The document summarizes a vulnerability analysis of climate change in Lembeh Island, North Sulawesi. It assessed vulnerability in three villages - Kareko, Pintu Kota, and Pasir Panjang. The analysis found that livelihoods mainly involved fishing and farming and were affected by disasters like flooding, drought, and high waves. Pasir Panjang village was found to be the most vulnerable due to its low-lying coastal location. The analysis also examined education levels, alternative livelihoods, and adaptive capacities. It concluded that communities had various income sources but lacked proper technical knowledge and skills for climate change adaptation.
This slideshow highlights the first-ever multinational Eco-Audit of the Mesoamerican Reef.
The Eco-Audit evaluates efforts to protect and sustainably manage the region’s coral reefs, celebrates management success stories, and documents the extent to which recommended management actions have been implemented in Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, and Mexico.
Visit wri.org/reefs to learn more about the World Resources Institute’s collaboration with the Healthy Reef Initiative to develop and implement the Eco-Audit of the Mesoamerican Reef.
This presentation was given by Dr. Amy Soli of the Stony Brook-Millstone Watershed Association at the "Pipelines and Preserved Lands" forum on 2/10/15.
Presentation given by Jim Smyllie, Natural England's Executive Director of People, Landscape and Biodiversity at the Protecting and Enhancing the Urban and Natural Environment event in London on Tuesday 12th November 2013.
This slideshow highlights the first-ever multinational Eco-Audit of the Mesoamerican Reef.
The Eco-Audit evaluates efforts to protect and sustainably manage the region’s coral reefs, celebrates management success stories, and documents the extent to which recommended management actions have been implemented in Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, and Mexico.
Visit wri.org/reefs to learn more about the World Resources Institute’s collaboration with the Healthy Reef Initiative to develop and implement the Eco-Audit of the Mesoamerican Reef.
This presentation was given by Dr. Amy Soli of the Stony Brook-Millstone Watershed Association at the "Pipelines and Preserved Lands" forum on 2/10/15.
Presentation given by Jim Smyllie, Natural England's Executive Director of People, Landscape and Biodiversity at the Protecting and Enhancing the Urban and Natural Environment event in London on Tuesday 12th November 2013.
Climate Change Impacts on the Livelihoods of Vulnerable Groups Dr. Joshua Zake
A presentation made during the International Training Course on climate change adaptation in agriculture and natural resource management organized by Wageningen University and Makerere University. The training course was conducted in February 2015 and it benefited participants from Asia, East, West and Southern Africa.
Presentation by Chris Swanston to support the Adaptive Silviculture for Climate Change (ASCC) J.W. Jones Ecological Research Center Workshop held January 12-14, 2016
Climate change and the risk of violent conflict in the Middle East
-Rising Temperatures, Rising Tensions-
Climate change and the risk of violent conflict in the Middle East by Oli Brown and Alec Crawford
This report was written by the International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD), an independent environment and development policy research institute, headquartered in Canada with offices in New York and Geneva. IISD has been researching various aspects of climate change and environmental security for the past 15 years.1 IISD is not a campaigning organization, nor does it have political links in the region.
The study involved two research trips (October 2008 and January–February 2009) augmented by deskbased research. IISD’s neutral position enabled the authors to hold consultations and conduct interviews on several sides of the region’s many political divides; a total of eight informal and frank consultations and dozens of interviews were held in Amman, Beirut, Damascus, Jerusalem, Ramallah and Tel Aviv. More than 100 experts, academics, donor representatives, environmental activists and political figures participated.
The project was funded by the Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs. However, this report should in no way be
seen as a reflection of the position of the government of Denmark, the participants in the consultations or
the reviewers. All errors of commission or omission are the responsibility of the authors who welcome
comments and feedback (obrown@iisd.org; acrawford@iisd.org).
