higher prices for goods in Ireland. While some industries grew, unemployment remained high and many people suffered. Overall, Fianna Fail's economic policies met with mixed success in achieving full independence and prosperity for Ireland.
The Army Mutiny of 1924 occurred when officers and soldiers took weapons from their barracks, demanding an end to demilitarization and the removal of the Army Council. The government responded by appointing a new general and negotiating a compromise. This crisis firmly established government control over the army. In 1925, the findings of the Boundary Commission, which recommended only minor border changes, embarrassed the Irish government. Industrial unrest in the 1920s included strikes over wage cuts and pension reductions. The assassination of Kevin O'Higgins in 1927 led the government to make the IRA illegal and restrict constitutional amendments. In the early 1930s, the government cracked down on left-wing groups due to fears of communist influence, though most arrests were soon
Irish Labour movement, 1889-1924 - Lecture Seven: Civil War and Retreat.Conor McCabe
This lecture discusses the Irish Labour movement from 1921-1924, following the Irish War of Independence and Civil War. It covers:
1. The post-war economic slump in Ireland and Britain in 1921, and the Irish Trade Union Congress's pledge to resist wage cuts.
2. The establishment of the Irish nationalist state through the Anglo-Irish Treaty in 1922, and the outbreak of civil war between pro- and anti-treaty factions. Prominent anti-treaty leader Liam Mellows was executed that year.
3. Letters written by Mellows from prison in 1922 calling on republicans to make their social and democratic program more clear and to prioritize winning support from Irish workers.
The document summarizes several key causes of the Irish Civil War:
1) The Irish Treaty in 1921 split public opinion, with some viewing it as a betrayal of Irish republican ideals and others as a stepping stone to further independence.
2) The IRA also split over the treaty, becoming the pro-treaty "Regulars" and anti-treaty "Irregulars".
3) The provisional Irish government had weak authority as it was temporary and not yet constitutionally established.
4) Anti-treaty IRA forces seized buildings in Dublin and refused to recognize the provisional government, further destabilizing the situation.
5) Attempts at reconciliation like the Collins-de
Immigration and discrimination presentationsarahelhamz
During WWI, immigration to Canada slowed significantly as it became difficult to immigrate from enemy countries. After WWI, unemployment increased and some Canadians blamed immigrants for social problems like job losses. The government limited immigration and certain groups like Chinese and Asian immigrants faced direct discrimination. The KKK also emerged in Canada in the 1920s targeting various immigrant groups. Overall immigrant discrimination increased in Canada during this period.
Irish Labour Movement 1889-1924: Lecture Six - Syndicalism in IrelandConor McCabe
This document summarizes the Irish Labour movement between 1889-1924, including key events and organizations. It discusses the rise of new unionism in the late 19th century led by figures like James Connolly and Jim Larkin. Major events covered include the 1913 Dublin Lockout, the role of syndicalism in the 1917-1921 period, and the impact of the Irish Civil War on the labour movement. The reading list provides additional sources on these topics.
Fianna Fail pursued an agenda of dismantling the Anglo-Irish Treaty after coming to power in 1932. They removed the oath of allegiance and reduced the role of the British monarch and governor general. De Valera promoted Irish sovereignty internationally through his role in the League of Nations. Tensions rose with Britain on issues like land annuities, leading to an economic war until the 1935 Coal-Cattle Pact. The 1937 Constitution established Ireland as an independent republic in all but name.
Irish Labour movement 1889-1924: Lecture Four - Jim Larkin and LarkinismConor McCabe
This document summarizes the life and work of Irish labor leader Jim Larkin from 1874-1947. Some key points:
- Larkin was born in Liverpool in 1874 to Irish parents and left school at age 11 to work various jobs. He became involved in labor organizing in the 1890s.
- In 1907 he was sent to Belfast to organize dock workers and called major strikes, leading to conflict with police. He later formed the Irish Transport and General Workers' Union in 1908.
- The 1913 Dublin Lockout saw over 20,000 workers dismissed for supporting the ITGWU. Larkin temporarily left for the US in 1914 to undertake speaking tours.
- He was imprisoned in the US
The document discusses the close historical relationship between Ireland and Catalonia, whose political situations have both involved suppression by Britain and Spain respectively. It notes Ireland declared independence in 1949 after conflict with Britain, while Catalonia has faced censorship of its autonomy statute and police violence in response to independence referendums. The mayor of Dublin expressed support for Catalan independence, likening it to Ireland's situation in 1920. Famous Irish historical figures who supported Catalan causes are also mentioned.
The Home Rule Crisis and World War One in IrelandNoel Hogan
John Redmond, leader of the Home Rule Party, convinced Prime Minister Asquith to grant home rule to Ireland in 1910. However, unionists strongly opposed home rule, fearing discrimination under Catholic rule. They organized under Sir Edward Carson and Sir James Craig, holding protests and forming armed groups like the Ulster Volunteer Force. Nationalists responded in kind with the Irish National Volunteers. As tensions rose, World War I broke out in 1914, postponing the home rule issue.
The document summarizes plans for the 1916 Easter Rising in Ireland. It describes how the Irish Volunteers and Citizen's Army planned an uprising to end British rule in Ireland and establish an independent republic. Their plans were disrupted when British intelligence intercepted a shipment of weapons from Germany. On Easter Monday 1916, the rebels went ahead and took over key locations in Dublin, reading the Easter Proclamation. After six days of fighting, the rebels surrendered to British forces. This led to hundreds of arrests and executions, turning the rebel leaders into martyrs and galvanizing Irish nationalism.
- The document discusses Belfast during World War 2, including its strategic importance due to its naval facilities and shipbuilding industry, and the devastating Belfast Blitz of April 1941 where German bombing killed over 1,100 people.
- During two nights of bombing in April 1941, waves of German planes dropped high explosives and incendiary bombs across Belfast, especially hitting working class areas and an air raid shelter, causing widespread damage and casualties.
- The Blitz had long term effects of consolidating Northern Ireland's position within the UK and further distancing the neutral Republic of Ireland, as well as stimulating postwar rebuilding efforts and investment.