1See more of IISD’s work on climate change at http://www.iisd.org/climate and on environmental security at http://www.iisd.org/security/es
This presentation shows the results of a desktop study (using literature review and extrapolation) that considers the potential impacts of climate change on the Wild Coast, Eastern Cape South Africa.
The Wild Coast region is of high biological value and has been globally recognised as part of a biodiversity hotspot : the Maputaland-Pondoland-Albany Hotspot, by Conservation International.
The area is also the traditional home of the Xhosa people (and includes the birth place of Nelson Mandela). Because many people in this area still follow traditional forms of lifestyles, they still rely heavily on the use of natural resources. Climate change can be expected to impact on the security and stability of these livelihoods.
Other impact that can be expected include :
• Range contractions and range shifts of many species (particularly up altitudinal gradients and from west to east)
• Bush encroachment and the invasion of grasslands by savannah tree species (in particular Acacia karoo), this has already taken place over vast areas, and can be expected to increase, and will resulting in significant loss of grazing lands
• Rapid spread of invasive alien plants, stimulated by elevated atmospheric carbon
• Increase in creepers and lianas in forests (particularly favoured by increased Co2)
• Forests may expand in some places (due to elevated C02 favouring trees over grasses).
• Increased in fires
• Many smaller mangrove forests will disappear due to estuarine mouth closure (increased catchment water use and less reliable rainfall)
• Crop failure and increased pressure on remaining natural resources
• Decreased food security
How does CBD-COP 10 address water issues? A presentation advocating a specific Water Target for 2020 of the Convention on Biological Diversity - CBD, held at the conference in Nagoya, Japan, Oct. 2010.
PowerPoint slides from the July 1, 2011 press conference held in Albany, NY by DEC Commissioner Joe Martens to announce the new drilling regulations that will allow gas drilling in New York's Marcellus Shale.
Climate Change Impacts on the Livelihoods of Vulnerable Groups Dr. Joshua Zake
A presentation made during the International Training Course on climate change adaptation in agriculture and natural resource management organized by Wageningen University and Makerere University. The training course was conducted in February 2015 and it benefited participants from Asia, East, West and Southern Africa.
Presentation by Chris Swanston to support the Adaptive Silviculture for Climate Change (ASCC) J.W. Jones Ecological Research Center Workshop held January 12-14, 2016
Climate change and the risk of violent conflict in the Middle East
-Rising Temperatures, Rising Tensions-
Climate change and the risk of violent conflict in the Middle East by Oli Brown and Alec Crawford
This report was written by the International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD), an independent environment and development policy research institute, headquartered in Canada with offices in New York and Geneva. IISD has been researching various aspects of climate change and environmental security for the past 15 years.1 IISD is not a campaigning organization, nor does it have political links in the region.
The study involved two research trips (October 2008 and January–February 2009) augmented by deskbased research. IISD’s neutral position enabled the authors to hold consultations and conduct interviews on several sides of the region’s many political divides; a total of eight informal and frank consultations and dozens of interviews were held in Amman, Beirut, Damascus, Jerusalem, Ramallah and Tel Aviv. More than 100 experts, academics, donor representatives, environmental activists and political figures participated.
The project was funded by the Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs. However, this report should in no way be
seen as a reflection of the position of the government of Denmark, the participants in the consultations or
the reviewers. All errors of commission or omission are the responsibility of the authors who welcome
comments and feedback (obrown@iisd.org; acrawford@iisd.org).
1See more of IISD’s work on climate change at http://www.iisd.org/climate and on environmental security at http://www.iisd.org/security/es
This presentation shows the results of a desktop study (using literature review and extrapolation) that considers the potential impacts of climate change on the Wild Coast, Eastern Cape South Africa.
The Wild Coast region is of high biological value and has been globally recognised as part of a biodiversity hotspot : the Maputaland-Pondoland-Albany Hotspot, by Conservation International.
The area is also the traditional home of the Xhosa people (and includes the birth place of Nelson Mandela). Because many people in this area still follow traditional forms of lifestyles, they still rely heavily on the use of natural resources. Climate change can be expected to impact on the security and stability of these livelihoods.