This document provides a timeline and overview of Anglo-Irish relations from the 11th century up until the early 20th century. It describes the various invasions and periods of English and Irish rule over the island. Key events included the Anglo-Norman invasion in 1171, Henry VIII declaring himself King of Ireland in 1541, several rebellions against English rule, the Acts of Union in 1801, the push for Catholic emancipation, and the eventual partition of Ireland and establishment of separate parliaments for Northern Ireland and what would become the Irish Free State through the Government of Ireland Act in 1920.
Fianna Fail came to power in 1932 under Eamon de Valera and began dismantling the Anglo-Irish Treaty over the next several years. De Valera passed laws removing Ireland from British control and creating a new constitution in 1937 that made Ireland a republic in name. However, Ireland remained in the Commonwealth to avoid antagonizing Britain. De Valera also had to contend with the fascist Blueshirts organization and eventually banned them, seeing them as a threat. He initially supported the IRA but later banned it as well when it became a threat to his power.
Lecture Six discusses the post-World War I economic slump in Ireland and Britain in 1921, and its impacts. Unemployment rose to over 26% in Ireland as manufacturing trade halved. In Britain, unions like miners and railway workers were defeated after attempts to resist wage cuts. In Ireland, the Anglo-Irish truce prevented using troops to break unions during strikes as happened in Britain. The lecture also outlines the beginnings of the Irish Civil War, with the shelling of the Four Courts in Dublin marking its start after disagreements over the Anglo-Irish Treaty.
The document summarizes the reaction to the Anglo-Irish Treaty of 1921 in Ireland. It discusses the key aspects of the treaty including establishing the Irish Free State and retaining dominion status within the British Empire. It also outlines the debates in the Dáil Éireann, with arguments both for and against the treaty from military, republican, and moderate perspectives. In the end, the Dáil narrowly voted to accept the treaty by 64 to 57 votes.
The Downing Street Declaration of 1993 was a joint declaration by the British and Irish governments that acknowledged the rights of the people of Ireland to self-determination. It aimed to kickstart the peace process and negotiations between the political parties in Northern Ireland. The declaration came after years of on-again, off-again talks between the parties and after secret talks between Sinn Fein and the British government. However, the declaration failed to stop violence as the IRA and loyalist paramilitaries continued attacks in the following months.
The Wars of the Roses were a period of civil war between the houses of Lancaster and York for control of the English throne. Henry VI was a weak king who left decisions to competing noble families divided between the Lancastrians and Yorkists. Edward from the house of York eventually took the throne but was succeeded by his brother Richard III, who had Edward's sons killed. This united the nobles against Richard and allowed Henry Tudor to defeat Richard and become king, ending the Wars of the Roses which destroyed the power of the nobles and idea of hereditary kingship.
The document discusses the history of Welsh identity and nationalism from the 15th century onwards. It covers laws that suppressed Welsh culture, the rise of nonconformist Protestantism, the growth of industrialization, and the eventual establishment of devolved government for Wales through the creation of the Welsh Assembly in 1999. Key events included the banning of the Welsh language in legal systems, the Rebecca Riots protesting toll fees, and the flooding of the Welsh village of Capel Celyn to create a reservoir for Liverpool.
This document provides biographical details and context about Irish labor leader Jim Larkin. It outlines key events in Larkin's life including his upbringing and early work, involvement in labor organizing in Liverpool and Belfast, formation of the Irish Transport and General Workers' Union in 1908, and the 1913 Dublin Lockout strike. It also describes Larkin's syndicalist ideology which emphasized workers' control through industry-based unions and general strikes to transfer control to workers.
Britain entered World War 2 in 1939 after Germany invaded Poland. While the British were able to evacuate over 338,000 troops from Dunkirk in 1940, they lost valuable equipment. Germany then invaded France and soon controlled much of Western Europe. The Battle of Britain in 1940 was a major turning point as the British Royal Air Force defeated the German Luftwaffe, preventing invasion. Fighting also occurred in North Africa between British and German forces. By late 1942, the tide began to turn as the Soviets defeated Germany at Stalingrad and the Allies invaded Italy. On D-Day in 1944, Allied forces invaded Normandy and advanced towards Germany. The war ended in 1945 after the Allies invaded Germany from both east and west and dropped
The document discusses the history of the Irish Home Rule movement from the late 19th century through World War 1. It covers the political parties that supported and opposed Home Rule, the resistance in Ulster, various Home Rule bills proposed, and the impact of events like the Easter Rising of 1916. Key figures and groups discussed include Charles Stewart Parnell, William Gladstone, the Irish Nationalist Party led by John Redmond, the Ulster Unionist Party led by Edward Carson, and the nationalist Sinn Fein party.
The document discusses the Unionist opposition to Irish Home Rule in the early 20th century. It outlines that Protestants in Ulster province feared being subjected to a Catholic-majority parliament in Dublin. Unionists organized under leaders like Edward Carson and James Craig. They established a private paramilitary force, the Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF), and obtained guns from Germany. The British army experienced a mutiny when ordered to potentially confront the UVF. Facing civil war, the British proposed temporarily excluding six counties of Ulster from Home Rule, but Unionists refused any partition plan.
Irish Labour movement, 1889-1924 - Lecture Seven: Civil War and Retreat.Conor McCabe
This lecture discusses the Irish Labour movement from 1921-1924, following the Irish War of Independence and Civil War. It covers:
1. The post-war economic slump in Ireland and Britain in 1921, and the Irish Trade Union Congress's pledge to resist wage cuts.
2. The establishment of the Irish nationalist state through the Anglo-Irish Treaty in 1922, and the outbreak of civil war between pro- and anti-treaty factions. Prominent anti-treaty leader Liam Mellows was executed that year.
3. Letters written by Mellows from prison in 1922 calling on republicans to make their social and democratic program more clear and to prioritize winning support from Irish workers.
The document summarizes several key causes of the Irish Civil War:
1) The Irish Treaty in 1921 split public opinion, with some viewing it as a betrayal of Irish republican ideals and others as a stepping stone to further independence.
2) The IRA also split over the treaty, becoming the pro-treaty "Regulars" and anti-treaty "Irregulars".
3) The provisional Irish government had weak authority as it was temporary and not yet constitutionally established.
4) Anti-treaty IRA forces seized buildings in Dublin and refused to recognize the provisional government, further destabilizing the situation.