Other impact that can be expected include :
• Range contractions and range shifts of many species (particularly up altitudinal gradients and from west to east)
• Bush encroachment and the invasion of grasslands by savannah tree species (in particular Acacia karoo), this has already taken place over vast areas, and can be expected to increase, and will resulting in significant loss of grazing lands
• Rapid spread of invasive alien plants, stimulated by elevated atmospheric carbon
• Increase in creepers and lianas in forests (particularly favoured by increased Co2)
• Forests may expand in some places (due to elevated C02 favouring trees over grasses).
• Increased in fires
• Many smaller mangrove forests will disappear due to estuarine mouth closure (increased catchment water use and less reliable rainfall)
• Crop failure and increased pressure on remaining natural resources
• Decreased food security
How does CBD-COP 10 address water issues? A presentation advocating a specific Water Target for 2020 of the Convention on Biological Diversity - CBD, held at the conference in Nagoya, Japan, Oct. 2010.
PowerPoint slides from the July 1, 2011 press conference held in Albany, NY by DEC Commissioner Joe Martens to announce the new drilling regulations that will allow gas drilling in New York's Marcellus Shale.
Climate change and natural resources management in SIDS in the context of imp...FAO
Presentation made in the context of the FAO-led side event “Improved Food Security, Nutrition and Livelihoods: Addressing climate change and natural resources threats in SIDS”, in the context of the Third International Conference on Small Island Developing States, held in Samoa from 1-4 September 2014.
Abstract
This study presents findings of the research on the roles of the watershed management for agroforestry development the case study of Worja-Abine Chained Watershed in the Adami Tulu Jido Kombolcha District, East Shoa Zone, and Oromia Region. Land degradation is the major global challenge of 21st century threating both environmentally and human being. The failure of the watershed management observed were lack of awareness among policy makers, the extent and constraint related to land degradation and resource and incentives. The main objective of the study was to explore the interconnection between the watershed management intervention and agroforestry development for the conservation of fragile ecosystem with the specific objectives of the assessing the contributions of the watershed management for agroforestry development and to investigate whether the interventions meeting the participants’ environmental and socio-economic needs without compromising the needs of the future generation need in study areas. For this study purpose mixed research approaches were used. Both secondary and primary data was collected. In this study, a multi-stage sampling technique was employed to generate the required primary data the selection criterion based on the rationale of the respondents has been at least experienced the role of the watershed management practices for agroforestry development. To determine the sample size formula for sample size determination adjusting the degree of precision to 0.08 due to the shortage of resource Kothari (2004) was used. Accordingly, out of 1451 total population 130HHs proportionally selected and by quota sampling 80HHs from Worja and 50HHs from Abine by simple random sampling. Different instruments were employed to collect primary & secondary data required for the survey. A survey questionnaire, a discussion with key informants, focus group discussion, informal interviews, physical observation and document analysis were used in collecting relevant data. The watershed management intervention in the Worja Woshgula Kebele and Abine Germama Kebele are promising. However, the chained Worja-Abine Watershed in Worja Woshgula and in Abine Germama Kebeles needs some technical backups to ensure the feasibility of the watershed management intervention to ensure agroforestry development. Achieving sustainable watershed management will only be possible through collaborative works of all the actors & society. Building awareness, understanding and capacity, acknowledges the central role of people in effective watershed management ensure sustainability.
Indicators of resilience in Socio-Ecological Production Landscapes and Seasca...Bioversity International
Bioversity International scientist Pablo Eyzaguirre presents on using resilience indicators in two landscapes/seascapes in Fiji and Mongolia. This was presented during the 5th IPSI Global Conference held just before the 2014 Convention on Biological Diversity conference in Pyeongchang, Korea.