5) Attempts at reconciliation like the Collins-de
Immigration and discrimination presentationsarahelhamz
During WWI, immigration to Canada slowed significantly as it became difficult to immigrate from enemy countries. After WWI, unemployment increased and some Canadians blamed immigrants for social problems like job losses. The government limited immigration and certain groups like Chinese and Asian immigrants faced direct discrimination. The KKK also emerged in Canada in the 1920s targeting various immigrant groups. Overall immigrant discrimination increased in Canada during this period.
Irish Labour Movement 1889-1924: Lecture Six - Syndicalism in IrelandConor McCabe
This document summarizes the Irish Labour movement between 1889-1924, including key events and organizations. It discusses the rise of new unionism in the late 19th century led by figures like James Connolly and Jim Larkin. Major events covered include the 1913 Dublin Lockout, the role of syndicalism in the 1917-1921 period, and the impact of the Irish Civil War on the labour movement. The reading list provides additional sources on these topics.
Fianna Fail pursued an agenda of dismantling the Anglo-Irish Treaty after coming to power in 1932. They removed the oath of allegiance and reduced the role of the British monarch and governor general. De Valera promoted Irish sovereignty internationally through his role in the League of Nations. Tensions rose with Britain on issues like land annuities, leading to an economic war until the 1935 Coal-Cattle Pact. The 1937 Constitution established Ireland as an independent republic in all but name.
Irish Labour movement 1889-1924: Lecture Four - Jim Larkin and LarkinismConor McCabe
This document summarizes the life and work of Irish labor leader Jim Larkin from 1874-1947. Some key points:
- Larkin was born in Liverpool in 1874 to Irish parents and left school at age 11 to work various jobs. He became involved in labor organizing in the 1890s.
- In 1907 he was sent to Belfast to organize dock workers and called major strikes, leading to conflict with police. He later formed the Irish Transport and General Workers' Union in 1908.
- The 1913 Dublin Lockout saw over 20,000 workers dismissed for supporting the ITGWU. Larkin temporarily left for the US in 1914 to undertake speaking tours.
- He was imprisoned in the US
The document discusses the close historical relationship between Ireland and Catalonia, whose political situations have both involved suppression by Britain and Spain respectively. It notes Ireland declared independence in 1949 after conflict with Britain, while Catalonia has faced censorship of its autonomy statute and police violence in response to independence referendums. The mayor of Dublin expressed support for Catalan independence, likening it to Ireland's situation in 1920. Famous Irish historical figures who supported Catalan causes are also mentioned.
The Home Rule Crisis and World War One in IrelandNoel Hogan
John Redmond, leader of the Home Rule Party, convinced Prime Minister Asquith to grant home rule to Ireland in 1910. However, unionists strongly opposed home rule, fearing discrimination under Catholic rule. They organized under Sir Edward Carson and Sir James Craig, holding protests and forming armed groups like the Ulster Volunteer Force. Nationalists responded in kind with the Irish National Volunteers. As tensions rose, World War I broke out in 1914, postponing the home rule issue.
The document summarizes plans for the 1916 Easter Rising in Ireland. It describes how the Irish Volunteers and Citizen's Army planned an uprising to end British rule in Ireland and establish an independent republic. Their plans were disrupted when British intelligence intercepted a shipment of weapons from Germany. On Easter Monday 1916, the rebels went ahead and took over key locations in Dublin, reading the Easter Proclamation. After six days of fighting, the rebels surrendered to British forces. This led to hundreds of arrests and executions, turning the rebel leaders into martyrs and galvanizing Irish nationalism.
- The document discusses Belfast during World War 2, including its strategic importance due to its naval facilities and shipbuilding industry, and the devastating Belfast Blitz of April 1941 where German bombing killed over 1,100 people.
- During two nights of bombing in April 1941, waves of German planes dropped high explosives and incendiary bombs across Belfast, especially hitting working class areas and an air raid shelter, causing widespread damage and casualties.
- The Blitz had long term effects of consolidating Northern Ireland's position within the UK and further distancing the neutral Republic of Ireland, as well as stimulating postwar rebuilding efforts and investment.
This document provides a timeline and overview of Anglo-Irish relations from the 11th century up until the early 20th century. It describes the various invasions and periods of English and Irish rule over the island. Key events included the Anglo-Norman invasion in 1171, Henry VIII declaring himself King of Ireland in 1541, several rebellions against English rule, the Acts of Union in 1801, the push for Catholic emancipation, and the eventual partition of Ireland and establishment of separate parliaments for Northern Ireland and what would become the Irish Free State through the Government of Ireland Act in 1920.
Fianna Fail came to power in 1932 under Eamon de Valera and began dismantling the Anglo-Irish Treaty over the next several years. De Valera passed laws removing Ireland from British control and creating a new constitution in 1937 that made Ireland a republic in name. However, Ireland remained in the Commonwealth to avoid antagonizing Britain. De Valera also had to contend with the fascist Blueshirts organization and eventually banned them, seeing them as a threat. He initially supported the IRA but later banned it as well when it became a threat to his power.
Lecture Six discusses the post-World War I economic slump in Ireland and Britain in 1921, and its impacts. Unemployment rose to over 26% in Ireland as manufacturing trade halved. In Britain, unions like miners and railway workers were defeated after attempts to resist wage cuts. In Ireland, the Anglo-Irish truce prevented using troops to break unions during strikes as happened in Britain. The lecture also outlines the beginnings of the Irish Civil War, with the shelling of the Four Courts in Dublin marking its start after disagreements over the Anglo-Irish Treaty.
The document summarizes the reaction to the Anglo-Irish Treaty of 1921 in Ireland. It discusses the key aspects of the treaty including establishing the Irish Free State and retaining dominion status within the British Empire. It also outlines the debates in the Dáil Éireann, with arguments both for and against the treaty from military, republican, and moderate perspectives. In the end, the Dáil narrowly voted to accept the treaty by 64 to 57 votes.