Find out more about our work on landscapes: http://www.bioversityinternational.org/research-portfolio/agricultural-ecosystems/landscapes/
Deltares Green Adaptation Brochure11 2010helenahulsman
A Deltares brochure on how Green, Ecosystem based Adaptation approaches can be cost-effective tools to adapt to climate change in developing countries.
ENVIRONMENT
Definition: Environment literally means surrounding and everything that affect an organism
during its lifetime is collectively known as its environment.
In another words “Environment is sum total of water, air and land interrelationships
among themselves and also with the human being, other living organisms and property”.
It includes all the physical and biological surrounding and their interactions.
Environmental studies provide an approach towards understanding the environment of our
planet and the impact of human life upon the environment. Thus environment is actually
global in nature, it is a multidisciplinary subject including physics, geology, geography, history,
economics, physiology, biotechnology, remote sensing, geophysics, soil science and hydrology
etc.
Scope of Environmental Science
Environmental science is a multidisciplinary science whose basic aspects have a direct relevance
to every section of the society. Its main aspects are:
• Conservation of nature and natural resources.
• Conservation of biological diversity.
• Control of environmental pollution.
• Stabilization of human population and environment.
• Social issues in relation to development and environment.
• Development of non-polluting renewable energy system and providing new
dimension to nation’s security.Ecosystem
According to A.G. Tansley (1935), “An ecosystem is the ecological unit consisting of biotic factors
(living) and abiotic factors (non-living) in a specific area. For example forest, grassland, desert,
aquatic etc.
Balanced Ecosystem: All ecosystems, even the ultimate biosphere are open systems.
There is necessarily at least an inflow and outflow of energy. Balance of ecosystem means
balance of autotrophs and heterotrophs in an ecosystem, to maintain an even distribution of
sustainable energy through food chain without any external interference. Any disturbance in
autotrophic-heterotrophic balance leads to ecosystem imbalance, more the imbalance more
externals are required to balance. Bigger the ecosystems lesser is the imbalance. Balance infact
designates to greater primary producers than consumer.
Stability of Ecosystem: An ecosystem which has attained maturity is by and large is a
very stable system. It is controlled by feedback mechanic who may be either positive or
negative.
Structure and Function of an Ecosystem
An ecosystem has two types of components—
1. Abiotic
2. Biotic.
1. Abiotic component includes—
(A) Physical
(1) Sunlight (for photosynthesis)
(2) Water (essential for living beings)
(3) Temperature (necessary to get survive)
(4) Soil (provide base and nutrients)
(B) Chemical
(1) Proteins
(2) Carbohydrates
(3) Fats
(4) Minerals etc.
2. Biotic component
(1) Producers/Autotrophs
(2) Consumer/heterotrophs
(3) Decomposers
Producers: They are chlorophyll bearing, self nourishing organisms, which prepare
organic compounds from inorganic raw materials, through the processes of photosynthesis e.g.
all green plants.
Assessment of coral reefs damaged due to MV Pazifik ran aground in the Sape S...Yayasan TERANGI
Assessment of coral reefs damaged due to MV Pazifik ran aground in the Sape Strait using an aerial photography approach and species distribution modeling
Assessment of coral reefs health in Nature Recreation Park (TWA=Taman Wisata ...Yayasan TERANGI
Sangiang Island had been established as a Nature Recreation Park (TWA) in Indonesia, that requires comprehensive data support for good management. The rise of marine tourism that increased in TWA Sangiang Island behoove to be a concern, especially in coral reef ecosystem. The study aimed to determined the condition of the coral cover and the biomass composition of coral reef fishes, then to identify parameters that affect coral health and the coral reefs health index in TWA Sangiang Island. The observation was carried out in area near to the estuary (Legon Waru), entry point for shipping (Tembuyung), and diving tourism (Legon Bajo). The highest of biomass of target fish was Legon Bajo (0.013 kg / ha) and the lowest was Tembuyung (0.002 kg / ha). Coral reefs health index values in each station varied from 1 (low) to 4 (high). Coral reefs health index in Legon Waru was strongly influenced by live coral cover, and also in Legon Bajo was influenced by live coral cover, rubble and biomass of target fishes, while in Tembuyung was much influenced by fleshy seaweed cover. The results indicated that the coral reef ecosystem on Sangiang Island wasn't in good condition as a whole.