The Downing Street Declaration of 1993 was a joint declaration by the British and Irish governments that acknowledged the rights of the people of Ireland to self-determination. It aimed to kickstart the peace process and negotiations between the political parties in Northern Ireland. The declaration came after years of on-again, off-again talks between the parties and after secret talks between Sinn Fein and the British government. However, the declaration failed to stop violence as the IRA and loyalist paramilitaries continued attacks in the following months.
The Wars of the Roses were a period of civil war between the houses of Lancaster and York for control of the English throne. Henry VI was a weak king who left decisions to competing noble families divided between the Lancastrians and Yorkists. Edward from the house of York eventually took the throne but was succeeded by his brother Richard III, who had Edward's sons killed. This united the nobles against Richard and allowed Henry Tudor to defeat Richard and become king, ending the Wars of the Roses which destroyed the power of the nobles and idea of hereditary kingship.
The document discusses the history of Welsh identity and nationalism from the 15th century onwards. It covers laws that suppressed Welsh culture, the rise of nonconformist Protestantism, the growth of industrialization, and the eventual establishment of devolved government for Wales through the creation of the Welsh Assembly in 1999. Key events included the banning of the Welsh language in legal systems, the Rebecca Riots protesting toll fees, and the flooding of the Welsh village of Capel Celyn to create a reservoir for Liverpool.
This document provides biographical details and context about Irish labor leader Jim Larkin. It outlines key events in Larkin's life including his upbringing and early work, involvement in labor organizing in Liverpool and Belfast, formation of the Irish Transport and General Workers' Union in 1908, and the 1913 Dublin Lockout strike. It also describes Larkin's syndicalist ideology which emphasized workers' control through industry-based unions and general strikes to transfer control to workers.
Britain entered World War 2 in 1939 after Germany invaded Poland. While the British were able to evacuate over 338,000 troops from Dunkirk in 1940, they lost valuable equipment. Germany then invaded France and soon controlled much of Western Europe. The Battle of Britain in 1940 was a major turning point as the British Royal Air Force defeated the German Luftwaffe, preventing invasion. Fighting also occurred in North Africa between British and German forces. By late 1942, the tide began to turn as the Soviets defeated Germany at Stalingrad and the Allies invaded Italy. On D-Day in 1944, Allied forces invaded Normandy and advanced towards Germany. The war ended in 1945 after the Allies invaded Germany from both east and west and dropped
The document discusses the history of the Irish Home Rule movement from the late 19th century through World War 1. It covers the political parties that supported and opposed Home Rule, the resistance in Ulster, various Home Rule bills proposed, and the impact of events like the Easter Rising of 1916. Key figures and groups discussed include Charles Stewart Parnell, William Gladstone, the Irish Nationalist Party led by John Redmond, the Ulster Unionist Party led by Edward Carson, and the nationalist Sinn Fein party.
The document discusses the Unionist opposition to Irish Home Rule in the early 20th century. It outlines that Protestants in Ulster province feared being subjected to a Catholic-majority parliament in Dublin. Unionists organized under leaders like Edward Carson and James Craig. They established a private paramilitary force, the Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF), and obtained guns from Germany. The British army experienced a mutiny when ordered to potentially confront the UVF. Facing civil war, the British proposed temporarily excluding six counties of Ulster from Home Rule, but Unionists refused any partition plan.
This document provides historical context around the rise of Irish nationalism and independence movements in the early 20th century. It discusses the founding of labor unions, the 1913 Dublin Lockout, the Home Rule acts and opposition in Ulster, the Easter Rising of 1916 and subsequent executions, the Sinn Fein electoral victory of 1918, the Anglo-Irish War from 1919-1921 and assassinations of police, and concludes with reference to the 1921 truce and negotiations that led to the partitioning of Ireland and establishment of the Irish Free State through the Anglo-Irish Treaty.
This document provides an overview of Irish history from prehistoric times through the early 20th century. It describes Ireland's geography and division into provinces. Celtic peoples arrived around 400 BC and brought new technologies and artistic styles. Celtic mythology was later recorded by Christian monks, including tales of heroes like Finn MacCumhail and Cuchulain. Ireland was Christianized in the 5th century AD and produced illuminated manuscripts. The country experienced Viking raids and Norman conquest. English Protestant rule in the 17th-18th centuries displaced Catholics. The Great Famine of the 1840s killed millions and changed Irish society. Nationalist movements led by O'Connell, Parnell, and the 1916 Easter Rising sought home rule and independence
The document summarizes some of the key causes of World War 1. Tensions had been increasing between countries as new stronger nations demanded more land. Specifically, the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo by Gavrilo Princip triggered a series of events that led countries to take sides and declare war on each other, dividing Europe into the Allied powers and Central powers and plunging the continent into war.
The document discusses the events surrounding the introduction of the Third Home Rule Bill in 1912 in Ireland. It summarizes that John Redmond believed Ireland was now peaceful, but opposition groups in Ulster soon openly defied the bill and rival military groups prepared for conflict. Within 10 years, Ireland was in a civil war and divided into two governments. The bill proposed devolving domestic powers to Ireland while retaining British control over foreign policy, but its opponents were willing to resist it by force.
The document discusses several key causes of World War 1: militarism led European powers like Germany and Russia to rapidly build up their armed forces in the early 20th century; a system of alliances tied the major European powers to one another militarily; imperialism and nationalism increased tensions in areas like the Balkans; and assertive leaders like Kaiser Wilhelm II pursued aggressive foreign policies. The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand by Serbian nationalists in 1914 triggered a series of escalating diplomatic and military actions by European powers due to these underlying factors, ultimately resulting in World War 1.
The Home Rule crisis in Britain led to political instability in 1909-1914. Nationalists in Ireland reacted angrily to the prospect of Home Rule being delayed again. Unionists in Ulster formed the Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF) to resist Home Rule, prompting Nationalists to form their own Irish Volunteer force to secure Home Rule for all of Ireland. The outbreak of World War 1 caused the implementation of Home Rule to be postponed until after the war ended.
The document provides background information on the main powers in Europe prior to World War 1, including Britain, France, Russia, Austria-Hungary and Germany. It describes their overseas empires, political situations, alliances and rivalries. It then outlines some of the key events that increased tensions between the powers and ultimately led to the outbreak of World War 1 in 1914.
The document provides background information on the causes of World War 1. It discusses the system of alliances that developed in Europe in the late 19th century including the Triple Alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy and the Triple Entente of Great Britain, France and Russia. It also examines imperial rivalries, military buildups, nationalist tensions in the Balkans, and the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria that directly triggered the war.
The document provides an overview of World War 1, including its causes such as militarism, alliances, and imperialism. It describes the major events and theaters of the war, from the initial Schlieffen Plan to the trench warfare on the Western Front. It also highlights the massive human costs of the war, with over 9 million soldiers killed and many civilian casualties due to new military technologies and a worldwide flu pandemic in 1918.
The document provides background information on the causes of World War I, including militarism, alliances, nationalism, imperialism, and assassination. It discusses key events that led to the outbreak of war in 1914, such as the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, Germany declaring war on Russia and France, and the invasion of Belgium. It also summarizes some major battles of WWI on the Western and Eastern Fronts, including the First Battle of the Marne in 1914, the Gallipoli Campaign in 1915, the Battles of Verdun and the Somme in 1916, and the German offensives and breaking of the Hindenburg Line in 1918.
The document summarizes the key causes and events of World War I. The main causes included militarism, alliances, imperialism, and nationalism in Europe. The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand led to an escalating series of events where countries honored their alliances, leading Germany and the Allied powers into war. New weapons like machine guns, poison gas, tanks, airplanes and trench warfare led to military stalemate and over 8.5 million deaths. The Treaty of Versailles after the war assigned guilt to Germany and imposed harsh reparations.
The Irish Question refers to the complex political and social conflict in Ireland that dates back to the 12th century when England imposed a feudal system, granting lands to English lords while Irish laborers lived in poverty. This led to rebellions by Irish Catholics against English and Protestant domination. The 1800 Act of Union merged Ireland and Britain but tensions remained between nationalists and unionists. Famines in the 1840s exacerbated issues, and rebellions continued through the early 20th century. The island was eventually partitioned into Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland, but conflict continued in Northern Ireland through the late 20th century before the Good Friday Agreement established power sharing in 1998.
The document summarizes the conflict known as "The Troubles" that plagued Northern Ireland from 1969 to 1998. It describes the two main communities in Northern Ireland - the unionists who want to remain part of the UK and are mostly Protestant, and the republicans who want Northern Ireland to join the Republic of Ireland and are mostly Catholic. It traces the origins of the conflict back to the partition of Ireland in 1921 and outlines key events like the civil rights movement of the 1960s, sectarian riots in 1969 that marked the start of The Troubles, and the rise of paramilitary groups like the Provisional IRA and UVF. Over 3,600 people were killed during the 30-year period of violence between the two
The document summarizes key events in Irish history surrounding the War of Independence and establishment of the Irish Free State. It describes the aftermath of the 1916 Easter Rising, including executions and imprisonment of leaders. It then discusses the rise of Sinn Féin and Michael Collins, the first meeting of the Dáil Éireann, the War of Independence fought using guerrilla tactics, Bloody Sunday, and the partitioning of Ireland. Finally, it outlines the negotiations of the Anglo-Irish Treaty, the divide in opinion it caused, and Britain withdrawing from Dublin Castle in 1922.
Home rule and the Irish Parliamentary Partymrdowdican
The document discusses the Home Rule movement in Ireland and the political crisis it caused in Britain between 1909-1914. It outlines that Nationalists wanted Home Rule and an Irish parliament, while Unionists in Ulster wanted to remain part of Britain. This caused tensions, with Unionists forming the Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF) of over 100,000 men to resist Home Rule. Nationalists responded by forming the Irish Volunteers. Both groups began importing arms, increasing the threat of civil war. World War 1 interrupted this by postponing Home Rule, though tensions remained high.
The document provides a history of the Irish Republican Army (IRA) from its origins in the 1850s to its divisions and activities through the late 20th century. It discusses the founding of the IRA and its early goal of rebelling against English rule of Ireland. It then outlines the Easter Rising of 1916, the Irish War of Independence from 1919-1922 that led to the partition of Ireland, and the subsequent split between pro-Treaty and anti-Treaty factions. The document also examines the IRA's border campaigns against Northern Ireland in the 1950s, its divisions in the 1960s-70s into Official IRA and Provisional IRA wings, and the Provisional IRA's long campaign of violence against British rule
The document provides a history of the conflict in Ireland from the 16th century to present day. It describes how British colonization of Ireland led Irish Catholics to revolt against Protestant rule. This caused tensions between Irish nationalists seeking independence and Northern Irish unionists wanting to remain part of the UK. Major events like the Easter Rising and subsequent Irish War of Independence exacerbated the conflict. The document then outlines The Troubles of the 20th century and efforts towards peace like the Good Friday Agreement.
Here are the key points about the geography of Australia and New Zealand:
- Australia is the world's sixth largest country by total area. It is located between the Indian and South Pacific oceans.
- The eastern half of Australia consists of the Great Dividing Range, which runs north to south and contains the country's highest mountains. West of the range are vast plains.
- New Zealand consists of two main islands - the North Island and the South Island - as well as many smaller islands. It has mountainous terrain and over 30,000 km of coastline.
- Major cities in Australia include Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Perth, and Adelaide. Major cities in New Zealand include Auckland, Wellington, Christchurch.
The document summarizes the history of separatist terrorism in Ireland and the Basque region of Spain. In Ireland, separatist violence stemmed from British domination and cultural suppression of the Irish people dating back to the Norman conquest. This led to the formation of groups like the IRA who used terrorism in campaigns for Irish independence and against British rule, particularly in Northern Ireland. In the Basque region, separatist violence by ETA was a response to the suppression of Basque culture and identity under Franco's fascist regime in Spain. ETA used terrorism from the 1960s onwards in their fight for an independent Basque state.
Fianna Fail came to power in 1932, winning the general election. They set about removing British influence from Irish politics and the constitution. De Valera removed the oath of allegiance and the position of Governor General. He introduced a new constitution in 1937 that created Ireland as a republic in all but name. De Valera also engaged in an "Economic War" with Britain from 1932-1938 over land annuities payments, which imposed hardships but resulted in more independence. While protectionist policies damaged agriculture, Fianna Fail grew industry and employment through state bodies like Aer Lingus and the Industrial Credit Corporation.