Combining participatory mapping, cloud computing, and machine learning for ma...Yayasan TERANGI
Combining participatory mapping, cloud computing, and machine learning for mapping climate induced landslide susceptibility in Lembeh Island, North Sulawesi
Pembelajaran dari Program Belitung Mangrove ParkYayasan TERANGI
Pembelajaran Program Belitung Mangrove Park: Pemanfaatan lahan bekas tambang sebagai taman wisata mangrove dalam upaya rehabilitasi ekosistem dan sekuestrasi karbon
GENERATING BIOLOGICALLY RELEVANT ENVIRONMENTAL DATA FROM REMOTE SENSING IMAGE...Yayasan TERANGI
Long term Earth observation data stored in Google Earth Engine (GEE) can be ingested and derived to biologically relevant environmental variables that can used as the predictors of a species niche. The aim of this research was to create a script using GEE to generate biologically meaningful environmental variables from various Earth observation data and models in Indonesia. Elevation and bathymetry raster data from GEBCO were land masked and benthic terrain modelling were done in order to get the aspect, depth, curvature, and slope. HYCOM and MODIS AQUA dataset were filtered using spatial (Indonesia and surrounding region) and temporal filter (from 2002–2017), and reduced to biologically meaningful variables, the maximum, minimum, and mean. Water speed vector (northward and eastward) data were also converted in to scalar unit. In order to fill data gaps, kriging was done using Bayesian slope. Results shows the water depth in Indonesia ranges from 0 – 6827 m, with slope ranging from 0 – 34.33°, aspect from 0 – 359.99°, and curvature from 0 – 0.94. Variables representing water energy, mean sea surface elevation ranges from 0 – 0.85 m, and mean scalar water velocity 0 – 4 m/s. Mean surface salinity ranges from 20.09 – 35.32‰. Variables representing water quality includes mean of particulate organic carbon which ranges from 25.31 – 953.47‰ and mean of clorophyll-A concentration from 0.05 – 13.63‰. These data can be used as the input for species distribution models or spatially explicit decision support systems such as Marxan for spatial planning and zonation in Marine and Coastal Zone Management Plan.
Fisherman Contribution on The Application of information system for the manag...Yayasan TERANGI
Marine ornamental trade is multi million dollar industry, worth an estimated US$200 to 350 million annually, and operating throughout the tropics [1].
Marine ornamentals are, in fact, one of the highest value-added product from coral reefs, with an estimated worth of US$ 7,000 per metric ton of live coral, while harvested coral for lime only worth US$60, and fish for food only worth US$6,000 compared with US$496,000 for ornamental fish per metric ton [2].
Indonesia and the Phillipines are the world’s leading exporters of marine ornamental fish, supplying an estimated 85% of fish imported by the United States and Europe, the trade’s largest consumers [3,4].
Most of these fishes are collected from the wild, primarily from on or near coral reefs, therefore causing population depletion [5].
In the past, the trade may seem uncontrollable, since few species are listed in CITES Appendix or IUCN Redlist. CITES only listed corals, napoleon wrasse, giant clams, and sea horses on their appendix [6].
In 2008, IUCN Redlist added 837 coral species to the list [7].
The main concern for this trade is the probability of rejected catch which is very high [1], thus increasing threat to the ecosystem [8].
Therefore there is a need to make the trade become more effective, efficient and environmental friendly.