The document discusses the history of Irish republicanism and the IRA from their origins in the late 19th century up through the Irish War of Independence and subsequent Irish Civil War. It covers events like the Easter Rising of 1916, the First Dáil declaration of independence, the Anglo-Irish War from 1919-1921, and the split in the IRA that led to the civil war between pro-Treaty and anti-Treaty factions in 1922.
The document provides information about Ireland, including the author's Irish ancestors who immigrated from Ireland to the US in the early 20th century. It discusses Ireland's early history from the Stone Age through Viking invasions and English rule. It also covers Ireland's government transitioning to a republic and the Irish Civil War in the 1920s. Additionally, it gives overviews of Ireland's geography, counties, and constitution.
Cumann na nGaedheal governed Ireland from 1923-1932. Led by William Cosgrave, their priorities included establishing law and order through the Garda police force, gaining control over the army after a 1924 mutiny, and developing Ireland's economy through projects like the Shannon Hydroelectric Scheme. They took a generally conservative approach to governance and faced some unrest over issues like wage cuts. Kevin O'Higgins, a key minister, was assassinated in 1927, prompting the government to pass laws targeting the IRA and forcing all TDs to take their seats.
European settlement of New Zealand increased in the 19th century, with the New Zealand Company announcing plans to establish colonies in 1839. New Zealand became a British colony in 1841 and its population grew rapidly. New Zealand gained increasing independence throughout the late 19th and early 20th centuries, becoming a Dominion in 1907, and its citizens gained full citizenship in 1948. New Zealand achieved full legal independence when it passed the Constitution Act in 1986.
This document summarizes Ireland's path to independence in the early 20th century. It discusses how Ireland had long sought home rule from Britain. During World War I, Irish nationalists supported Britain in hopes of gaining home rule after the war, but the prolonged conflict led more radical groups like Sinn Fein to seek independence. Sinn Fein led the Easter Rising against Britain in 1916 and numerous Sinn Fein members were elected to parliament though they refused to sit in London. A de facto civil war broke out from 1918-1920 involving the IRA and British Black and Tans. The 1920 Home Rule Act granted Ireland independence except for counties in Ulster that remained part of Britain, leading to the establishment of the Irish Free State
Brookeborough & O'Neill - Northern Ireland Prime Ministersleavingcerthistory
Basil Brooke served as Prime Minister of Northern Ireland from 1949 to 1963, pursuing a policy of maintaining Protestant dominance. The IRA launched a border campaign from 1956-1962 that had little Catholic support. Terence O'Neill replaced Brookeborough in 1963 and sought reforms to build bridges between communities, meeting with the Irish Taoiseach which angered Unionists. The civil rights movement emerged demanding reforms, and marches in 1968 were met with police violence, destabilizing the region. O'Neill introduced some reforms under pressure but resigned in 1969 after loyalist attacks on a civil rights march.
Easter rising and rise of militant nationalismmrdowdican
The document discusses the events leading up to the 1916 Easter Rising in Ireland. It describes how the IRB (Irish Republican Brotherhood) reorganized under Tom Clarke and began planning an uprising. Nationalist sentiment grew as rumors of conscription and rising food prices eroded confidence in the British government. The forged "Castle Document" convinced Eoin MacNeill to support the rising. However, the shipment of weapons from Germany was intercepted, leading MacNeill to cancel plans for Easter Sunday. The IRB went ahead on Easter Monday with few weapons. Over 1,500 rebels seized buildings in Dublin and read the Easter Proclamation before surrendering after six days of fighting and over 3,500 arrests. Public opinion turned against Britain due
Northern Ireland has historically been divided along religious lines between its Protestant and Catholic populations. Centuries of English rule and settlement led to discrimination against Irish Catholics. While Ireland gained independence in 1921, Northern Ireland remained part of the UK. This led to sectarian conflict and violence throughout the 20th century as Catholics faced discrimination and demanded civil rights. Key events like Bloody Sunday exacerbated tensions and fueled support for paramilitary groups on both sides. Peace negotiations in the late 1990s led to the Good Friday Agreement and establishment of local government, but divisions remain between the two communities.
James Connolly (1868-1916) was an Irish socialist and republican leader. In the 1890s, he helped establish the Irish Socialist Republican Party in Dublin, whose goal was to create an Irish socialist republic based on public ownership of land and industry. The party advocated for nationalization of key industries, social welfare programs, workers' rights, and universal suffrage. Connolly continued his socialist and labor organizing activities in Ireland and the United States over the following decades, before playing a leading role in the 1916 Easter Rising against British rule in Ireland. He was executed for his role in the uprising.
1. Introduction to Irish Labour History 1889-1924Conor McCabe
This document provides information on the HHIS403 course "Political & Social Movements in Twentieth-Century Ireland" focusing on the Irish Labour Movement from 1889-1924. The course schedule and required reading are listed. Key figures to be discussed include Jim Larkin, James Connolly, and their roles in organizing workers and events like the 1913 Lockout. Supplementary reading materials on topics like syndicalism and the evolution of the Irish labor movement are also provided.
The document summarizes the events leading up to and during the 1798 Irish Rebellion against British rule. It discusses the penal laws that discriminated against Catholics and Presbyterians, restricting their rights. Dissatisfaction grew as the British parliament had control over Ireland's laws and trade. The United Irishmen, led by Theobald Wolfe Tone, sought independence and reform. Their uprising began in 1798 but was defeated by the British army. The French attempted to help the rebels by sending troops, but they arrived too late and were also defeated, ending the rebellion.
Similar to Osher history-ireland-scotland-wales-10 (20)
The document provides a training calendar for early childhood services with dates, locations, and descriptions of courses in Albuquerque and Las Cruces, New Mexico, including Quality Care for All, Powerful Interactions, Full Participation of Each Child, and a 45 Hour Entry Level Course. The courses cover early childhood education competency areas and are required for educators working in licensed childcare centers and family homes. Attendees must complete all parts of multi-session courses to receive certificates.
Information and education for early childhood providers in New Mexico. Inside you will find dates for upcoming classes, tips for helping children stay healthy and happy, and contact information for UNM Cariño.
Launch a lifetime love of learning with Spring Break Camps for kids and teens at UNM Continuing Education. Camp topics include LEGO®, engineering, painting, Minecraft, yoga, video game design, mock trial, acting, and dance.
Learn more about the business of writing, meet authors, editors, publishers, and network with fellow writers. The UNMCE Writers Conference is a great way to move your writing from passion to published.
Information and education for early childhood providers in New Mexico. Inside you will find dates for upcoming classes, tips for helping children stay healthy and happy, and contact information for UNM Cariño.
Cariño Early Childhood training updates and useful information for care providers, teachers, and families in New Mexico. Find training dates, class information, and updates from Cariño.
A History of Ireland, Scotland and Wales - A Course by Dr. Lizabeth Johnson -...UNM Continuing Education
We'll examine Irish, Scottish and Welsh history and culture from 500 AD to the present. In particular, lectures and discussions will focus on the early cultural identity of the Irish, Scots and Welsh and their customs and mythologies; the influence of Roman culture and Christianity on these lands and peoples; the English conquest and colonization of these lands and peoples; and, finally, on the process of political devolution in all three areas. These aspects of Irish, Scottish and Welsh history will be examined through historical documents and literature, art, music and film clips. Students will emerge from the class with a clear sense of the events that shaped the early history and culture of Ireland, Scotland and Wales and how those events continue to shape these areas even to the present day.
Cariño Early Childhood TTAP at UNM Continuing Education 4th Quarter 2015-2016...UNM Continuing Education
Quarterly newsletter from Cariño Early Childhood TTAP in New Mexico. Early Childhood training classes, tips, and information. Get the latest news from the Cariño program and the toy lending library.
Join us for the 12th annual Writers Conference! Hear from professional authors, editors, and literary agents on what it takes to get your writing work published,
Join UNM Continuing Education and the New Mexico Post Alliance for engaging workshops. Who should attend? Everyone interested in understanding digital acquisition, visual
effects and compositing, postproduction, sound recording, sound editing, video editing and postproduction workflows.
Ancient Greece Lectures by Dr. Lizabeth Johnson - The University of New Mexic...UNM Continuing Education
This presentation was part of the "Ancient Greece" lectures by Dr. Lizabeth Johnson for the Osher Lifelong Learning Institute at the University of New Mexico.
Ancient Greece was one of the most formative civilizations in Western history. While never an Empire, the Greeks, and particularly the people of Athens, developed and put into practice early concepts of democracy and legal equality. Aristophanes and Sophocles wrote classic plays describing issues important to Athenians of the fifth century BC, but which still resonate today - the social cost of warfare and the contest between loyalty to one’s family and obedience to one's government. Even after the end of the Classical period, when Athens and other Greek city-states fell under the control of Macedon and Rome, the Greeks continued to make their mark on the ancient Western world through the development of Hellenistic art, science, philosophy and religious cults. We'll examine the history of Greece from its prehistoric period through the Classical period and into the Hellenistic Age with a particular focus on the political and intellectual advances made by the Greeks and inherited by all of Western society.
This document is a class schedule flyer for digital arts, computer, and technology courses offered by UNM Continuing Education from February to March 2016. Courses include web design, graphic design, photography, video and audio editing, geographic information systems, Microsoft Office, Linux, and CompTIA certification courses. The flyer provides course titles, dates, times, prices, and contact information for registration. Upcoming information sessions on podcasting and post-production workshops are also advertised.
Upcoming classes in the Digital Arts and Computers/IT programs at UNM Continuing Education. Start your career, or get training in Graphic Design, Web Design, Photography, Filmmaking, Adobe Creative Suite, Microsoft Office, AutoCAD, CompTIA and more!
This document provides an overview of social and cultural views of women in ancient Europe from prehistoric times through the Roman Empire. It discusses the roles and status of women in societies such as ancient Greece, Rome, and among Celtic and Germanic peoples. Goddesses worshipped in ancient religions are also profiled. Queens and female rulers who held political and religious power in places like Macedonia, Egypt, and the Hellenistic world are highlighted.
Updated training schedule and information newsletter for Cariño Early Childhood TTAP at the University of New Mexico. This newsletter is for 3rd quarter 2015-2016.
This document is a class schedule flyer for digital arts and computer training classes from UNM Continuing Education. It lists over 60 classes in topics like Adobe software, Microsoft Office, web design, photography, and computer certifications being offered between November and December 2015. The flyer provides the class titles, dates, times, locations, and costs. It also provides contact information for Caroline Orcutt who can provide more information on classes and certificate programs.
Tudor-Stuart England, 1485-1714 A.D. Lecture by Dr. Lizabeth Johnson | OLLI a...UNM Continuing Education
Between the long-lasting popularity of the works of Shakespeare to the more recent popularity of T.V. and film dramas about the Tudor and Stuart monarchs of England, the Tudor-Stuart period in English history is one of the most well-known eras in English history. Beginning with the accession of Henry VII, the first Tudor king, in 1485 and ending with the death of Anne, the last Stuart queen, in 1714, this roughly 230-year period in English history includes a number of notable and even infamous events, such as the English Reformation, the attack of the Spanish Armada, the English Civil War, the Glorious Revolution, and the unification of England and Scotland. It was also during this period that England started down the path that would lead to the British Empire, which would encompass lands as far flung as the Americas, Australia, India, China, Africa, and the Middle East. With the creation of the British Empire, English/British culture began to spread out to all these regions of the world, to the ultimate effect that a majority of the modern world still views the English language as a common tongue. We'll focus on the political history of this period as well as the social and cultural aspects of that history, with a particular emphasis on how these important events (and more!) shaped England, the British Empire, and the world.
Cariño Early Childhood TTAP newsletter for the 2nd quarter of 2015/2016 newsletter. Learn what's new with Cariño at UNM, see updated early childhood classes, tips for early childhood programs, and more.
Upcoming Digital Arts, Computer, and IT classes at UNM Continuing Education in Albuquerque, NM. In-person and Online Classes in Graphic and Web Design, Audio Production, Photography, Videography and Filmmaking, Social Media, Marketing, Computers, Microsoft Office, IT systems, CompTIA, and more.