Working with data is a challenge for many organizations. Nonprofits in particular may need to collect and analyze sensitive, incomplete, and/or biased historical data about people. In this talk, Dr. Cori Faklaris of UNC Charlotte provides an overview of current AI capabilities and weaknesses to consider when integrating current AI technologies into the data workflow. The talk is organized around three takeaways: (1) For better or sometimes worse, AI provides you with “infinite interns.” (2) Give people permission & guardrails to learn what works with these “interns” and what doesn’t. (3) Create a roadmap for adding in more AI to assist nonprofit work, along with strategies for bias mitigation.
Preliminary findings _OECD field visits to ten regions in the TSI EU mining r...OECDregions
Preliminary findings from OECD field visits for the project: Enhancing EU Mining Regional Ecosystems to Support the Green Transition and Secure Mineral Raw Materials Supply.
Jennifer Schaus and Associates hosts a complimentary webinar series on The FAR in 2024. Join the webinars on Wednesdays and Fridays at noon, eastern.
Recordings are on YouTube and the company website.
https://www.youtube.com/@jenniferschaus/videos
Donate to charity during this holiday seasonSERUDS INDIA
For people who have money and are philanthropic, there are infinite opportunities to gift a needy person or child a Merry Christmas. Even if you are living on a shoestring budget, you will be surprised at how much you can do.
Donate Us
https://serudsindia.org/how-to-donate-to-charity-during-this-holiday-season/
#charityforchildren, #donateforchildren, #donateclothesforchildren, #donatebooksforchildren, #donatetoysforchildren, #sponsorforchildren, #sponsorclothesforchildren, #sponsorbooksforchildren, #sponsortoysforchildren, #seruds, #kurnool
RFP for Reno's Community Assistance CenterThis Is Reno
Property appraisals completed in May for downtown Reno’s Community Assistance and Triage Centers (CAC) reveal that repairing the buildings to bring them back into service would cost an estimated $10.1 million—nearly four times the amount previously reported by city staff.
About Potato, The scientific name of the plant is Solanum tuberosum (L).Christina Parmionova
The potato is a starchy root vegetable native to the Americas that is consumed as a staple food in many parts of the world. Potatoes are tubers of the plant Solanum tuberosum, a perennial in the nightshade family Solanaceae. Wild potato species can be found from the southern United States to southern Chile
Synopsis (short abstract) In December 2023, the UN General Assembly proclaimed 30 May as the International Day of Potato.
Jennifer Schaus and Associates hosts a complimentary webinar series on The FAR in 2024. Join the webinars on Wednesdays and Fridays at noon, eastern.
Recordings are on YouTube and the company website.
https://www.youtube.com/@jenniferschaus/videos
Monitoring Health for the SDGs - Global Health Statistics 2024 - WHOChristina Parmionova
The 2024 World Health Statistics edition reviews more than 50 health-related indicators from the Sustainable Development Goals and WHO’s Thirteenth General Programme of Work. It also highlights the findings from the Global health estimates 2021, notably the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on life expectancy and healthy life expectancy.
CBO’s Outlook for U.S. Fertility Rates: 2024 to 2054
Vulnerability Analysis to Climate Change in Lembeh Island, North Sulawesi
1. VULNERABILITY ANALYSIS TO CLIMATE
CHANGE IN LEMBEH ISLAND, NORTH
SULAWESI
Endang Retnowati, Idris, Safran Yusri, Mikael Prastowo,
Fakhrurrozi.
Yayasan Terumbu Karang Indonesia (TERANGI)
2. INTRODUCTION
• The local community in Lembeh Island, North Sulawesi depend
on natural resources that is affected by climate change, such as
fisheries and farming, and therefore their vulnerability to climate
change needed to be assessed. A vulnerability survey was done
in three villages in Lembeh Island, which are Kareko, Pintu Kota,
and Pasir Panjang.
• Currently climate change give significant impact to fisheries and
these sectors need to adapt to the risk of climate change. Coastal
community is potentially affected by the ecological disaster related
to climate change. These will really affect the livelihood of the
coastal community in Lembeh Island.