Check out the upcoming classes in Digital Arts & IT for August 2015 from UNM Continuing Education. Graphic Design, Web Design, Computer Hardware & Software, Microsoft Office and more!
1. Devolution in Ireland
Photo of Irish forces outside Liberty Hall, 1916
• The Home Rule party
• Sinn Fein, 1905
– Meaning: “we ourselves” or
“ourselves alone”
• Home Rule bill voted on again in
1912, 1913, and 1914
– Signed into law by George V, r.
1910-1936
• The Irish Volunteers and the
Citizen Army
• The Easter Rising, 1916
– Padraig Pearse, 1879-1916
– Declaration of a Provisional
Government, with Pearse as
President.
2. Proclamation of the Irish Republic,
1916
• “We declare the right of the people of Ireland to the
ownership of Ireland, and to the unfettered control of
Irish destinies, to be sovereign and indefeasible. The
long usurpation of that right by a foreign people and
government has not extinguished the right, nor can it
ever be extinguished except by the destruction of the
Irish people. In every generation the Irish people have
asserted their right to national freedom and
sovereignty… Standing on that fundamental right and
again asserting it in arms in the face of the world, we
hereby proclaim the Irish Republic as a sovereign
independent state, and we pledge our lives and the lives
of our comrades-in-arms to the cause of its freedom, of
its welfare, and of its exaltation among the nations…”
3. Statue of Dying Cuchulain, by Oliver Shepherd, 1911. Installed at
Dublin Post Office in 1935.
4. Devolution in Ireland
Photo of Eamon de Valera in British custody, 1916.
• The Irish Convention, June 1917-March 1918
• Eamon de Valera, 1882-1975
• Formation of the Irish Republican Army, 1917
– Michael Collins (d. 1922) as Director of
Intelligence
• Dáil Éireann, 1919
• War between Dáil, IRA and British forces
1919-1922
– Black and Tans
• The Anglo-Irish Treaty signed December 1921
• The Irish Free State, 1922-1937
– Civil war, 1922-1923
– De Valera formed Fianna Fail (Warriors of Fal), 1926
• Eire, 1937-1949
• The Republic of Ireland, 1949-present
• President (Uachtarán) and Prime minister
(Taoiseach)
• Queen Elizabeth II visited in May 2011
5. Devolution in Northern Ireland
Photo of Belfast graffiti, 1990s
• “Solemn League and Covenant,”
1912
– The Orangemen
• Establishment of the Ulster
Volunteers and a Provisional
Government of Ulster, 1913
• Home Rule in Northern Ireland,
1920-1972
– The Anglo-Irish Treaty, December
1921
• Bloody Sunday, January 20, 1972
– 13 unarmed civilians shot dead by British
troops in Derry
– Northern Irish parliament suspended
• Northern Ireland Assembly
Government, 1998-present
• IRA agreed to cease fire in 2005
• Sinn Fein and Democratic Unionist
Party formed a coalition government,
2007
6. Devolution in Scotland
• No call for Home Rule until 1910
– Supported by the Scottish Liberal Party
• Representation of the People Act, 1918
– From 779,012 voters (1910) to 2,205,383, including women over 30
• Scottish Labour Party
– 1918 platform: 1) the complete restoration of the land of Scotland to the
Scottish people and 2) the self-determination of the Scottish people
• Government of Scotland Bill proposed in 1924, but failed
• National Party of Scotland (founded 1928) joined forces with other
nationalist parties to form the Scottish National Party, 1934
• London parliament sought to placate Scottish calls for Home Rule
– Secretary of State for Scotland became a real office in 1926
– Offices dealing with Scottish issues moved to Edinburgh in 1934-1936
• Secretary of State Tom Johnston (1941-1945)
– Scottish Council on Industry
– North of Scotland Hydro-electric Board
– Emergency medical system for war workers (predecessor for the National Health
System)
7. Devolution in Scotland
• Scottish National Party petitioned for an independent parliament,
1949
– 2 million signatures on the petition, but no interest shown by other Scottish
political parties
• Theft of the Stone of Destiny, Christmas Day 1950
• Scottish Labour Party did not embrace Home Rule again, but did
push for economic development
– National Plan for Scotland, 1965
• By the late 1960s, SNP began to push again for devolution
• Parliament proposed a (powerless) Scottish Assembly, 1975
• Development of North Sea oil fields, 1975 onward
• Scotland Act 1978
– 32.9% yes-30.8% no (40% approval required)
• Claim of Right for Scotland, 1988
– Scottish Constitutional Convention
• Scotland Act 1998
– 75% approved; Scotland’s parliament restored in 1999
8. Scottish referendum of 1997, by council (maps
from Wikipedia; green = yes, pink = no)
• Question 1: should Sctland
have its own parliament?
• Question 2: should the Scottish
parliament have tax-varying powers?
9. Devolution in Wales
• Welsh Home Rule Bill, 1914
• Representation of the People Act, 1918
– From ~900,000 voters (1884) to 1,172,000, including women over 30
• David Lloyd George (1863-1945)
– Originally a member of Cymru Fydd
– Prime Minister 1916-1922
– Debates over nationalization of the coal industry
• By the 1920s, neither Labour nor Liberal Parties called for Home
Rule
• Plaid Genedlaethol Gymru (the National Party of Wales), 1925
– Not a major political party until the 1960s
• Council of Wales formed, 1948
– A council that would advise parliament on Welsh issues, but no other powers
• Cymdeithas ar Iaith Gymraeg, founded 1885 reconstituted in 1960s
• Secretaryship of Wales established in 1964
• Wales Act, 1978
– 58% of electorate voted, with 75% voting against the Act
• Wales Act, 1998
– 50.3% for, 49.7% against
10. Welsh Act, 1997
Left—map of Wales c. 1500
Right—map of Welsh Act voting, 1997 (from Wikipedia)
• Question: do you agree there
should be a Welsh assembly?
green = yes; blue = no
11. “Cornwall has a unique and special culture heritage. An increasing
number of people describe themselves as Cornish and it is important in
all our equality and diversity work that we actively recognise Cornish as
a minority group and continue to support the Cornish Language and
the Cornish indigenous culture.” Cornish Republican, 6/27/10
http://thecornishrepublican.blogspot.com/2010_06_01_archive.html