3. • Vulnerability is typically defined as a combination of the extrinsic exposure
of groups or individuals or ecological systems to a hazard, such as climate
change, their intrinsic sensitivity to the hazard, and their lack of capacity to
modify exposure, absorb, and recover from losses stemming from the
hazard, and to exploit new opportunities that arise in the process of
adaptation (Adger et al. 2005).
• Variability in weather and climate across spatial and temporal scales has a
range of human and ecological impact, climate and weather have profound
effect on economies, and the food security and livelihood of community.
The survey locations were choosen because these villages are located in
the coastal area of North Sulawesi considered to be prone to the impact of
climate change ecological disaster on fisheries and farming sectors.
4. OBJECTIVES
• (1) Vulnerability assessment to climate change in the coastal community at
the household level to figure out the social & economic impacts to the
community.
• The coastal community are prone to the risk of climate change ecological
disaster, such as extreme weather, high wave, and strong current that can
increase the risk to their livelihoods. Therefore, Yayasan TERANGI
(Terumbu Karang Indonesia Foundation) strive to increase the resilience of
the coastal community of Lembeh Island with the proper adaptation and
mitigation strategies to cope with and adapt to the climate change
ecological disaster.
• (2) Provide input for disaster management in Lembeh Island.
• This studies also addressed the policy makers of the government and
other related institutions that urgently require information and analysis to
guide investments and initiatives in climate change mitigation and
adaptation.
5. METHODOLOGY
• Lembeh Island is located in Bitung, North Sulawesi
• Survey location is 3 villages: Kareko, Pintu Kota, and Pasir Panjang
• Vulnerability assessment of climate change to the coastal
community in Lembeh Island was done in quantitative & qualitative
assessment in the form of quisionnaire interview and indepth
interview to local community on disaster occurences in the last 5
years
6. METHODOLOGY
• Vulnerability to climate change depends upon three key elements:
exposure (E) to physical effect of climate change, the degree of
intrinsic sensitivity (S) of the natural resource system or dependence
of the economy upon social and economic returns from that sector,
and the extent to which adaptive capacity (AC) enables these
potential impact to be offset (Adger 2000).
• As this study specifically addressed the variables of these three
elements to assesst the vulnerability of the community in coastal
area, so we identified indicators that were included to these three
elements of vulnerability assessment as derived below:
7. • Exposure (E)
We analyse how far the impacts of the climate change to the decline of the
fish catchs. We focused on how far the community that live in the coastal
area were affected by the impact of climate change ecological disaster.
Based on the questionnaire form, there were indicators that we used to
analyse the exposure index such as the effect of the disaster to family
members of the household, how long the disaster happened, and how far the
scope area of the disaster.
• Sensitivity (S)
Sensitivity is usually defined as the intrinsic degree to which biophysical,
social and economic conditions are likely to be influenced by extrinsic
stresses or hazards (IPCC, 2001a). Representation of the fisheries
employment as the economic aspect, we focused on how the disaster
affected the livelihood and the food security of the household, whether it
affected the amount of income of the family or affected the kind of the
livelihood in the household.
8. • Adaptive capacity comprises elements such as levels of social
capital, human capital and the appropriateness and effectiveness of
governance structures (Haddad et al. 2005).
• The indicators that were anaylised such as the ability of the
respondent to cope with the climate change phenomenon, how they
manage their knowledge and skills to get along with the hazards
effectively so that they can survive. At the level of social capital there
are indicators we analysed such as the physical buildings that
support and help the community to cope with the climate change, for
example the availability of evacuation route and shelter area.
12. Banjir rob
16%
Cuaca ekstrim
6%
Gelombang Tinggi
25%
Kekeringan
33%
Kenaikan muka air laut
5%
Longsor
15%
Climate Change Ecological Disaster in 3 Villages
Banjir rob
Cuaca ekstrim
Gelombang Tinggi
Kekeringan
Kenaikan muka air laut
Longsor
Banjir
13. S1
3%
SD
40%
SLTA
14%
SLTA
3%
SLTP
37%
uneducated
3%
Education in Pasir Panjang
Pasir Panjang
S1
SD
SLTA
SLTA
SLTP
uneducated
S1
10%
SD
30%
SLTA
20%
SLTA
4%
SLTP
30%
SLTP
3%
SMA
3%
Education in Kareko
S1
SD
SLTA
SLTA
SLTP
SLTP
SMA
S1
7%
SD
37%
SLTA
23%
SLTA
3%
SLTP
30%
Education in Pintu Kota
Pintu Kota
S1
SD
SLTA
SLTA
SLTP
14. DISCUSSIONS
• Construction of The Vulnerability Index
The calculation of vulnerability index (Vi) may be seen as a relational
function of exposure (Ei) or sensitivity (Si), which may be modified by
adaptive capacity (ACi), such that Vi = (Ei + Si) - ACi.
Implicit in this framework is that any vulnerability score is weighted one per
amount of indicators included to adaptive capacity and one per amount of
indicators included to exposure and sensitivity.
The weighting of index for each element we used is ranged from 0 – 1 with
the minimum index score is 0 (zero) and the maximum index score is 1
(one). With assumption, the smaller the index score means it is less
vulnerable, and the bigger the index score means it is more vulnerable.
15. • Based on the formula construction, so the result of the vulnerability index
calculating showed that the index of Kareko is 0.271 ; Pintu Kota 0.301
and Pasir Panjang is 0.365.
• The villages in Lembeh Island had the similar characteristic of terrain that
some villages situated near the waters while some villages situated near
the cliffs that are prone to the land slide. It is showed that Pasir Panjang is
the most vulnerable village this is due to the countour of the terrain that
laid along the coastal area. Even some respondent told us in an indepth
interview, from the Tsunami happened in 2007 that hit Japan, also affected
this village, the high wave swept away many buildings near the coastal
area. While in Kareko, have the least vulnerable due to the village
relatively protected from the coastal area, but uniquely the study found that
Kareko is prone to the landslide because mostly all areas of this village
situated near the cliffs.
16. • Respondent with higher level of formal education had the ability to adapt better to
the hazardous situation than the respondent with lower education. They also had
skill and knowlegde that was given by the formal or informal sources such as
training of mitigation from the government & related institutions or from the group
in the community itself that was driven by the figure of the key person who they
trusted had the proper knowledge and skill on how to cope with such kind of
situation.
• On the other side, the disaster affected the fisheries employment that led to the
decreasing of the income for the household or even losing source of income. In the
3 villages we surveyed, it is known that the respondent had various alternatives of
income source to compensate with the impact of the climate change and the
disaster affected their livelihood. In some cases they managed to have foods stock
such as seafoods stored in the ice box to survive for more days while they were
striving to gain money from other source.
17. • From the data of the education level of the respondent showed that mostly
they had basic formal educations and only few of them had higher formal
education such as senior high schools or colleges. The higher the
education, the respondent had tendency to work not in the fisheries and
farming sectors because based on their opinion from indepth interview,
they gain better education for a better livelihood in the upland that is safer
than in the oceans and they believed it can give them more incomes. On
the other side, the respondent with lower education had tendency to keep
working on the fisheries and farming sectors because whether they have
no other better option of livelihoods or because they manage to continue
their working on this sector with the members of the family in the
household.
18. CONCLUSSION
• Based on the analysis of the the 3 elements of vulnerability index with its
indicators, this study can be concluded that the coastal community in these
3 villages in Lembeh Island were relatively less vulnerable to the impact of
climate change ecological disaster based on the scale of index ranged
from 0 - 1. This is due the community in these vilages had various sources
of income to support their livelihood while the crisis situation. Regardless
this reason, the community were still had less proper knowledge and skill
in the context of the standard techniques of mitigation & adaptation to cope
with the climate change. The behaviour they had was based on their
common sense to survive while the crisis situation.